Migration Scenario of Satjalia Island in the Indian Bengal Delta Tuhin Ghosh and *Shruti Thakur DECCMA-India and *PhD Researcher School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India Background of the Study Area Household Survey Participatory household survey of 3037 households; considered 2894 data for in-depth analysis Climate Change Issues and Impacts Results and Observations Contact: [email protected] DECCMA-India School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, India Change in temperature and rainfall pattern, in terms of time, duration and amount Local rate of SLR much above the global average Acute river bank erosion Frequent embankment breaching Increasing soil salinity Salt water inundation on the agriculture field Loss in productivity and production Increasing investment in agriculture Lack of alternate skill and job opportunity High exposure to natural hazards like cyclone and storm surge Absence of defined adaptation policy and DRR Satjalia Island (22 0 7′40”N, 88 0 52′06′′E) Situated within the high rank hotspot Block Gosaba, with 2 GPs and 7 mouzas Areal coverage 51.66 km² Population: 206844 persons (Census, 2011) with a density of 778 persons/km Household numbers: 9883 Natural resource based livelihood Flood Situation Embankment Breaching 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cyclone 1901-2000 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 Year1901 Year1905 Year1909 Year1913 Year1917 Year1921 Year1925 Year1929 Year1933 Year1937 Year1941 Year1945 Year1949 Year1953 Year1957 Year1961 Year1965 Year1969 Year1973 Year1977 Year1981 Year1985 Year1989 Year1993 Year1997 Temperature in °C Max Min Average Surface Temperature 1901-2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 year1901 year1904 year1907 year1910 year1913 year1916 year1919 year1922 year1925 year1928 year1931 year1934 year1937 year1940 year1943 year1946 year1949 year1952 year1955 year1958 year1961 year1964 year1967 year1970 year1973 year1976 year1979 year1982 year1985 year1988 year1991 year1994 year1997 year2000 Rainfall in mm Rainfall 1901-2000 IBD 400 500 600 700 800 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Paddy prod. In ‘000 tonnes Paddy Productivity (2000-2012) 7 0 0 21 14 6 0 302 228 185 314 76 252 210 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Before Aila Migration After Aila Migration Male Migrants of Before and After Aila (Mouza wise) 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 126 34 30 86 43 24 40 0 50 100 150 Before Aila Migration After Aila Migration Female Migrants of Before and After Aila (Mouza wise) 48 85 43 29 55 19 21 17 15 11 28 4 26 9 0 25 50 75 100 Permanent Migrants (Mouza wise) Before Aila Migration After Aila Migration 144 54 37 87 31 26 25 15 6 4 24 0 0 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 In – Migrants (Mouza wise) Before Aila Migration After Aila Migration 309 228 185 335 90 258 210 125 34 30 87 43 24 40 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Male and Female Migrants (Mouza wise) Male Migration Female Migration 5818 5500 5203 6213 5888 6351 7247 3770 3779 4450 3642 2359 5200 5403 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Male Remittance Female Remittance Migrated Male and Female Average Remittance (Mouza wise) 65 100 54 57 59 45 30 167 60 41 111 31 26 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Out-Migrants In-Migrants Permanent Out-Migrants Vs In-Migrants (Mouza wise) Permanent Migrants 410 Seasonal Male Migrants 1615 Seasonal Female Migrants 383 Permanent In-Migrants 486 Satjalia Island Conclusions 0 5000 10000 6031 4086 Comparison between Male and Female Remittance Out-Migration & In-Migration Observed both the permanent out-migration and in-migration Satjalia mouza is comparatively a safer location with lesser out-migration and higher in-migration Dayapur mouza is the worst with high out- migration and lesser in-migration Lahiripur mouza has the forest in its affinity and attracts resource dependent population The out-migrants are concentrated in the 46- 55 years age group while the in-migrants are in the 36-45 years age group Preferred destination for out-migration is the peri-urban areas of Kolkata city, while in- migration occurs mostly from within the island (intra), or nearby islands (inter) and trans- border too!! Male & Female Migration Both the male and female migrants are seasonal Number of Male migrants are much higher than the number of Female migrants Male migrants are mostly engaged as daily labour or mason in the construction industry, if not as a delivery person or security guard Female migrants are engaged as maid servants, cooks or medical care givers, if not engaged in the hosiery or bag industry Both the male and female migrants are highest from the 25–35 age group followed by the 36-45 years Observed a sharp contrast in remittances being sent by male and female migrants, while males are remitting at least 1.5 times than females Male migrants have a common preference of migrating to the peri-urban areas of Kolkata or absolutely out of the State; people who migrated other states are sending higher remittance amount; Chennai (Tamil Nadu) is the most preferred destination followed by Bengaluru (Karnataka) Female migrants commonly have been found to prefer jobs based in Kolkata city with less interest to migrate out of the state Influence of ‘Aila’ cyclonic shock in May 2009 Permanent out-migration and permanent in- migration are not really influenced by Aila The trend of observed migration among males and females shows a rise in the post-Aila scenario. Climate and Productivity Data Source: District Census Handbook and IMD This work was carried out under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA), with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development (DFiD) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. The views expressed in this work are those of the creators and do no necessarily represent those of DFiD and IDRC or its Board of Governors. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 15 - 24 25 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 249 771 387 166 64 7 60 167 117 32 10 0 Male and Female Migrants Age - Group Male Migrants Female Migrants 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 15 - 24 25 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 76 - 85 8 73 98 110 73 40 8 13 83 143 132 86 25 4 Out-Migrants In-Migrants Age Group Clustering of Permanent Out-Migrants and In-Migrants INR per Month 128 279 8 1 44 7 48 1 3 1 146 41 487 176 93 56 17 33 4 6 7 5 1 2 4 3 2 127 41 0 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 33 3 72 36 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Male Female Male and Female Migrants – Preferred Destination Ransacked after Aila Embankment failure during Aila