Türkler-Cilt-05 orta çağ (TÜRK TARiHi ÜZERiNE ÇALışMALAR VE GENEL DEĞERLENDiRMELER)

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RB]FBAHYBJCB MÐHØF( YEH^JE^HHA]B( GÊIÊHN]( NRRßMÊHN]1;
A* Yeh~je~hha}**************************************************************************************************************1;
Yeh~je~hha} % Ieä* I}* Jaib} Ð|o~r~fc~ _s*1>&37V*************************************** 1;
M* gêiêhn} ************************************************************************************************************************* 0;
gêiêhn} % Ieä* I}* Jaib} Ð|o~r~fc~ _s*32&>2V ************************************************************** 0;
C* Nrrÿmêhn} ******************************************************************************************************************** 1;=
Nrrÿmêhn} % [}e`* I}* ]afa|aj nnj _s*0;&40V ************************************************************ 1;=
Ðjasra$ia Mb} Yø}o Inphnyb< Nrrÿmêhn} '114>&1=>;" % R}i* Ieä* I}* F~affn} Døh _s*44&
7>V ************************************************************************************************************************************ 1=2
Yø}obrn Snhä~oh~ Inphnyb&Nrrÿmê Føjasnmnyhn}b % R}i* Ieä* I}* Nfbjn ^r~fa| _s*70&
20V ************************************************************************************************************************************ 194
RB]FBRNIBJCB MÐHØF( FNFHßOHN]
Fs} Fnfhÿohn}b '1=>;&1>14" % [}e`* I}* Oí|f Raa} Oe{}afaj _s*22&1=0V ************* 100
Raoj Ie~ Yø}o&shaf Ya}bgbjbj Aoj Inbyb}nj Mb} Fnriaj Sapa< Arj Cah~i %
R}i* Ieä* I}* Søhnrfaj Ð|mno _s*1=4&133V ****************************************************************** =14
E}ya Ie~$ia Gíobfbrny Føcainhnsb '137=&1994" Fnfhÿo&Ybf~}h~ Føjasnmnyhn}b %
R}i* Ieä* I}* Cøjnry Oajay _s*139&193V ************************************************************************ ==7
RB]FBSNOB\BJCB MÐHØF( HO FØSHØFAJ YØ]O INPHNYHN]BJIN YNOBHÍY
E}ya|afaj Yø}o G~o~oê Fønssnsnhn}b % [}e`* I}* @~ay Oð{}øhø _s*=3>&=97V ************** 937

0
Øhø Sbsynfbjinj Fn}on|ê Inphnyn< Snhä~oh~ Inphny Ynhíoobsbjbj Ynnooøhø '1;37&
1;09" % I}* Esfaj Ð|døinjhb _s*=92&=09V ********************************************************************* 909
Mørøo Snhä~oh~ Pn|b}b Jb|ífø$h&Føho pn Ya}bgê ]ehø % [}e`* I}* Fngfny Ahyar Oðrfnj
_s*=0>&=4;V *********************************************************************************************************************** 920
Mb} Oarjao Eha}ao Jb|ífø$h&Føho$øj Sbrísnyjífnsb % Ahb N}y~}~h _s*=41&=47V ********* >;4
Nsob Yø}ohn} pn Snhä~oh~ha}ia sybgma}ayäho % R}i* Ieä* I}* Gafby [nghbpajh _s*=42&
=7>V ********************************************************************************************************************************** >==
Da|jnhbhn}in Inphny Ynobhíy % I}* Døhhn} J~geh~ _s*=70&3;7V *********************************** >3>
Fnfhÿohn} Iðjnfbjin ia}ê Ra{ % I}* Magayybj Onhn _s*3;2&312V ***************************** >72
Fnfhÿo Sbsynfb % I}* Søhnrfaj O|hye{}ao _s*3=;&330V ********************************************** 01;
RB]FBIEO^\^JC^ MÐHØF( HO FØSHØFAJ YØ]O INPHNYHN]BJIN YE[H^F PN NOEJEFB
ho Føshøfaj Yø}o Inphnyhn}bjin Ye{h~f pn Noejefb % [}e`* I}* Onfah Äbäno
_s*332&3>1V *********************************************************************************************************************** 032
A* Ye{h~f ************************************************************************************************************************ 00;
Mørøo Snhä~oh~ha}ia Inphny&Ye{h~f hbobsb % [}e`* I}* Efbi Sa`b _s*3>=&303V ********** 00;
Ah{ A}shaj \afaj Yø}o Mnshnjfn Sbsynfb % [}e`* I}* Fngfny Ahyar Oðrfnj _s*309&
340V ********************************************************************************************************************************** 079
@n}daja$ia Rn}hnbf Rn}hn}b % Døhjbsa Arjao~hbnpa _s*344&374V ********************************* 410
W&WBB Rø|rhha}ia Fn}p % [}e`* I}* Rndnj Ayada}}brnp _s*377&323V ******************************* 432
Fnfhÿohn} Iðjnfbjin Sesrah Ra{ % I}* Magayybj Onhn _s*329&327V ************************* 492
Ya}bgê Sø}näyn Yø}o Oaijha} % R}i* Ieä* I}* Ami~}}agfaj O~}y _s*322&9;>V *********** 4>2
Fnfhÿo Ye{h~f~jia Oaij % Ieä* I}* Safb}a Oe}yajyafn} _s*9;0&91=V ******************* 44=
M* Noejefb ********************************************************************************************************************* 477
Mahajdcjiaj Yø}obrn C~fg~}brnyb$jn Oaia} Yø}o Inphnyhn}bjbj Sboonhn}b % [}e`* I}*
E~| Ynobj _s*913&9==V ************************************************************************************************** 477

4
Mag}b Fnfhÿohn}hn Pnjnibohbhn} A}asjiaob Ybca}ê Ajyhafaha} % Ieä* I}* Fa}ba [ba
[niajb _s*9=3&93;V ********************************************************************************************************** 7;9
Fnfhÿohn}in Ybca}ny % I}* Magayybj Onhn _s*931&99>V ************************************************* 712
WBBB&WP* Rø|rhha}ia Raoj Ie~$j~j Sesre&Noejefbo Garayjia Yøcca}ha} % Ahyaj
Änybj _s*990&9>2V ************************************************************************************************************* 7>;
EY^\^JC^ MÐHØF( HO FØSHØFAJ YØ]O INPHNYHN]BJIN IØØJCN PN MBHBF
A* Iøøjcn ********************************************************************************************************************* 747
ho Føshøfaj Yø}o Inphnyhn}bjin -Iøøjcn- % [}e`* I}* Gajb`b Ð|caj _s*903&971V **** 747
O~}$aj pn Gaibs Oøhyø}øjøj O~yaid~ Mbhbd$inob |hn}b % [}e`* I}* Cnfah Se`~eh~
_s*97=&977V *********************************************************************************************************************** 2;2
Føshøfaj Yø}ohn}in Yasapp~` % [}e`* I}* Fngfny Infb}cb _s*972&924V ********************* 2=4
Yø}ohn}bj shafhafa Sø}ncbjin Fn|gn{hn}bj pn Ya}boayha}j Rn}b % Ieä* I}* Sa``ny
Sa}oara _s*927&>;7V ******************************************************************************************************* 291
Yø}o Iøøjcn Ya}bgbjin Snhä~oh~ha} Inp}bjbj Rn}b pn Ðjnfb % R}i* Ieä* I}* ]afa|aj
Mbän} _s*>;2&>14V ************************************************************************************************************* 209
Yø}o Oøhyø} Ya}bgbjin Nm~ Fajs~} F~gaffni Fíyø}biê$jbj Rn}b pn Nyobsb % R}i* Ieä*
I}* Agfny Pngmb Ncn} _s*>17&>=0V ********************************************************************************* 27;
Mørøo Yø}o Iøøjø}ø @í}ímê '74;&2>;" % R}i* Ieä* I}* m}agbf Gaoo Arij _s*>=4&
>39V ********************************************************************************************************************************** 222
mjb Sêjí '27;&1;34" Garay pn @nhsn`nsb % R}i* Ieä* I}* G* Ðfn} Ð|inj _s*>3>&>99V
*************************************************************************************************************************************** 1;13
Agfny Rnsnpê< Garay( Nsn}hn}b( @bob} pn Ynsb}hn}b % Ieä* I}* Agfny Y~}aj Røosnh
_s*>9>&>>1V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1;31
íg&B Jaomnji pn Yø}o Iøjrasjiaob Nyobhn}b % R}i* Ieä* I}* F* Jncfniibj Ma}iaoä
_s*>>=&>0;V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1;90
M~ga}a$iaj M~}sa pn Mesja$ra In}pbíjn Mb} Rø}ørø % [}e`* I}* F~syaà Oa}a
_s*>01&>07V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1;01

M* Mbhbf ************************************************************************************************************************** 11;0
ho Føshøfaj Yø}o Inphnyhn}bjin Mbhbf % [}e`* I}* Nsbj Oagra & R}i* Ieä* I}* Gøsnrbj
Da|b Ye{infb} _s*>73&013V ******************************************************************************************* 11;0
E}yaäa Mbhbf Yn`nooø}øjin Yø}ohn}bj Rn}b % [}e`* I}* Arij Sarh _s*019&0==V ****** 1109
ho Føshøfaj Yø}ohn}in Iøøjcn pn Mbhbf % [}e`* I}* Ah{a}shaj Aäodnjä _s*0=3&099V
*************************************************************************************************************************************** 1144
mjb Sêjí$jj Gnobfhbb pn Yamímnybj Dnhbfnsbjn Nyobhn}b % [}e`* I}* A}shaj Yn}|beh~
_s*09>&001V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1=14
syajm~h Øjbpn}sbynsb Y{ @aoøhynsb % Yø}obrn************************************************************** 1=14
Mê}ÿjê % Ami~hhag I~faj _s*00=&07;V ************************************************************************** 1=97
Yø}obsyaj Ce}a`rasjia Rnybnj Øjhø Ibj Mbhdbjhn}b % R}i* Ieä* I}* Agfny Rhi}f
_s*071&02;V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1=2=
Yø}ohn} pn Fajyo Mbhbfb % [}e`* I}* Amiøho~iiøs Mbjdðh _s*021&4;1V *********************** 1313
Yø}ohn}bj Gaibs hfbjn Oayos % [}e`* I}* Onfah Sajioä _s*4;=&4;2V ********************* 1339
Yø}ohn}bj shíf G~o~o~ja Oayoha}< Sn}asê Ð}jnb % I}* Íinf Rn}bjin _s*41;&4=;V
*************************************************************************************************************************************** 13>;
Jb|ífbrn Fni}nsnhn}b pn Mørøo Snhä~oh~ha}ia Nbybf % I}* Agfny Ecao _s*4=1&4=4V
*************************************************************************************************************************************** 134;
Rn}hb pn Ramajc Oarjaoha} Bjia Snhä~oh~ Gasyajnhn}b pn Yamamnybj Ap}~{a$ra
Ynsb}hn}b % [}e`* I}* A}shaj Yn}|beh~ _s*4=7&491V ******************************************************** 1370
Yø}o Ymmjia Fø|bohn Yniapb % I}* Gafny Ahyjðhäno _s*49=&494V ************************** 191=
Fnfhÿohn} Iðjnfb '1=>;&1>14" hfê Ga}nonybjn Dnjnh Mb} Mao % [}e`* I}* sfabh Rbby
_s*497&4>0V ********************************************************************************************************************* 19=9
EY^\MB]BJCB MÐHØF( HO FØSHØFAJ YØ]O INPHNYHN]BJIN IBH PN NINMBRAY
ho Føshøfaj Yø}o Inphnyhn}bjin Ibh pn Ninmbray % [}e`* I}* Agfny M* N}cbhas~j
_s*4>2&473V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1991
A* Ibh ****************************************************************************************************************************** 1927
2
Oa}agajhha}ia Ibh pn Ninmbray % [}e`* I}* Gahbh m}agbf njn} _s*479&42=V ************** 1927
Gí}b|f Yø}oänsb % [}e`* I}* J~}b Røcn _s*423&7;3V ***************************************************** 1>19
Ga}n|f Yø}oänsb pn Ga}n|f Yø}oänsb hn Mashaj Nsn}hn} % Ieä* I}* Døhinj Saeh
_s*7;9&713V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1>34
O{äao Ibhb pn Ninmbray % [}e`* I}* ]ncn{ Ye{a}h _s*719&7=1V ********************************** 1>>4
Yø}oänrn Gb|fny Ninj Inphny Aiafha} pn F~yasapp` ab}hn}inj Mb}oaä Ð}jno % [}e`*
I}* Ami~}}agfaj Dø|nh _s*7==&734V **************************************************************************** 1>40
Sð|høoäøhøo Ya}bgbjin @a}säa&Yø}oän ho Änpb}b Sð|høohn}bjbj E}yara Äofas % I}*
Cnfbhn Ahbo| Saioepa _s*737&799V **************************************************************************** 101=
M* Ninmbray ******************************************************************************************************************** 10=0
Inin Oe}o~y$~j Ya}bgê agsbrnyb pn Raai Oøhyø} E}yaf % [}e`* I}* Oífbh
Gøsnrjeh~ Jn}bfajep _s*79>&7>=V **************************************************************************** 10=0
Aho pn Oa}dha} % Fagf~y Snr`nhb _s*7>3&70=V ******************************************************** 109;
Nsob pn E}yaäa$ia Yø}o Sð|hø Ninmbray % Ieä* I}* Fb}as Gaf|aeh~ inhmarnp
_s*703&741V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1001
Da|jnhbhn} pn Snhä~oh~ha} Iðjnfbjin Ninmê Dnhnjno % R}i* Ieä* I}* Saio A}f~yh~
_s*74=&742V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1042
Mb} Fbhhnybj ]ÿgê Sn}njcíf< Yø}o Yasapp~` Ninmbray % R}i* Ieä* I}* Mbhíh Onfbohb
_s*77;&72;V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1022
Ninmê n}g Dnhnjnbfb| än}bsbjin -Yasapp~`ê bb} n}ghn}b- % R}i* Ieä* I}* Ðfø}
Cnrhaj _s*721&72>V ******************************************************************************************************** 1417
Yø}o Ninmbray$jia Døh pn Møhmøh % R}i* Ieä* I}* Dnjcar \apeyä~ _s*720&2;=V ******* 143;
shífbrny Sej}asjia ho @a}säa bb}hn}in Yø}ohn} % [}e`* I}* Aijaj Oa}absfabheh~
_s*2;3&213V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1493
E}yaäa Yø}o pn }aj Ninmb Fnybjhn}bjin Yø}o Oap}af % R}i* Ieä* I}* n}b`n Rac
_s*219&2=;V ********************************************************************************************************************* 1403

A* Yeh~je~hha}
Yeh~je~hha} % Ieä* I}* Jaib} Ð|o~r~fc~ _s*1>&37V
Cnhah Mara} jbpn}sbynsb @njNinmbray @aoøhynsb % Yø}obrn
Db}b
A* Oarjaoha}
Yeh~je~hha} bhn bhdbhb oarjaoha}( dnjnh shf ya}bgb obya{ha}i}* M~jha}j bsybsjs W* as}ia
raaioha} mbhbjnj Mnhnpêjbj ‘Sb}ny~ Agfni m* Yeh~j~1 pn mj \øhoj ‘Ya}bg~ Fs} pn @nibh~g=
bsbfhb nsn}hn}bib}* Rbjn arj rø|rhia raaraj Objiêjbj '3>;%201" ‘Obyam~h P~hy pn Obyam~hO~iy3
bsbfhb nsn}b ð|nhhbohn Yeh~je~hha} bia}ncbhn}b gaoojia ier~}~c~ mbhdbhn} pn}fnsb rðjørhn ðjnf
a}|nyfnoynib}* M~jha}iaj maoa Yamn}êjbj '31;%2==" ‘Ya}bg~h fnf pnhFøhÿo9 bsbfhb nsn}b bhn m~
nsn}n |nrhhn} ra|aj ^}êm m* Sabi nhO~}y~mêjbj '302%24227;" ‘Shayø Ya}bgb Yamn}ê>sb bhn F~gaffni
m* Amiøhfnhbo nhGnfn|jêjbj '>=1%11=4" ‘Ynofbhnyø Ya}bgb Yamn}ê0 aih nsn}hn}b( ð|nhhbohn
Yeh~je~hha}jjj gbh`ny fn}on|b bhn ehaj føjsnmnyhn}bjn pn føcainhnhn}bjn ib} ðjnf hb mbhdbhn}b
bgybp nyfnoynib}* Fns‚ÿiêjbj '39>%2>0" ‘Fø}ÿc~| \ngnm pn Fnibj~hCnpgn} b4 inbbo oej~ha}ia
ma| mbhdbhn} pn}fnoynib}* Fao}b|êjbj '79>199=" ‘Gyay7 aih nsn}b bsn Yeh~je~hha} gaoojia ehi~oa
inn}hb fahÿfy gpêib}* mjøhNsê}bj '03;%1=3=" ‘nhOfbh `byYa}bgb2 bsn inn}hb mb} oarjao ehfas
rajjia( oej~f~| ehaj iðjnfn aby ar}jyh mbhdbhn}b bgybp nyfnoynib}* mj Ya}bmn}iêjbj '749%1992"
‘Jøcÿf~j~1; ia( m~ oej~ia ibooayhn bjcnhnjfnsb dn}nonj mb} nsn} eha}ao oarinyfno dn}nob}*
M* A}ay}faha}
Yeh~je~hha} bhn bhdbhb døjøfø|in {no eo a}ay}fa ra{hfy}* Dn}no Yø}o iøjrasjia(

11
mb} ieoye}a yn|b ehaj sej iðjnf A|n}marcaj o~}y~h~ ga}nonybjbj hbin}hn}bjinj }agfnyhb Nm~h`n|
Nhbmnrbj ‘Yeh~je~hha} Inphnyb '7072;>"11 bsbfhb ahfasi}* Nhbmnr m~ obyamjia( bho eha}ao(
àriahaji obya{ha} gaoojia mbhdb pn}fnoyn( iaga sej}a Ammasêhn} iðjnfbjin Yø}ohn}bj shf
oam~h sø}ncbjb ajhayfaoya pn Yø}o oef~yajha}j e}i~iaob àahbrnyhn}bjn ibooay non}no( gbh`ny
fn}on|bjinob nyobhn}bjb pn jbgarny m~ a}aia ejha}a gahb`nhn} ya}a`jiaj oya eha}ao pn}bhnj pahbhbohn}
oej~s~j~ nhn ahfaoyai}* Yeh~je~hha} iðjnfbjin Fs}j sbrasê ya}bgb bhn noejefbo( sesrah pn ibjê
garay s}asrha bjcnhnjnj oej~ha}i}* Oa|f Raa} Oe{}afaj(1= N}ieaj Fn}bh (13 F~syaà
@aria(19 m}agbf Oa`nseh~(1> Gaoo I~}s~j Rhi|(10 Gasaj m}agbf Gasaj (14 @gbhb{ O* Gbyyb(17
C*N* Maste}yg(12 Jaib} |o~r~fc~=; dbmb {no eo a}ay}cjj ahfaha} ia m~}aia |bo}nibhnmbhb}*
=* Agfny M* Yeh~j~j Fs} Pahbsb Eh~jcara Oaia}ob Garay
Ser~( Abhnsb( Dð}np pn @aahbrnyhn}b
Agfni m* Yeh~j E}ya Asra Yø}ohn}bjinj E~|ha}iaj=1 eh~{( Safjêhn} reh~rha Ammasêhn}bj
gb|fnybjn db}fbyb}* Mamas Yeh~j(== M~g}=3 Nfb}b J~g m* Nsni nsSafjê=9 ya}a`jiaj 71>710
ia=> Ammasê gahb`nsb Fnf~ja mahajfy}*=0
Gahb`n Fnf~j( oa}inb Nfbj bhn gahb`nhbo føcinhnsbjn db}ibbjin( eja oa} Yø}ohn}inj eh~aj
mb} e}i~ o~}i~* M~ e}i~j~j bbjin Agfnibj mamas Yeh~j ia m~h~jfaoyari* Ej~j Ammasêhn}bj
gb|fnybjn db}fnsb 717 rhjiai}*=4 Ibn} oef~yajha}j gbfrnsbjin osa mb} |afaj bn}bsbjin ðjnfhb
oef~yajha} a}asjia rn}bjb ahi* Yeh~j( Fnf~j~j ðhøføjinj sej}a ia e}i~iaob dð}npbjin oahi*=7
Yeh~j onhbfnsbjbj ajhafj A}a{ Oarjaoha} ‘nhMni}~hOfbh nohbjin pn}fnoyn eh~{( Yø}onin bsn
‘Ieh~jar ajhafjiai}*=2
Agfni( Yeh~j~j c}brnhn}bjinj ehaj Osfiaj3; =; Nrhøh 73>in Maiayya iei~* Arj
ajjninj F~sa(31 Gnmsbrrn pn Snfjn3= aiha}jia oa}inhn}b ehi~* Mamas Yeh~j 7>9 7>>in pnày
nyyb*33
Agfni iaga sej}a 7>;in abhnsb bhn mb}hboyn Sfn}}ra dð nyyb pn bho nbybfbjb m~}aia ahi*
Rnynjnb pn ason}ê ahajiaob maa}ha} bhn ibooayb nonj Agfni(39 gahb`n Føynpnoobhbj ð|nh ason}ê
mb}hbbjbj oef~yaj ehaj mamas Yeh~j~j3> rn}bjn 791 7>>in arj dð}npn yarbj nibhib*30
Yeh~j~j ðhøføjinj sej}a Agfnibj ajjnsb Osf Ammasê Sa}arjia nyobhb Yø}o
oef~yajha}jiaj Maro Mnr bhn nphnjib* Iaga sej}a ej~j gbfrnsbjn db}nj34 Agfnibj ðjø m~
sarnin ahf ehi~* M~ a}aia rbjn ðjin dnhnj Yø}o oef~yajha}jiaj Ra}cÿg nyYø}oêjbj o| Gay~j
bhn nphnjnj Agfni(37 onjibsbjn bobjcb mb} iarajao iaga nibjfb eh~re}i~* Agfnibj Gay~jiaj 7>0
7>4 rhjia Ammas bsbfhb mb} eh~ pn @ayfa aijia mb} o| ehi~* Eh~jiaj iehar Nm~h Ammas
oøjrnsbjb ahi*32
Agfni mamasjj ðhøføjø yaobmnj( gahb`n Føynpnoobhbj pn|b}b ^mnri~hhag m* Ragra m*

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Agfnibj m~ yahnmbjb oam~h nyyb pn 7>0 rh e}yaha}jia 'gbc}ê =9= rh maha}jia" Ya}s~sa dðjin}bhib*9;
Agfni m~}aia gnf Mb|ajsa oa} cbgai nyyb gnf in nbyhb shfê bhbfhn}in yni}bsyya m~h~ji~*91
Ya}s~sya rnib rh oaha}ao 703in Maiaya iðjiø*9= Dn}no Ya}s~syaob maa}ha} dn}nosn Maiaya
iðjn}onj ^}àia gahb`n Føsya‚êjn aby ma| nraha} nobrha}j nhbjinj o~}ya}fas(93 ej~j ðg}nybjb
pn gahb`n jn|ibjinob bybma}j a}yy}i* M~ a}aia gahb`n eja Fnrra| bsbfhb mb} c}brn pn}ib* M~ ca}brninj
G~f}apnrg iei~*99 Yeh~jeh~ Agfnibj ðjnfhb mb} dð}npb in( gahb`n Føsya‚êj bhn gahb`nhbb ejiaj
ahfao bsynrnj oa}inb F~yn|| a}asjia fnriaja dnhnj gahb`nhbo føcinhnsbjin e}yara ofaoyai}*
Agfnibj ajjnsb bhn nphnjnj Maro Mnrbj gahb`n F~sy‚êjbj rajjia rn} ahfas( ej~ ia ya}a` gahn
dnyb}fbyb}* Ajcao F~sy‚êj føcainhnrb oarmnin} pn Psya sø}døjn dðjin}bhb}( Agfniin eja
oe}~r~c~ eha}ao yarbj nibhb}* Osa mb} sø}n sej}a ia( Føsya‚êjb F~yn||n ynshbf nin}no Sfn}}ra
iðjn} '700"*9>
A* Agfni M* Yeh~j Iðjnfb
1* Fs}a Dðjin}bhfnsb
Yø}ohn}bj Ammasê e}i~s~jia ðjnf oa|ajfaha} pn gahb`nhn} bhn gahb`nhbo føcinhnsb pn}njhn}
a}asjia mnhb}hnrbcb ehfaha}( ma| eh~fs~|h~oha}ha mn}amn}( eh~fh~ jnybcnhn} in ie~}f~y~}* Gahb`n
F~yn|| onjibsbjn s~boasy yn}yb{hnfno bsynrnj Yø}o oef~yaj Oøøo Meara oa}( iaga ðjcn(
onjibsbjn oa} F~sya‚êj bhn mb}hboyn ga}nony ninj Maro Mnrb rajja ahfao |e}~jia oahfy}* Maro
Mnr( Oøøo Mear 707in90 ðhiø}øjcn( gahb`n F~yn|| ej~ Fs} pahbhbbjn yarbj nyfbyb}*94 Iðjnfbj
mb} ð|nhhbb eha}ao( gn}gajdb mb} mðhdnjbj pahbhbbjn ayajaj oef~yajha}( m~}aiaob nyobhn}bjb oarmnyfnfno
bbj gbh`ny fn}on|bjin oah{( rn}hn}bjn jbmhn} dðjin}fnoynribhn}* Fs}a bho Yø}o pahb yarbjb 739in
Ajas bhn ehf~y~}* M~ ya}bgynj sej}a 202ia @ybfêhn}bj Fs} bdahbjn oaia} Njmbsn m* sgao '7>=
704" ga}b( mðhdnjbj pahbhn}b gn{ Yø}ohn}inj ayajfy}* Ajas '739 799"( yag '797792" pn ibn}hn}b
Fs}a yarbj nibhnj pahbhn}ib}* Ajcao ejha}j gb mb}b Fs}a dbyfnfb( jbmhn}b reh~rha m~}ar bia}n
nyfbhn}ib}*97 Maro Mnr in arj nobhin pn øpnr eh~ Agfni m* Yeh~j~ Fs}a jbm eha}ao
dðjin}fbyb}*92 Agfni in rajja ahi Yø}ohn}inj eh~aj mb} e}i~ bhn 1> Nrhøh 707>;in Fs}a
db}fbyb}*
Iðjnfin Fs}j I~}~f~
Agfni m* Yeh~j Fs}a db}ibbjin Ibpj~hMn}êibj '[esya Ynobhay" majia ie}~iaj gahb`nrn
mah ehaj ~oar} nhGibf( iaga ðjcn gahb`n F~yn||bj ajjnsb Damêgnjbj ð|nh gb|fnybjinrib(>1
Ibpj~hGa}acj 'Fahbrn Ynobhay" majia Agfni m* F~gaffni m* F~inmmb} ny Yÿ}oê(>= Ibpj~h
Oa|jj 'Oaiho Ynobhay" majia Mnooa} m* O~ynrmn (>3 Ibpj~~}yajj majia ia M~har>9
m~h~jfaoyari* Rajb( Fs} pahbsbjbj inbh( gahb`njbj ayai obbhn}ib* Nsasnj m~ i~}~f Fs} dbmb dnhb}b

13
~rd~hafar gnf ason}ê pn gnf in fahê døcø nhbjin y~yaj pahbhn}bj fn}on|n oa} bsrajha}j ðjhnfno
bbj yn}cbg nyfnoynribhn}*>> Rajb( Agfni m* Yeh~j saincn sbrasê pn ason}ê aiaj pahb jbmb bib*
Fs}ia( Ammasêhn}bj bho rhha}jiaj sej}a( ð|nhhbohn in gbh`ny føcainhnhn}b s}asjia sbrasê pn
ye{h~fsah aiaj bsybo}a}s|ho gaobfib* Nsasnj m~ i~}~f øhonjbj dnjnhb bbj in sð| oej~s~ri~*
Agfni m* Yeh~j mðhdnrn dnhibbjin( Jbh Jng}bjbj may raoasjiaj sonjin}brn iagbh Aoinjb| sagbhb
mer~jca Y}amh~sda}m pn Mn}oara oaia} ehaj R~oa} Fs}ia f~gynhb` bsrajc d}~{ha} pa}i* Mnccn
mðhdnsbjin G}bsybraj aghê onjib maja m~r}~o eha}ao raafao bsynibohn}bjinj b sraj nyfbhn}ib*>0
Ga}ac bhn}bjbj majia m~h~jaj mj Føinmmb} bi}ê aiaj eo døhø mb} oej~fiari pn Agfni bhn in
brb dnbjfnrn jbrnyb reoy~*>4 Fahê bhn}inj se}~fh~ ehfasja }afnj {a}ajj onjibsbjn pn}ibb dø
pn gbh`ny fn}on|bjinob raojha} sarnsbjin Fs}ia yno rnyobhb dbmb ga}nony nyfnoynrib*
M~ eh~fs~|h~oha}j rajjia sbrasê pn bi}ê aiaj iajoho bbjin m~h~jfas( rajb oa}sjia
mb}hnbo mb} døcøj ehfafas( onjibsbjb Fs}a jbm eha}ao dðjin}nj Maro Mnrbj gbh`ny fn}on|bjinob
døhø oej~f~( snfn Yø}o ason}hn}bjinj eh~aj døhø mb} e}i~s~j~j ehfas>7 pn jbgrny agsê
mncn}bhn}b( rnynjnb( bhn}b dð}øhøhøø Agfnib apajyalh oej~fa dnyb}fnoynrib*
Agfni Fs}a dnhiboynj mb} føiiny sej}a( bho eha}ao( yn{ob nofnrncnb mb} bi}ê inbbohbo
ra{a}ao == Ga|b}aj 702 a}afma døjø ~}ya Nfb}hbbjn '[ehbs Ynobhay Maoajhja" M~harjj
rn}bjn Yø}o Me|aj yarbj nyyb*>2 Mðrhncn e( e}i~iaj sej}a bobjcb sbhagh mb}hbo ehaj [ehbs Ynobhayjj
maja onjib aiafj dnyb}fnohn i~}~f~j~ mb}a| iaga sahafhay}f eh~re}i~*
Agfni m* Yeh~j bbj nj mørøo pn døhø ynghbon Ga}ac Nfb}b pn onjibsb dbmb mb} Yø}o ehaj Agfni
m* F~gaffni m* Føinmmb} bib* øjoø mj Føinmmb}( Ammasê sa}arjiaob raojha} pn ð|nhhbohn oa}inb
m}agbf nhFøinmmb} pasyas pn Fs}j Mn}êi Nfb}b ~oar} nhGibfbj in insynbrhn Agfni m*
Yeh~j~j Fs}iaj ahjfasj bsynfbyb*0; Ajcao Agfni m~jiaj gamn}ia} eh~jca(01 i~}~f~ Maro
Mnrn mbhib}fb pn e ia gahb`n F~yn||n maso ra{a}ao mj Føinmmb}b dð}npbjinj ahi}fy}*0= mj
Føinmmb} dð}npinj ahjfasjiaj osa mb} sø}n sej}a Ynff~| 702ia F~oyniêjbj gahb`n ehfasrha
Fs}a rnjbinj Ga}ac Nfb}b eha}ao yarbj nibhb}( àoay rbjn osa mb} sø}n sej}a m~ inà Maro Mnr
ya}a`jiaj dð}npbjinj ahja}ao rn}bjn F~gaffni m* Gbhh ayaj}* mj Føinmmb} bsn Agfni m* Yeh~j
ya}a`jiaj ga{snibhb}*03
mj Føinmmb} se}~j~j~ m~ nobhin gahhninj Yeh~jeh~ Agfni( m~ inà Fs}iaob bsrajha}j
masy}hfas bbjn rðjnhb}* Agfni m~ bsrajha} raohao ið}y rhia( 74=rn oaia}( eo oajh mb} nobhin
masy}fy}*09
M~ bsrajha} s}asjia( 74; rhjia( Yeh~jeh~ Agfnibj ðjøjø aaj pn ej~j døcøjø iaga ia
a}yy}acao ehaj mb} dnhbfn ehi~* M~ dnhbfn( bhn}bin Agfnibj mafs|ho reh~jiaob nj mørøo insynb
gahbjn dnhib* S~}brn@bhbsybj mðhdnsb pahbsb sa m* nrg nnrmjê( Maiayya fnriaja dnhnj

19
gøoøfia} dbmb ga}nony nyfnrn mahafy* Ar}ca Fs}iaj mj Føinmmb} bhn gahb`nhbn dðjin}bhnj 4>;
mbj ibja} pn}dbrn in nh oerf~y~*00
Gahb`n F~oyniê( sa m* nrgbj bsraj oa}sjia( pn}dbhn}b dnyb}fnsb i~}~f~jia ej~ a``nincnbjb
mbhib}fnsbjn }afnj( e m~ a}ra ~rfaf( jnybcnin sajj byaay ahyja ahjfas bbjin 702
sejha}jia Agfni m* Yeh~ja( mørøo mb} e}i~ bhn ej~j ø|n}bjn dbyfnsbjb nf}nyfbyb}*04 yn m~ dnhbfn
Agfnibj Fs}iaob døcøjø a}y}{( cbpa} mnhinhn}b onjibjn mahafasja |nfbj ga|}hafy}* Agfni(
sa m* nrg bhn sapafao ø|n}n =9 mbjb Yø}o( 9; mbjb |njcb 'S~iajh"( 4 mbjb A}a{( ibn}hn}b in ]~f pn
maoa fbhhnyhn}inj ehfao ø|n}n ye{haf 1;; mbj obbhbo mb} e}i~ o~}f~y~*07 Agfni A}aho 702 Ecao
74;in sn`n}n ofara ga|} ehi~~j~ mbhib}fnsbjn }afnj(02 dn}no gbh`ny fn}on|bjinob oa}o
i~}~f dn}nosn R~oa} Fs}iaob bsrajha} snmnmbrhn S~}brn @bhbsybj mðhdnsbjn dbinfn|* M~ i~}~f ia
o~}i~~ mørøo e}i~ bhn bsrajha} masy}} pn R~oa} Fs} yafafnj onjibjn maha}*4;
Agfni bsrajha} masy}ioyaj sej}a rn}bjn oa}inb F~sar m}aoa}ao( 11 Fars 74;in S~}brn
sn`n}bjn oa}*41 Ajcao( gbh`ny fn}on|bjin e}yara oaj oa}oho snmnmbrhn m~ sn`n}bjb mb} føiiny
yngb} nin}* øjoø gahb`n F~oyniê( Mørøo Meajj eh~ F~sara( ason}hn}bjb Maro Mnrn ynshbf
nyfnsbjb(4= Maro Mnrn in F~sar pn mb} ibn} Yø}o oef~yaj Fø`hbgb ðhiø}fnsbjb nf}nin}*43 Maro
Mnr bsn F~sar ðhiø}fno bsynfn| pn ej~jha mb}hbo eha}ao49 gahb`nrb ðhiø}fnrb {hajha}onj4> gahb`n
F~oyniê in( ibn} Yø}o oef~yajha}jiaj ma|ha}rha ajha} pn Maro Mnr ðhiø}øhø} '1> Ga|b}aj
74;"*40 M~jiaj sej}a Ra}cÿg nyYø}oê F~oyniê ya}a`jiaj Fs} pahbhbbjn yarbj nibhb}*44 @aoay m~ inà
Maro Mnr ya}a`ya}ha} F~oyniêrb =1 Ga|b}aj 74;in ðhiø}ø{(47 rn}bjn F~ynfbib gahb`n ra{a}ha}* Rnjb
gahb`n Ra}cÿg nyYø}oêrb dð}npbjinj ahfarjca e ia iafai Agfni m* Yeh~j~ Fs}iaob dð}npbjin
m}ao}*42 M~ a}aia gahb`n F~ynfbi Agfni m* Yeh~ja mb} fnoy~{ ra|a}ao S~}brn sn`n}bjb b{yah nyybbjb
pn Fs}a iðjfnsbjb nf}nin}* Mðrhncn S~}brn sn`n}b dn}nohnfninj sej m~h~}* Agfni in 9
Ynff~| 74; Sah døjø @~syaya iðjn}*7;
Agfni S~}brn sn`n}bjinj iðjiøoynj sej}a( Fs}j pn}dbsb ehaj = fbhrej 1;; mbj ib}gnfb 741in
e~hha} Ammas pn G~f}npnrg bhn rnjb gahb`n F~ynfbin( mahhjj mb} ba}nyb eha}ao dðjin}b}*71 M~
a}aia oa}inb F~sar ia ~}ya '[ehbs" Ynobhayjj nfb}hbbjn dnyb}b}*7=
Ammas pn G~f}npnrg Maiayyaj iðjn}onj mamaha}ja Ra}cÿg ny Yø}oêjbj mb} fnoy~m~j~
dnyb}b}hn}* M~ja dð}n Agfni( Aa Fs}j bia}nsb rajjia( R~oa} Fs} bhn Mn}oa pn cbp}j ia onjib
~ginsbjn ahacaoy}*73 Paoby dnb}fninj 13 A~syes 741in ðjcn sonjin}brnrb sgao m* Ibja}iaj
ynshbf ah}( sej}a ia Agfni m* sar Mn}oa Nfb}hbbjinj ~|aohay}a}ao( m~}aha}a onjib aiafha}j
yarbj nin}no 0 Nrhøh 741in @~syaya iðjn}*79 Mðrhncn Fs}j yafaf Agfni m* Yeh~j~j gaobfbrnyb
ahyja db}n}*
M~ a}aia gahb`n F~ynfbibj nf}brhn mj Føinmmb} == A}aho 74;in ga{bsynj oa}hf pn
F~gaffni m* Gbhh a|hnibhn}no( rnjbinj Fs}j Ga}ac Nfb}hbbjn dnyb}bhfbyb}* Ar}ca Mn}bi '[esya"
Nfb}b ~oar} nhGibf in arj ya}bghn}in dð}npbjn bin nibhfbyb}*7> Aj cao gn} bobsb in Agfnibj døcø

1>
Onjibsbjinj Fs} ga}acj bsynrnj( ga}ac bbjbj maoa mb}bjbj ~ginsbjin ehi~~j~ mnhb}yn}no cnpa{
pn}nj Agfni( ashjia gahb`nrn m~ rnyobjbj in onjibsbjn pn}bhfnsbjb gay}hayf eh~re}i~* M~ i~}~fiaj
}agays| ehaj mj Føinmmb} bsn Gahb`n F~ynfbiinj af mðhdnsb Ga}ac Nfb}hbbjn yarbj nibhfnsbjb
bsynfb( jnybcnin r~oa}ia mnhb}ybhnj ya}bgyn Fs}iaj ar}hfasrha( Ga}ac bhn}b in Agfni m* Yeh~ja
pn}bhfbyb}*70 E ia m~ dð}npn døpnjibb aiafha}jiaj Agfni m* F~gaffni n øcr ayafy}* M~
a}aia [esya Ynobhyjj maja ia Agfni m* Gøsnrj nh Agpa|êrb dnyb}fbyb}*74
3* Gbha`ny Fn}on|b bhn A}asjj Ahfas pn Mafs|ho
Gahb`n F~ynfbi( 741in( af( Ojjns}bj pn cbpa}jj pahbhbbjb oa}inb F~pa`àoa pn}fbyb}*
afia F~pa`ào aija rðjnybf rbjn mb} Yø}o ehaj Afa~}~j nhbjin m~h~jfaoyari* Afa~}( Agfni
m* Yeh~j~j døhnjfnsbjinj pn af mðhdnsbjb nhbjinj ahfasjiaj oe}oy~~ bbj( F~pa`àoyaj(
Agfnibj Fs}iaj ahjfasj bsyn}* Nsasnj Agfnibj gahb`n F~ynfbin saincn mb} inà pn}db
dðjin}fb ehfas pn ye{hai pn}dbhn}b Fs}ia bsynibb dbmb yasa}}~`ya m~h~jfas iaga ðjcn
F~pa`àoj ibooaybjb nofb pn ej~ o|i}fy*77 F~pa`ào Agfnib acnhn eha}ao Sa}ara
a}ijia bsn( Agfni ej~j jbrnybjb eoyaj ajhaf i~}~fiari* M~ dnhbfn ø|n}bjn e( ma|
gnibrnhn} bhn Agfni m* F~gaffni nhPsyêrb Safn}}ara onjib pahbsb pn oarj{nin}b ehaj Ra}cøga
dðjin}ib*72 Agfnibj m~ iap}aj( F~pa`ào yajfai( Fs}j dn}no gaobfbjbj Ra}cøg pn eja
jbrmnynj onjibsb ehi~~j~ p~}d~hafao ajhafja dnhfnoynrib( ob dn}no in m~ri~* @aoay m~ dnhbfn
Ra}cøg~j Safn}}aia ðhiø}øhfnsb sej~c~j~ ie~}i~ '17 Ynff~| 74= C~fa"*2;
Ra}cøg~j ðhiø}øhfnsb Yeh~jeh~ Agfni bhn gbh`ny fn}on|bjbj a}asjiaob b{hn}b brbcn dn}ib*
Mørøo mb} bgybfahhn( gahb`n F~ynfbi oa}inb F~pa`àoj nyobsbrhn A`}boa( Fs}( af( Cn|b}n( F~s~h pn
N}fnjbrnjbj pahbhbbjb( Ra}cøg~j ðhiø}øhfnsbjinj sej}a 749 74>in pnhbagyb ehaj eh~ Ca`n}n
pn}ib*21 Yø}o oef~yajha}jiaj ehaj F~sa m* Mear ia eja ra}ifc eha}ao ayai*2=
Oarjaoha}( Ca`n} bj Agfni m* Yeh~j~ a|hnyybbjn pnra rn}bjin m}aoyja iab} gn}gajdb mb} mbhdb
pn}fnfnoynib}* Ajcao F~sa m* Meajj Ca`n}bj rajja ra}ifc eha}ao pn}bhfnsb( m~ mðhdnhn}in
ej~j aija F~sa m* Meajj dð}np ra{fas nohbjin re}~fhajambhb}* Nsasnj dnhbfnhn} in m~j~
ie}~ha} fgbrnyynib}* øjoø( m~ s}aia Agfni iaga ðjcn eh~y~}i~~ 1;; mbj ob bhbo e}i~r~
ye{hara}ao( ejha}a( onjibsbjn iesy ehajha}ha iesy( iøfaj ehajha}ha iøfaj ehacaoha}ja ib} rnfbj
nyyb}fbyb}*23 M~ dnhbfn a}yo Agfnibj gbh`ny faoafrha b}ybmayj onsybb ajhafj yafaoyari* 749
Agfnibj Fs}ia mafs|ho reh~jia bho aif ayy ya}bg ehi~* Iaga sej}a Fs}j yafafjia
gaobfbrnybjb yaf eha}ao sahafhay}fa àahbrnyhn}bjn mahai* Mn}oa pn Y}amh~sda}m cbp}ja
føynaiiby ason}ê sn`n}hn} ra{a}ao( m~ mðhdnhn}in iaga ðjcn sbjib}ibb bsrajcha} onsbj eha}ao byaay
ahyja ahi*29 Mðrhncn( Fs}j yafafjia yno maja gaobfbrny o~}f~ ehi~*2>
M~}aia Agfni m* Yeh~j~j bbjb oeharhay}aj nj ðjnfhb dnhbfnhn}inj mb}b ehaj( gahb`nhbbj
pahbhn}bjn pn nrahnyhn}n sð| dnb}fn| ehfasja ia ynfas nyfno dn}nofnoynib}* honjbj ie~s~jia

10
bsrajha} mørøo mb} rarhfa dðsyn}fb( 741in mðhdnrb nhhn}bjn dnb}fbhn}ib}*27 yn m~ iagbhê
dnhbfnhn} oa}sjia gbh`ny faoaf pn gahb`n F~ynfbi jn ra{acaj a}f( ieharsrha fn}on|n
~|ao ehaj Fs} bhn bhdbhnjfnsb føfoøj ehafafy}* M~ ia Agfnibj mðhdnin }agay ga}nony nyfnsbjn
`}say pn}fbyb}* Mb|ajs ia Ammasêhn}bj bbjin m~h~ji~~ sbrasê pn bi}ê bsybo}a}s|h `}say mbhb{ af
hbfajha}ja( sj}ha}iaob rn}hnbf ahajha} ehaj Apasf pn S~~} ngb}hn}bjn sahi}ha}j sohay}fy}
'74374>"*22
Mb|ajsj af S~~}ha}ja sahi}fas pn ma| sj} rn}hnbf mnhinhn}bjb ahfas( sbrasê dnjbhnfn
bbj Agfni m* Yeh~ja rnjb bfoajha} magnyyb* øjoø saincn gbh`ny e}i~s~ bhn Mb|ajsa oa}
oerafaracaj ajharaj gahb`n F~ynfbi( iaga ðjcn onjibsbrhn bhbobhn}bjb onsfb ehaj Agfni m*
Yeh~jiaj insyno ahfao |e}~jia oahi* Jnyb
cnin Mb|ajs bhn føcainhn nyfnsb bbj af S~~}ha}j ej~j nf}bjn pn}ib*1;; Mas}a oð}`n|bjin
dbyybon dnjbhnrnj \njcb bsrajha}jj masy}hambhfnsb bbj( gbh`ny fn}on|bjn 1 fbhrej =;; mbj ibja}
ra}if dðjin}ib*1;1 F~pa`àoj iaga à|ha {a}a( oðhn ( ay dbmb ra}ifha} bsynfnsbjn oa} ia Agfni (
eja( m~ ra}if saincn Ammasêhn}b ynghbonhn}inj oe}~fao bbj ra{yj( ymê eha}ao dðjin}fnibbjb
mbhib}ib*1;=
M~ dnhbfnhn} Agfnibj gnf mafs| ga}nony nyybbjb pn gnf in bbjn dnhibb nobhin Ammasê
gahb`nhbbjb o~hhajij dðsyn}fnoynib}* øjoø e( gn} yø}hø maj oe{a}ioyaj sej}a( mb} ya}a`yaj
Apsf pn S~~}ha}j onjibsbjn pn}bhfnsbjb oam~h nyfb pn gnf in ra}if dðjin}fbonj( ibn}
ya}a`yaj a|ha ra}if yahnmb oa}sjia ia ymê ehfaij aohafaoyaj nobjfnfbyb}*
Agfni m* Yeh~j~j m~ yap} bob ðjnfhb sej~ ie~}f~y~}* M~jha}iaj mb}bjcbsb gahb`n F~ynfbibj
oa}inb F~pa`àoj yn{obsbjb nofno( ibn}b in Ammasêhn}inj mafs| eha}ao Mb|ajs Inphnybjbj
ie}~iaj f~gyam ehfao*
F~pa`àoj( Yeh~jeh~ Agfnib m~ cnpam ø|n}bjn a|hnin}no( rn}bjn F~sa m* Mear yarbj nyybb(
F~sajj nf}bjinob e}i~ bhn Fs}a dbyfno ø|n}n ga|}haji( ajcao dn}no n}|ao dn}nosn sbrasê
oa}ohoha}iaj iehar m~ afacja ~haafai oarjaoha}ia |bo}nibhfnoynib} '1 Ga|b}aj 744"*1;3
F~pa`ào pn F~sajj m~ ynnmmøshn}bjbj aoafnyn ~}afas( F~sjj Oasf A}aho 744in
ðhfnsb(1;9 m~ a}aia Afa~} nyYø}oêjbj in JbsajFars 747in Ifnoin ðhfnsb1;> pn rn}bjn
ej~j eh~ Ahbjbj af jbmb eha}ao ayajfas1;0 Agfni m* Yeh~ja Ammasêhn}n oa} rnjb mb} apajyal
iaga oa|aji}fy}* F~sa m* Meajj ø|n}bjn ie}~ dnhibb gamn}bjinj sej}a e}i~s~ ga|} i~}~fia
mnohnrnj Agfni( m~ dnhbfnhn} ø|n}bjn( rn}bjn eh~ Ammas Fs}a pnobh m}aoa}ao1;4 Jbsaj 747in
af mðhdnsbjn sn`n}n oa}* Ej~j jbrnyb mðhdnrb gaobfbrnyb ahyja ahfaoy}* M~ afaha ðjcn Ahb m*
Afa~} nyYø}oêrn mb} fnoy~{ ra|a}ao onjibsbjn ymê ehfasj bsyn}* E ia gbmb} ib}njfn
dðsyn}fninj Agfnin mahhj mbhib}b}*1;7 Nm~h`n| Nhbmnr( Yeh~jeh~ Agfnibj( m~ sn`n}bjn
gahb`nhbn iajfaiaj ofasja ibooay non}no( m~ eharj Yeh~je~hha} Inphnybjbj yaf mafs|ha

14
Gahn{b gb mb} ib}njfn bhn oa}hafaiaj gaobfbrnyb ahyja ah}*111 Gahn{ jbmb Sbf nyYapêh nyYø}oê
in Ajyaorara oay*11= M~}aiaj Ajyaora ø|n}bjn dbinj Agfni( Nrhøh 747in ng}b ahi( Sbf nyYapêh
in ðhiø}øhø}*113 Reh~ja inpaf ninj Agfni( Ojjns}bj pn nh Apsf ia `nygnin}*119 Mðrhncn(
mayia Mn}oa pn Y}amh~sda}myaj( ie~ia @}ay Jng}bjn oaia} ehaj mðhdnrb yafafnj gaobfbrnyb ahyja
ah}*11>
M~ dnhbfn r~oa}ia mnhb}yybbfb| bob sej~yaj bobjcbsbjb( rajb Mb|ajs Inphnybjbj a}yo Ammasbhn}b
inbh( Yeh~je~hha} Inphnybjb f~gaya{ ahfas sej~c~j~ ie~}i~*
Mb|ajs f{a}aye}h~~ Yeh~je~hha}jj af ( Cn|b}n( Apsf pn S~~} mðhdnhn}bjb ahfasjiaj
sej}a onjibhn}b bbj in ynghbonhb ehi~~j~ dð}ø{ mb} ajhafa |nfbjb m~hfa reh~ja dbyfbyb}* M~
n}npnin B* Pasbhb bho aif ia aya}ao( iaga ðjcn mb} sn`n} s}asjia nsb} nyybohn}b Ami~hhag m* ]nbi m*
Oap~s pn a}oaiaha}j110 brb jbrny dðsyn}dnsb eha}ao 742ia Agfni m* Yeh~ja rehhai* Ar}ca gnibrn
eha}ao mb} oa jøsga O~}aj ia dðjin}fbyb}*114
Nm~h`n| Nhbmnr m~ oej~ia re}~f ra{a}onj( @b}ap~jha} |afajjiaj bybma}nj Fs}j bho inà
onjib ce}a`ras fn}on|hb mb} inphnyn oap~y~~j~ bàin nyfnoynib}*117
Mb|ajs f{a}aye}h~~j~j m~ raohafja Agfnibj cnpam eh~fs~| eh~}* E Mb|ajs nhn
dnb}n}no Ya}s~s~ rnjbinj gaobfbrnyb ahyja ah} pn Ajaieh~j~j bhn}bjn ie}~ bhn}hnfnrn maha}*112
Ajcao m~ a}aia fnriaja dnhnj eh~fs~| mb} dnhbfn Agfnibj Mb |ajs sn`n}hn}bjb i~}i~}~}* M~
dnhbfn( Fs}ia rn}bjn m}aoy eh~ Ammas bhn bhdbhbrib* Ammas ma| oef~yajha}j nyobsbrhn mamasja
oa} bsraj nyfbyb*1=; Agfni m* Yeh~j~j oaybmb ehaj Agfni m* F~gaffni nh Psbyê m~ dnhbfnrb
gnfnj Yeh~jeh~ja gamn} pn}b}* E ia sn`n}hn}bjb b{yah nin}no Fs}a iðjncnbjb mbhib}b}*1=1 M~j~j
ø|n}bjn Ammas ga|bjninj ahi røohø fboya}iaob fah ( {a}a( n}|ao( sbhag( p*s* bhn(1== Fs}j
n}a`jiaj ye{hai røosno fnmhaiaob {a}aha}ha(1=3 rn}bjn oa}inb ]nmbar m}aoa}ao arj
|afajia mamasjj oybmb nh Psbyêrb in rajja aha}ao1=9 @ ~syayiaj ar}h} pn 9 Jbsaj 742ia
Mn}oara dbin}*1=>
Ammasj Mn}oara dbyfnsbjinj raohao mb} ar sej}a 3; Jbsaj 742ia @~syaya dnhnj1=0 Agfni
m* Yeh~j Fs} oais Mnooa} m* O~ynrmn maoajhjia mb} gnrnyb Mn}oara eh~j~j rajja dðjin}b}(
ar}ca ejha}ha ð|nh mb} fnoy~{ ia rehha}*1=4 Agfni eh~j~ a``nyfno iøøjcnsbrhn dn}brn a}fasja
}afnj( ej~jha mb}hboyn Mn}oara dbinj oef~yajha} bsraja ynpbo s~~jiaj cn|ahaji}hacaoha}j
mbhibohn}b bbj Ammas m}aofa|ha}*1=7 E ia iðjfnrn}no dn}no G}bcê miê Mn}mn}b oambhnhn}brhn
dn}nosn `}bobrrn inob 'm~døjoø Y~j~s" Ahnmbhn}hn føcainhnhn}n db}n}no 'A}aho 742 Ecao 77;"
m~}aia onjib nfb}hbbjb o~}fa reh~jia àahbrnyhn}n maha}*1=2 Ammas( Mn}oa pn Y}amh~sda}m mðhdnhn}b
bhn Ahnmbhn}n aby ye{}aoha}ia ðjcnhn}b osfê maa}ha} nhin nyfbsn in(13; jnybcn in Mn}mn}bhn} bhn
mb}hnnj Ahnmbhn}n fah~{ ehf~ pn Mn}oara nobhfbyb}*131 Iaga sej}a ia 0 ~may 77=in mamas
Agfnibj 1;; mbj obbhbo e}i~s~ bhn ra{y sapa oarmnin}no nsb} nibhfb pn 19 Fars 77=in @~syaya

17
Agfni m* Yeh~j eh~ Ammasj bsrajj masy}{ @~syaya iðjiøoynj sej}a( ej~j ø|n}bjn dbyybb 0
~may 77= ya}bgbjn oaia} dnnj raohao ø rhho |afaj ibhbfbjin me i~}faf mb} rajiaj eh~
Ammas dø|nhhbohn boj nyfnrn ah}onj( ibn} ya}a`yaj gnf Fs}j bf} bhn}brhn ~}af( gnf in
S~}brn mðhdnsbjn oa} rnjb mb} {ehbyboa dnhbyb}n}no( m~}aiaj Gbca|a bjfnrb {hajhafy}* Mðrhncn
Gbca| onjibjn mahara}ao shf Iøjrasjia nyobj mb} oej~fa dnhfnrb iøøjfø ehfahi}*
M~ iøøjcnsbjb ~rd~hafara oerfao bbj bho eha}ao S~}brn( @bhbsybj pn }iøjøj ga}a pn}dbhn}bjb
ye{hafao ø|n}n yarbj nibhnj( iaga ðjcn Fs}j fahb bhn}bjinj se}~fh~ Agfni m* nh Føinmmb}b nyobsb|
gahn dnyb}ib* Ej~ dð}npbjinj ahi( ga{snyyb133 pn fah pa}hja nh oera}ao 0;; mbj ibja}j ahi*139
Rbjn m~ n}npnin af mðhdnsbjin Ammasê gbh`nyb aija àahbrnyhn}in m~h~jaj F~sa m* Eyaf(
FarsGa|b}aj 77;in Agfni m* Yeh~j~j oðhnsb Høhø ya}a`jiaj fah~{ nibhib pn nsb} nibhn}no
]aooara dðyø}øhiø* Høhø arj rh Ga|b}ajYnff~| arjia ia mðhdninob Ammsbhn} pn F~sa m*
Eyafj eh~ Agfni bhn sapaa}ao ejha} rnjib pn Maiai bhn Safn}}ara {øsoø}yyø* M~ nobhin
S~}brn mðhdnsbjin onjib gaobfbrnybjb o~}aj Agfni m* Yeh~j 77;in mb} d}~{ ason}bjb |bra}ny dð}øjyøsø
pn}n}no dn}noyn m~}aia ason}ê pn sbrasê àahbrny dðsyn}fnhn}b afacrha Fnoonrn dðjin}ib* Ajcao
arj rhha}ia Ammasbhn}bj ie~s~jia o~}~haj Sa``}bhn} Inphnyb in arj iøøjcn bhn Fnoonrn ason}
dðjin}bjcn Agfni m* Yeh~j Gbca| mðhdnsbjin bsynibb sej~c~ ahafai*13>
Fnooninj mnohnibb sej~c~ ahafaraj Agfni m* Yeh~j m~ inà afiaj Fs}a iðjn}onj(
e}i~s~j~j mb} osfj 74277= rhha} a}asjia oef~yajha}jj nf}bjin Mb|ajs sj}ja dðjin}ib*
øjoø ]~fha}( af S~~}ha}ja sahi}ha} mahayf pn {no eo Føshøfaj ðhiø}føhn}ib '742"* M~
mb}hbohn} maa}h eha}ao ma| rn}hn}b ah{ {no eo dajbfny nhn dnb}ibhn}*130
Ar}ca afa yarbj nyybb oðhnsb Høhø( Gahn{( Gfs( Ojjns}bj( Ibra} F~ia} pn ]aooar oejy}eh
nin}onj( mðhdnin( F~pa`ào aija bsraj ninj Amiøhfnhbo m* Sahbgbj aiafha}jiaj Mnooa} m*
Snhnfnrb 77177=in rnjn}no( Yeh~je~hha}jj gaobfbrnybjb sahafhay}fy}*134 Rbjn arj rh
Agfni m* Yeh~j~j( S~~} pn af jbmb Gahn` nh@n}djê ( Mb|ajs ø|n}bjn ra| sn`n}bjn of pn {no
eo ]~f ason}bjb ðhiø}n}no røohø fboya}ia dajbfny ahf( mðrhncn af pn S~~} mðhdnhn}b in
nfjbrny ahyja ahjfy}* M~ a}aia Agfni( 74277;in mafs|hj dðsyn}dnhn}bjinj ehaj pn ya}bgyn
Agfniê Ibja} injbhnj sboonhn}b ia}mnyyb* M~ Ammasê gbha`nyb ya}bgbjin bho inà eh~re}i~*137
Agfni m* Yeh~j a}yo yaf }agayhaij iøøjø}onj( rnjb mb} dnhbfn ej~ rnjbinj afa ga}nony
nyfnrn |e}hai* øjoø mðhdnrn dðjin}ibb oðhnsb Høhø bsraj nib{ Agfnib yajfaij bhj nyyb*132
M~( S~}brn mðhdnsbjbj onjib gaobfbrnybjinj oy ajhafja dnhfnoynrib* M~j~j rajjia mb} in S~~}
ngb}hn}bjin( @nyg m* Gaoajj jbmhn}bjinj Ra|faj nhGibf( Yeh~je~hha} ahnrgbjn F~pa`ào hngbjn
àahbrnyhn}n mahafy*19; Yeh~jeh~ Agfni( NrhøhNobf 77=in rn}bjn eh~ G~f}apnrgb m}aoa} ao(
ga{bsynob eh~ Ammas ia rajja aha}ao mørøo mb} e}i~ bhn afa ga}nony nyyb*191 Ifnon dnhib*19=
M~}aia ia Ya}s~syaob g~|~}s~|h~oha}iaj gamn}ia} nibhib*193 Yambb ob m~ dnhbfnhn}in F~pa`àoj
{a}fa ehfahi}*
12
Agfni Ya}s~syaob pahbsb Gahn` nh@n}djêrn( Ra|faj nhGibfb raoahar{ Ifnon dnyb}fnsbjb
nf}nin}onj( onjibsb in Høhøjøj ø|n}bjn rø}øiø*199 Høhø Agfnibj oa}sjia y~y~jafaracaj
ajharjca Oasf A}aho 77=in19> ga|bjnrb in rajja aha}ao( ðjcn Mahbsn e}aiaj ia Maiaya
F~pa`àoj rajja oay*190 Agfni in m~ mðhdnrb rnjbinj onjib gaobfbrnyb ahyja ahi*194 M~ a}aia
Ya}s~s Nfb}b Gahn` nh@n}djê( A~syesNrhøh 77=in Ra|faj y~y~ohar{ ga{sn ayy*197 Ajcao Ya}s~s
gaho m~ja oa} oa}ao pn Ra|faj o~}ya}{ Gahn`b ðhiø}fno bsynrbjcn(192e ia ngb}inj oafao
|e}~jia oahi*1>; Mðrhncn Ya}s~s Ra|fajj gaobfbrnybjn dnfb ehi~ '77="*
M~ a}aia Gbha`ny fn}on|bjin fnriaja dnhnj ðjnfhb mb} dnhbfn Agfni m* Yeh~j~j ðjøjø
aacao( F~pa`àoj ðjøjø bsn oa{ayacao dbmb dð}øjiø* øjoø oa}inb F~pa`àoj rajjia nohnj mb}
gahb`n i~}~f~jia ehaj F~ynfbi( 3; Oasf 77=in Agfni m * Yeh~ja fnoy~{ ra|a}ao( onjibsbjb
oa}inbjinj o~}ya}fasj bsynib*1>1 M~ `}say inn}hnjib}nj Agfni( F~ynfbib Fs}a iapny nyyb*1>=
Mðrhncn( gbh`ny fn}on|bjb Fs}a yara}ao( shf Iøjrasja gaobf ehfa reh~jia gahb`njbj bsfbjinj
ra}a}hajacaoy* Arj |afajia( shf iøjrasjia sbrasê gaobfbrnyb nhbjn dnb}ncnoyb*
Gahb`n( Agfnibj m~ ynohb`bjb oam~h nib{ Oasf A}aho 77=in ap magajnsbrhn Safn}}aiaj
ar}hijia Agfni( Ya}s~s ø|n}bjn dbyfnrb n}ynhnrb{ ej~ Ifnoyn mnohnfnrn mahai*1>3 Ajcao
F~pa`ào m~ dnhbfnhn}inj osa |afajia gamn}ia} eha}ao nh Cn|b}n jbmb sgao m* O~jiacoa
F~ynfbib raoahar{ Maiaia dnyb}fnsbjb nf}nin}*1>9 E ia ]aooaia F~ynfbibj ðjøjø onsn}no bho
ðjcn rajjiaob oef~yajha} raoahar{ ga{snin}( iaga sej}a ia gahb`nrb aha}ao Safn}}a ra dðyø}ø} '14
~may 773"*1>> Mðrhncn Agfni bsynbjn ~haafa|*
Gbh`ny fn}on|bjin bsn( F~pa`ào( sgao m* O~jiaco ðiøhhnjib}n}no pn ej~ |nh F~g` |
Mb}hbbjbj maja dnyb}n}no Maiayyaj O~|nr A`}boara oaia}( Fs}iaob Yeh~je~hha} pn Y~j~syaob
Ahnmêhn} iagbh( mørøo mb} mðhdnjbj pahbhbbjn yarbj nyfbyb}*1>0 Ajcao m~ yarbj( yambb ob nohb ehfaoyaj
ðynrn dbyfbre}i~ pn ajcao S~}brn sj}ha}ja oaia} dnn}hb ehaj `bbhb mb} rðjnybf ajhafja dnhbre}i~* M~
dnhbfn ø|n}bjn Agfni m* Yeh~j ia inphnybjbj møyøj bhn}b dnhnjhn}bjb pn oaiha}j Ifnoyn ye{har{
pn F~pa`ào gahb`nrn bsrajha s~hara}ao(1>4 F~ynfbibj ya}a`jia rn} ahjfas( F~pa`àoj ia
pnhbagihoynj a|hnibhfnsbjn ib} Fa}y Jbsaj 773in oaiha}jiaj `nyp bsynfbyb}*1>7 Ma oais Mnooa}
m* O~ynrmn pn ma| oaiha} m~ bsynbjn oa} ojca1>2 ia ej~ ga{snib{( fah pa}hj føsin}n
nyfb(10; iaga sej}a ia onjibsb F~pa`ào pnhbagihoynj a|hnyybbjb bhj nibhn}no( gaobfbrnyb ahyjiaob
mðhdnhn}bj møyøj cafbhn}bjin( C~fa g~ymnhn}bjin eja hjny nyyb}fbyb}*101 M~ja oa}ho F~pa`ào ia
oa}inb F~ynfbin( Agfni m* Yeh~j~j Fs}iaj a|hnibhfnsb10= pn C~fa g~ymnhn}bjin eja hjnyhn}
eo~jfasja ib} mb} `n}faj oa}yfy}*103
M~ dnhbfnhn} Ammasê Inphnyb bhn Yeh~je~hha} a}asjiaob g~sÿfnyb iaga ia a}yy}i* F~pa`ào
Fnoonin( Oamnin Agfni m* Yeh~j~j ahnrgbjin g~ymn eo~y~jca109 mb} aif ðjn dnfb eh~re}i~*
Agfni m* Yeh~j( F~pa`ào bhn ehaj m~ }nsyhnfnsbjin maa}h ehafarjca( Ya}s~s ø|n}bjn
dbin}no m~}ar rnjbinj onjibjn mahafao bsynib* ng}b o~ayy(10> ajcao dn}no Ra|faj nhGibfbj

=;
ar maha}jia o~ayfar oahi}{ Fs}a iðjfno |e}~jia oahi*100 @n}f ng}bjn ~hayjia
gasyah a}haaj Agfni( =9 A}aho 773in @~syaya mb} dnfbrhn dnyb}bhnmbhib*104 Gasyah s}asjia
Føshøfajha}( G}bsybrajha} pn Rag~ibhn} F~oayyaf Iaja oa}ao brbhnfnsb bbj i~ nyybhn}*107 mj
\øho m~ oej~ia ðrhn infnoynib}< ‘Nfb} Agfni m* Yeh~j biinyhb mb} nobhin gasya ehi~* 'ej~j
gasyahajfas ø|n}bjn" Føshøfajha} maha} ø|n}bjin F~sga`ha} bhn( Rag~ibhn} maha}jj ø|n}bjin
Ynp}ay bhn( G}bsybrajha} maha}jj ø|n}bjin jcbh bhn( ec~oha} maha}jj ø|n}bjin hnpgaha} bhn pn
bjsajha}j gn{sb ahara}ao fnriajha}a iðoøhiøhn}* Nfb} Agfni m* Yeh~j~j saho pn `brnyn
oap~fas bbj Ahhaga i~ bhn ya|a}}ÿia m~h~j~re}ha}i*102 Ajcao Agfni gasyaha
raoahajfasjiaj 1; ar sej}a( 1; Fars 779 [a|a} dncnsb pnày nin}no F~oaiinf Iajj
rafacja in`jnibhib*14; Mnhnpê bhn mj \øho( Agfni m* Yeh~j~j ðhøføjn raoj ~ i~r ra{yj
mbhib}fnoynib}< ‘Nr ]ammbf( mb} jn`ns fboya}jca snjinj da`bh ehaj obfsnrb maha( ej~ snjbj
r~f~aohj ej~}haji}}*141
M* G~f}apnrg Iðjnfb
1* ho @aahbrnyhn}b
Agfni m* Yeh~j~j ðhøføjinj sej}a( ð|nhhbohn nhPsbyêjbj nyobsbrhn G~f}apnrg gnjø| =;
rajiaronj 1; Fars 779in Yeh~je~hha} Inphnybjbj maja dny b* Nsasnj Ammas mørøo ehfasja
}afnj( iaga ðjcn bsraj nyybb bbj ej~ obfsn bsynfnib* G~f}apnrg bho b eha}ao onjibsbjn oa}
oambhb} iøøjcnsbrhn aamnrb Ammas ðhiø}yyø*14=
Agfni dbmb døhø mb} inphny maoajjj e}yaiaj oahofas pn rn}bjn ync}ømnsb|( ra oøøo mb}
inhboajhjj Yeh~je~hha}jj maja dnfnsb F~pa`ào øfbyhnjib}fb ehfahi} ob( F~s~h bhn nhCn|b}n
jbmb sgao m* O~jiaco( rajs}a Oø`n pn Ajma} jbmb F~gaffni m* Ibpiay Nm~sSc( af
mðhdnsbjn aojha} ra{fara mahai*143 Ar}ca F~pa`ào( eh~ Nmÿ Ammas Yeh~je~hha}jj
gaobfbrnybjin m~h~jaj ye{}aoha}a pahb eha}ao yarbj nyyb*149 Gn} øøjø in af mðhdnsbjn dðjin}ib*14>
M~ a}aia ejha} G~f}apnrgbj Ifno jbmbjb in rajha}ja nofnrb maa}iha}*140 M~
dnhbfnhn} ø|n}bjn G~f}apnrg > Ga|b}aj 779in Agfni m* F~gaffni nhPsbyêjbj oef~yasjiaob
mørøo mb} e}i~r~ Ifnon dðjin}ib*144 Rbjn arj rh Ynff~| arjia Sai nh Nrsn} nyYø}oê
oef~yasjiaob mb} iejajfar af sagbhhn}bjn rehhai*147 @aoay m~ a}aia mnohnjfnibo mb} dnhbfn
ehi~ pn G~f}apnrgbj afa dðjin}ibb nh Psbyê Ammasê sa}arja 'F~yn|bin" db|hbcn gamn}
dðjin}n}no( ejha}j gnfnj mðhdnrb nhn dnb}fnhn}bjb bsynib*142 M~ ej~j sa` inbyb}ibb ajhafj
yafaoyari*
sgao m* O~jiaco bhn F~gaffni m* Nm~sSc e}i~ha}j mb}hnyb}b{ bho eha}ao Gahn{( Gfs(
Ajyaora pn ]aooar ahiha}*17; Iaga sej}a F~pa`àoj eh~ Nm~hAmmas bhn nr|n}in mnohnrnj
G~f}apnrgbj e}i~s~ ø|n}bjn rø}øiøhn} pn Fs} e}i~s~j~ rnjb{( Ifnob pn @bhbsybjbj mb} osfj
nhn dnb}ibhn}*171 M~ eharha} nsjasjia oarjaoha}ia Agfni m* F~gaffni nhPasbyb gaoojia
gn}gajdb mb} mbhdb m~h~jfafaoyai}*

=1
af mðhdnsbjinob eharha}j ahnrgbjn dnhbybbjb dð}nj G~f}apnrg m~ inà onjibsb 4; mbj obbhbo
mb} e}i~ bhn Fs}iaj ar}hi*17= Ej~j Fs}iaj ar}hi s}aha}ia gbh`ny e}i~s~ bbjin ðjnfhb mb}
rn}n sagb{ ehaj sgao m* O~jiaco pn F~gaffni m* Nm~Sc( F~pa`àoj eh~ Ammas bhn rehha}j
ar}i* Dn}non bsn Nm~hAmmasj ejha} aahafas pn mncn}bosb|hbohn s~hafasri*173 Mðrhncn
G~f}apnrgbj oa}sjia sapafao ø|n}n 9 mbj obbhbo Nm~h Ammasj e}i~s~ oahfy*179 M~ mbhdbhn}b
jaohninj oarjaoha}f|( dn}no G~f}apnrgbj aiaf bonj gahb`nhbo ya}a`ja dnnj nhPsbyêjb dn}nosn
gbh`ny e}i~s~jia bonj Nm~h Ammas yn}oninj pn G~f}apnrgbj oa}sjia rahj| m}aoaj sgao m*
O~jiaco bhn F~gaffni m* Ibpiai m* Nm~sScj oa} bsybgma}y ahfaha}rha ya}a`
inbyb}ibohn}bjn ib} gbmb} mbhdb pn}fnfnoynib}hn}* Ajcao dnhbfnhn}bj dbibayjj mb|b mðrhn mb}
iøøjcnrn snponyybbjb in mnhb}yfnfb| dn}nofnoynib}*
G~fa}apnrg bhn Nm~hAmmas a}asjia 0 Jbsaj 77>in Yapgbj injbhnj rn}in fnriaja dnhnj pn
arj aiha ajhaj sapa ðjcn gbh`ny e}i~s~ oa|ajf ehfasja }afnj(17> jnybcnin G~f}apnrg 3;
A~syes 779in Fs}a iðjiøoynj sej}a mðhdnin rninoyn mnohnrnj Sai nh Nrsn} oef~yasjiaob e}i~
ye{a}haja}ao( Nm~hAmmasj e}i~s~j~ rnjib* Nm~h Ammas rajjia oahaj a| sariaob e}i~s~ bhn
mðhdnin y~y~jafar{( Maiaya iðjiø*170 Sai nh Nrsn} ( Ifnon db}n}no Yeh~je~hha}jj
gaobfbrnybjb rnjbinj sahai* M~j~j ø|n}bjn G~f}apnrg ej~ Ifno pahbsb eha}ao yarbj nyyb*174
Ajcao Sai nhNrsn} ( Agfni m* F~gaffni nh Psbyê bhn mb}hboyn osa mb} |afaj sej}a bsraj nyyb pn
G~f}apnrgb yajfaij bhj nyyb*177
G~f}apnrg |afajjia Yeh~je~hha}Inphnybjbj( af mðhdnsb iabfa oa}oho bbjin ehf~y~}*
rhn ob m~}aiaob pahb( oef~yajha} inpafh sa` inbyb}fbhn}( onjib fnjàayhn}bjn dð}n ga}nony
nyfbhn}ib}* Mb}a| ehs~j onjibjin dø dð}nj pahbhn} dn}noybbjin Yeh~je~hha}( dn}noybbjin
Ammasbhn} bj rajjia rn} ahfha}( gayya |afaj |afaj ia gn} bobsbjinj in mafs| eha}ao
mðhdnhn}bjin gobfbrny o~}fara ahfha}i}* Nsasnj Sai nhNrsn} bj araohajfas ia m~ n}npnin
inn}hnjib}bhfnhbib}* Ar}ca nh Psbyêjbj in bsrajia rn} ahfas( m~ eharia ej~j nyobsbjbj in ehi~~j~
dðsyn}fnoynib}* Rbjn G~f}apnrgbj Nrhøh 770ia Fs}iaj ofas pn afa dbib{ nh Nrsn} b
ðhiø}fnsb( mðhdnrb Ga|b}aj 770ia rnjbinj nhn dnb}fnsb(172 m~ a}aia sgao m* O~jiacoj nh Cn|b}n
pn F~s~hia( mj Nm~sScj Ojjns}bj pn Gahn{yn mb}mb}hn}bjn oa} øsyøjhøo pn gobfbrny ra}ja
db}fnhn}b sej~c~jia( iaga ðjcn G~f}apnrgn oa} Ammasê o~ppnyhn}b eha}ao sapaaj m~ bob Yø}o
oef~yajiaj( F~gaffni m* Ibpiai m* Nm~s Scj G~f}apnrg ya}a`ja dnfnsbjb pn eja ymb
ehfasj bjya nyyb* G~f}apnrg bhn Nm~s Sc mb}hboyn sgao m* O~jiacoa oa} sapaa}ao ej~
rnjibhn} pn O~|nr Fn|e{eyafra( e}aiaj ia Safn}}a ra raoj rn}hnbf ahajha}ja oaia} dnjb mb}
ce}a`ra Yeh~je~hha}jj gobfbrnybjn dnyb '770"*12;
@aoay G~f}apnrgbj Fs}a iðjfnsbjinj osa mb} sø}n sej}a( Nm~s Sc bhn sgao m* O~jiaco
rbjn sapaa y~y~f~ha}( sgao rbjn fah~{ ehf~y~}*121 yn m~ ehar r~oa}ia magsnibhnj
fnjàayhn}n dð}n ga}nony nyfnjbj mb} ð}jnbjb iaga e}yara oa}faoyai}* øjoø rnjbhnj sgao m*
O~jiaco Fs}a dbin}no G~f}apnrgb yajij pn nf}bjn db}fno bsynibbjb mbhib}fbyb}* Nm~s Sc

==
Sc fah~{ nyfbhn}( ej~j a}oasjiaj yaob{ dð}npbjb m~ inà Yeh~je~hha} aija sgao m* O~jiaco
øsyhnjfb pn =3 Nobf 772ia møyøj Fn|e{eyafra iagbh( G~f}apnrg ya}a`jiaj mðhdnjbj pahbhbbjn
ayajfy}*12= M~ a}aia G~f}apnrg Gahn{ pahbhbbjn in Yeda m* C~``~ yarbj nyfbyb}* mj Nm~sSc
ia Maiaya( F~pa`àoj rajja dbyfbyb}*123
M~ dnhbfnhn} raaj}onj Ammasb Gahb`nhbb mørøo mb} oe}o~ pn njibnrn oa{hf pn sa}arj
gb|fnybjin m~h~jaj Yø}o @aboê( A}aho 770ia G~f}apnrgn nhb eha}ao dðjin}fbyb}*129 Ajcao m~
dnhbfn Yeh~je~hha} bbj sej~j mahajdc ehf~y~}* øjoø døcøjøj |b}pnsbjin ehaj G~f}apnrg
sbrasny mbhfn|hbb snmnmbrhn Ammasbhn}bj er~j~ja dnhfbyb}* Nsasnj r~oa}ia |bo}nibhnj fnjàayhn}n
dð}n sa` mnhb}hnfn {ehbyboasj m~ inà Ammasê gahb`nhbb ~rd~hafara oerfaoyari* F~pa`ào ( gahb`n
F~ynfbin ga|}hayy mb} `n}fajha Fs}( af pn s~~}ha}j rðjnybfbjbj 3; rhhja G~f}apnrgbj
bia}nsbjn pn}bhibbjb mbhib}bre}i~*12> @n}faja gahb`n F~ynfbi pn gahb`njbj eh~ Nm~hAmmas ia bf|a
oerf~ha}i*120
Nsasnj m~ ye{}aoha} pn iaga à|has G~f}apnrgbj gobfbrnyb ahyjiari* Yeh~je~hha}
Inphnybjbj mðrhn mb} `n}faja ia bgybrac reoy~* Ajcao m~}aiaob yno ðjnfhb g~s~s Yeh~je~hha}j j
gahb`nhbo jn|ibjin fn}~hay}hfas ehambhb}ib* yn G~f}apnrg sbrasny mbhfnfnsb pn bhn}b dð}øhø
ehfafasjj sej~c~ eha}ao shf Iøjrasjia fn}ÿhafao aija ehsa dn}no m~ `n}faj oam~h
nyybbjb pn onjibsbjinj iaga |ar` i~}~fia ehaj Ammasê gahb`nhbbjb yajij mbhib}ib* A}aho 770ia ia
gobfbrnyb ahyjiaob mnhinhn}in C~fa g~ymnhn}bjin F~pa`àoa ra{haj mnii~ha} i~ra npb}yyb*124
Gbh`ny fn}on|brhn ma}y oajaaybjin ehaj G~f}apnrg( nf}bjn pn}bhnj s~~} ngb}hn}bjin
gobfbrnybjb sahafhay}fao bbj( m~ ngb}hn}bj pahbhn}bjn ga|bjninj {no eo gnibrnhn} pn røohø
fboya}ia {a}a dðjin}fbyb}* E m~ {ehbyboas bhn 72; rhjia Yeh~je~hha} Inphnybjb nj dnjb sj}ha}ja
~hay}f( aoay inphnybj ga|bjnsbjb in meahyfy}*127
=* Yeh~je~hha}jj \ar`hafas
9 Ga|b}aj 721in F~pa`ào(122 1> Nobf 72=in=;; in gahb`n F~ynfbi ðhiø* F~pa`àoj eh~
Nm~hAmmas F~yn|bi øjpajrha gahb`n ehi~* G~f}apnrg gb yn}niiøy dðsyn}fninj eja mêay nyyb*
F~pa`àoj ðhfninj ðjcn( r~oa}ia magsnibhnj fajnp}a bhn gbh`nyn mahai Yeh~je~hha}j(
gahb`n F~yn|bi iaga ia mafh gahn dnyb}ib* Yambb ob m~jia G~f}apnrgbj masê}nysb|hbb in nyobhb
ehf~y~* Nsasnj G~f}apnrg mb} raojhafa pnsbhnsb bhn Ammasêhn}b oejy}eh nyfno iøøjcnsbjinrib*
Ajcao yaf yn}sb ehi~*
M~ raojhafa ia ~i~}< G~f}apnrg( ash ai Nsf ehaj o| Oay}~jJnir=;1 gahb`n
F~yn|bin( eh~ Ahbrn ahfas bbj ynohb`yn m~h~ji~*=;= E mðrhncn gahb`nhbb onjib jø`ÿ|~ ahyja ahfar
afahafy* Ajcao m~ {ehbyboasjia rajhfaoyari* øjoø gahb`nhbo eo |ar`y pn saincn ibjb ajhafia
snfmehbo mb} hbin}hbb pa}i* G~f}apnrgbj ynohb`bjb inn}hnjib}nj gahb`n 37 rajia ehfasja }afnj
gnjø| 1= rajia ehaj Oay}~jJnir onjib jboagja ahfao bsynibbjb mbhib}ib* G~f}apnrg in m~j~

=3
rhhja G~f}apnrg pn e~hha}ja m}aoyj mnhb}ynj mb} `n}fajj 19 Ga|b}aj 723in Fs}a
dðjin}ib*=;9 M~ `n}faja dð}n G~f}apnrg ar}ca mamasjiaj mn}b ðinjfnrnj Fs} ga}acjj gn}
rh bbj =;; mbj ibja}( 729 rhjiaj bybma}nj in rhho 3;; mbj ibja} gahb`nhbn dðjin}fnrb oam~h nyyb*=; >
Mamasjj masb}nybjb dðsyn}nfnrnj G~f}apnrg( mðrhncn onjib ga|bjnsbjb meahyfara(
gahb`nhbbj ga|bjnsbjb iehi~}fara mahai* M~ a}aia gahb`n bhn Oay}~jJnijj iøøjø 729in ra{hi*
G~f}apnrg o|jj nrb|hn}b bbj inphny ga|bjnsbjb meahyy* ]bprnyhn}n dð}n mb} m~~o fbhrej ibja}
ga}cai*=;0 =; oay} røoø bhn ahyjha}( døføhn}( orfnyhb yaha}ha mn|njfb nhmbsnhn}( snfn ayha}iaj
eh~aj nrb|b Ami~hhag* m* nhCnssas maoajhjia Maiaya dðjin}ib*=;4 Oay}~j Jni 2;; rhjia
ðhøjcnrn oaia} gahb`n F~yn|bibj jboagjia oahi*=;7 Objiê( Fao}b|ê pn mj Ya}mn}ib m~ jboagyaj
sej}a F~yn|bi bhn G~f}apnrg a}asjia iesya bhbobhn}bj mahaij }bprny nyfnhn}bjn }afnj(=;2
i~}~f~j dn}noyn mðrhn ehfai bhn}hnrnj |afajia e}yara ofy}*
Ibn} ya}a`yaj G~f}apnrg Mb|ajs sj}jiaob `nybg àahbrnyhn}bjn inpaf nyyb* E( =; Nrhøh 723in
Ammas m* Agfnib(=1; Nrhøh 729in Yeda m* C~``~ Ya}s~s ø|n}bjinj Mb|ajs ye{}aoha}ja sn`n}n
dðjin}fbyb}*=11 Ejha} m~ sn`n}hn}bjin maa}h ehf~ha} ma| dajbfnyhn} aha}ao iðjføhn}ib}*
3* G~f}apnrgbj hiø}øhfnsb
G~f}apnrg( maonjy mamasjj o~}i~~ Oayaê ng}b ehfasja }afnj( afia Dars~j
Iajj rafacja ra{y}i oðon dbin}no |afaj |afaj e}aia oah}i* = Nobf 72>in m~ oðoøjn
dbyybbjin(=1= 7 Ecao 720ia mb} dncn paoyb gb|fnybhn}b ya}a`jiaj ma onsbhfno s~}nybrhn
ðhiø}øhiø*=13
G~f}apnrgbj ðhiø}øhfnsb bhn bhdbhb eha}ao Objiê ~ mbhdbhn}b pn}fnoynib}< ‘Ej~j ðhiø}øhfnsb 7
Ecao 720 [a|a} dncnsbib}* Sðrhnjibbjn dð}n ej~ Yagb}( Høhø ( Jê( Smÿ}( Føfoi pn Ja|b` bsbfhb
gb|fnybhn}b gn{sb mb} eha}ao ðhiø}iøhn}* Ejha}j 'ðhiø}njhn}bj" ma @~syaya dðyø}øhiø pn ga{snibhib*
G~f}apnrg in @~syaya dðyø}øhiø pn e}aia in`jnibhib* Ej~j gøoøf}ajh 1= snjn 17 døj
sø}iø*=19 Dð}øhncnb ø|n}n m~ }bprnyyn G~f}apnrgb ðhiø}njhn}bj bsbfhn}b pn}bhfnoyn( àoay ðhiø}fn
snmn{hn}bjn gb inbjbhfnfnoynib}* Ajcao m~ g~s~sya mj~h Nsê}in rn} ahaj mb} }bprny Objiêjbj
pn}ibb mbhdbhn}b yafafha} fgbrnyyn eh~{ ðrhnib}< ‘770 Ecao ~may arha}jia G~f}apnrg m* Agfny
m* Yeh~j rayajia gb|fnybhn}b ya}a`jiaj ðhiø}øhiø* høføjinj sej}a ej~ ðhiø}fnohn bygaf nibhnj
=; oøs~} gb|fnybsb in gnfnj oayhnibhib* hiø}øhfnsbjbj snmnmb ðrhn ajhayh}< Ma| l~}jahcbhn}
onjibsbjn Fs}iaob sa}arjia m~h~jaj c}brnhn}inj gn} mb}bjbj( rbjn sa}aria m~h~jaj gaif ha}iaj
mb}n} obbrb oeca nibjibohn}bjb bgma} nyfbhn}ib* M~j~ l~}jahhnrnj obfsn G~f}apnrgn ðrhn infbyb?
nn} m~ gamn}bj ie}~ eh~{ ehfaij ð}njfno bsybre}saj c}brnhn}inj mb}bjb dnyb}( ej~
oej~y~}fara ah( byb}a` nyybbjb dð}ncno pn m~ gamn}bj in sggaybjb ð}njfb ehacaosj* M~j~j
ø|n}bjn G~f}apnrg m~j~j ie}~ eh~{ ehfaij ð}njfno bbj gnfnj e ajia Fs}iaob pnobhbjn
gamn} dðjin}b{ in}gah onjibsbjn mb} d}~{ ca}brnrb dðjin}fnsbjb bsynfbyb* M~ a}aia gb|fnybhn}inj mb}

=9
i~}~f~j aoa e}yara ofasjiaj oe}of~ha}i* M~j~j bbj dncnhnrbj ej~ rayajia mea|har{
oapn}ibhn}*=1>
M~ a}aia m}agbf m* Agfni nhF|n}ê 4 ~may 720ia Ifnoynj of pn 11 døj sej}a 17
~may 720ia Maiaya pa}f( m~}aia F~yn|bin G~f}apnrgbj gb|fnybhn}b ya}a`jiaj rayajia
ma onsbhfno s~}nybrhn ðhiø}øhiøøjø gamn} pn}fbyb}*=10
C* Nm~hasob} Cnr M* G~f}apnrg Iðjnfb
hiø}øhiøøjin mamas bhn mb}hboyn afia m~h~jaj Nm~h Asob} Cnr m* G~f}apnrg mamasjj
ðhiø}øhiøø dncn 7 Ecao 720ia gnfnj mêay aha}ao pn Yeh~je~hha}jj maja dnyb* A}ijiaj ia gb
paoby oarmnyfninj Fs}a dbin}no m~}aia ia mb} mêay fn}sbfb yn}yb{hnib* @aoay Ifnoyn( a}aha}jia
sgao m* O~jiacoj eh~ F~gaffni( Gaoaj nh Mnhgê( F~gaffni m* Oa}aieaj( F~gaffni m*
Oøføcø}(=14 Yeda m* C~``~j oa}inb Mni} m* C~`` dbmb oef~yajha} Cnrbj maa dnfnsbjb ge
oa}hafaiha} pn 12 Ynff~| 720ia bsraj nin}no(=17 ej~ ðhiø}fno bsynibhn}*=12 M~
ynnmmøshn}bjin maa}h ehafarjca ia( ejha}j mb} osf e}i~ha} bhn mb}hboyn Yeh~je~hha}jj
gb|fnybjinj oa}ao( gahb`n F~yn|bibj rajja dbib{ ej~j nf}bjn db}ibhn}*==; af mðhdnsb jb
yn}onyfnrnj Yea m* C~`` ia( Ifnoyn( Cnrb yajfaij bhj nyyb*==1 Yeda bhn mb}hboyn ga}nony
ninj S~~} pahbsb Agfni m* Yedaj ia eja oayhi*=== Mðrhncn af mðhdnsb pn S~~} ngb}hn}b Cnrbj
gobfbrnybjinj of ehi~*
Ifnoynob m~ dnhbfnhn}inj sej}a Fs}ia ia Cnrn oa} ga}nonyhn} mahai* Yamn}êjbj
mbhib}ibohn}bjn dð}n( ð|nhhbohn e}i~iaob Fa}bmhbhn}( Mn}mn}êhn} ( Jas} m* Agfni m* Yeh~j~j maa
dnfnsbjb bsybre}ha}i*==3 Ahb m* Agfni nh F|n}ê ejha} boj nyfnrn ahyrsa ia maa}h ehafai*
Cnr m~ i~}~fa oa} Jas} m* Agfnib pn ej~jha mb}hboyn ga}nony ninj e}i~s~ bbjinj pn fnphb inj
eh~{( onjibsbjn oa} oaj {no eo obbrb ðhiø}yyø*==9 Ajcao Cnrbj eo saria aiaf ðhiø}yø{ oaj
iðofnsb( e}i~r~ araohaji}i pn 2 ar 1= døj maya oahioyaj sej}a => Ynff~| 720ia ga{ snibhb{
rn}bjn Ga}~j m* G~f}apnrgn mêay nibhib* Cnr in mb} sø}n sej}a ga{bsyn ðhiø*==>
I* Ga}~j M* G~f}apnrg Iðjnfb pn Roh
1* Sbrasê Eharha}
Cnrbj ga{snibhibb døj Ga}~j m* G~f}apnrg Fs}ia mêay aha}ao Yeh~je~hha}jj maja
dnyb* Ga}~j~j gøoøfia} ehfasrha Ifnoyn m~h~jaj af mðhdnsb pahbsb Yeda m* C~`` ( rnjbinj
Yeh~je~hha}jj
gb|fnybjn db}ibbjb aohai*==0 M~ ia dðsyn}fnoynib} ob( oef~yajha}j Yeh~je~hha}jiaj
ar}hfas Cnrbj obbhbbjinj oarjaohajfaoyai}* Ga}~j iðjnfbrhn bhdbhb eha}ao oarjaoha}ia {no à|ha
mbhdb m~h~jfafaoyai}*

=>
Ga}~j~j afcasjj eh~ eh~{( sonjin}brrn pahbhbbjb rø}øyfnoyn ehaj ]nmba m* Agfni m* Yeh~j(
e}i~iaob ma| oef~yajha}j ia ynpbobrhn( Yeh~je~hha}jj maja dnfno iøøjcnsbrhn( M~gar}a
Mn}mn}bhn}bjbj e~jh~~j~ eh~y~}i~~ e}i~s~rha @~syaya ie}~ ga}nony nyyb* Ajcao Ga}~j~j
o~ppnyhn}brhn ra{y sapa oarmnin}no( nsb} nibhib* Iaga sej}a ia nsob gøoøfia}ho sa}arjj ðjøjin
1=;; o}ma ia}mnsbrhn ðhiø}øhiø* '13 Nrhøh 724 Sah"*==4 Nsasnj m~ oa}in oapdaha} pn
oef~yajha}j onjib mðhdnhn}bjin maha}ja m~r}~o eha}ao ga}nony nyfnhn}b( a}yo Yeh~je~hha} Inphnyb
bbj ynghbon ajha}jj ahfara mahaijj dðsyn}dnsbrib* Ar}ca iaga ðjcn G~f}apnrgbj føs}b`n
ra{y ga}cafaha} ga|bjnrb meahyy bbj faiiê døhn}b in oahfafy*
Gahb`n F~yn|bi |afajjia Fa}yJbsaj 724in Ya}s~s( Yeh~je~hha}jiaj ahja}ao Ammasbhn} n
mahaji* Mðhdnin m~h~jaj pn ra}ifa dðjin}bhnj Yeh~je~hha} oef~yajha}( Agfni m* Yedaj ( R~s~`
m* nhMaf~}iê pn mj~hRnybf( nsb} nibhn}no Maiaya dðjin}bhib*==7 M~ ø oef~yajj nsb} nibhfnsb
Ya}s~s bhn arj |afajia S~~} ngb}hn}bjbj in nhinj ofas ajhafja dnhfnoynrib* øjoø ejha}
S~~} ngb}hn}bjbj in oef~yajha}ri* M~ a}aia F~yn|bi Ya}s~sa mj gbib pahb eha}ao yarbj nyyb*==2 E
ia 727in da|ara oa}ao sonjin}~ja oaia} ehaj rn}hn}b `nygnyfbyb}*=3; mj gbi 2;2ia pnày
nibjcn rn}bjn Nmÿ Samby ayaji*=31
Dn}no S~~} ngb}hn}bjbj nhinj ofas( dn}nosn ga|bjnjbj meahf ehfas snmnmbrhn e}i~
oef~yajha} ia onjib mbhibohn}bjb ra{fara mahaiha}*=3= Ejha} bsfnj inphnyn mah ehfaha}ja
}afnj( sn}mnsyn ga}nony nibre}ha}i* Yeh~je~hha}ja mahhoha} bsn( Ammasê gahb`nhbbjn oa}
onjibhn}bjb mnhhb mb} byybàoj bbjin y~yfaha} ajhafj yare}i~* Yeda m* C~`` bsn( Fs}iaj dðjin}bhnj
Mni} nhGnfffê pn Gasaj m* Agfni nhF|n}ê nhbhbbrhn Ga}~j ya}a`jiaj rnjbinj af mðhdnsbjn
yarbj nibhn}no( 724in pahbhbb ya|nhnjib*=33 Fn}on|in bsn Nmÿ Ca`n} m* Nmm( e}i~j~j maoef~yaj bib
pn Ga}~j~ bsynibb dbmb rðjhnjib}fnoynrib*=39
Ga}~j iðjnfbjinob ibn} eharha}a dnhbjcn( Fars Ga|b}aj 727in( mj O~}nr bsbfhb mb} obb
ny}a`ja ye{hai mb} d}~{ bhn Yeh~je~hha} Inphnybjn oa} araohaji* E Føshøfajha} rðjnyfn
gaoojj Nghb Mnryin( rajb G|* [nrdafmn}bj ser~jiaj dnhnjhn}in ehi~~j~ biiba nyfnoynrib*=3>
Nsasnj Fs}iaob m~ dnhbfn O~|nr A`}boaia rnjb o~}~haj @aybfêhn}bj {}e{adajia ahfaha}jiaj
maoa mb} nr inbhib*=30 Objiêjbj pn}ibb mbhdbrn dð}n( m~ ags Fars Ga|b}aj 727in mb} C~fa døjø
o}mahajf pn ga{sn ayhf( bob døj sej}a ia ðhføyø}*=34
M~ inpb}in fnriaja dnhnj mb} maoa ehar ia Nhbmnr ( N}fnjb pn Dø}cø oarjaoha}ja iaraja}ao
jaohnyfnoynib}* M~ mbhdbhn}n dð}n gahb`n F~yn|bi( Fn|e{eyafra pn S~}brn mðhdnhn}bjb
Yeh~je~hha}jiaj ahfao bbj( Ammasb Gahb`nhbbjn mah ehaj pn rhho pn}db pn}fno s~}nybrhn eyejef
mb} nobhin raaraj N}fnjb O}ahhj o~hhajf pn 1;; mbj obbhbo N}fnjb Dø}cø e}i~s~ Gbha`ny aija(
720ia Fn|e{eyafrara bjfb( m~}aia Yeh~je~hha}jj af pahbsb Yeda m* C~`à rnjbhn}no dn}b
nobhfno |e}~jia oahfy}*=37 Nsasnj Jbsaj 724in Ya}s~s pn S~~} ngb}hn}bjb aha}ao mðhdnin
àahbrnyhn}bjb re~jhay}aj gahb`nhbbj( |aynj brb bhbobhn} bbjin ehfai Yeh~je~hha}ja oa}( nhbjin
døhø mb} e}i~s~j~j ehfai ia ibooayn ahja}ao mðrhn mb} føcinhn reh~ja dbyfnsb iøøjøhncno mb}

=0
jaohninj Nhbmnrbj in ø{gnhb oa}hafas(=32 gamn}bj bjaji}chj e}yaiaj oahi}faoya pnra nj
a|a bjib}fnoynib}*
Magsn oej~ ehaj møyøj m~ eharha} Yeh~je~hha} Inphnybjbj døcøjøj |ar`haij a}yo brbcn døj
rø|øjn oa}fy}* Ga}~j ia bbj à}ojia eha}ao( gahb`n F~yn|bin mb} nhb dðjin}n}no( onjib
gobfbrnybjb ejarhafasj bsyn}*=9; Gahb`n F~yn|bi in m~ dnhbfnrb inn}hnjib}ib pn 727 rhjia(
Ami~hhag m* @nygb Fs}a dðjin}n}no( ej~j pasyasrha Ga}~ja mb} ajhafa bf|ahayy* F~yn|bi
Ga}~j~j gobfbrnybjb fn}ÿhay}fao bbj( Gahn{ pn Ojjns}bjb onjibsbjn ahi* Ar}ca rhho 9>; mbj
ibja} pn}dbrb in gahb`nhbn dðjin}fnsbjb bsyn}* Ga}~j m~ a}yha}j yafafj oam~h nyyb*=91 Mðrhncn
Yeh~je~hha} 724in oarmnyybb S~~} ngb}hn}bjinj sej}a Gahn{ pn Ojjns}bjb in Ammasbhn}n
m}aore}i~* Ajhafa FarsGa|b}aj 722ia rø}ø}høn db}n}*=9= M~ ya}bgynj sej}a Yeh~je~hha}jj
nhbjin saincn S~}brn pn af mðhdnsb oahf eh~re}i~*
=* Oa}fayêhn}bj E}yara o pn Yeh~je~hha}
Ammasêhn} bhn Yeh~je~hha} a}asjia m~ ajhafa bf|ahaj}onj Mas}a oð}`n|bjin rnjb mb} ynghbon
e}yara oy( Oa}fayêhn}* shfbrny( G}bsybrajho pn nsob Fncÿsê ibjhn}bjbj oa}f mb} bjajca sagb{ ehaj
m~ ga}nony( Ammasêhn} bbj ehi~~ oaia}( Yeh~je~hha} bbj in ynghbonhb ehi~* Gayya( injbhnmbhb} ob(
Yeh~je~hha}jj rohfasjia nj ðjnfhb }ehø erjai*
77;hb rhha}j sejha}jia Oø`n pn Mas}a a}asjiaob mðhdnrb( ð|nhhbohn @}ay Jng}bjbj sagbhb
mer~jca( nhn dnb}nj Oa}fayêhn} ( Ga|b}ajYnff~| 722ia hbin}hn}b Nmÿ Saê i nhCnjjmê oef~yasjia
Mas}ar nhn dnb}ibhn}*=93 2;= rhjia ia \bo}npnrg m* Fbg}npnrg hbin}hbbjin Oø`nrb aha}ao( afa
rðjnhibhn}* Nsni( Yarr( Ynfbf dbmb ma| A}a{ mninpê oambhnhn}b in ejha}a oayhi*=99 M~ dnhbfn
Yeh~je~hha} bbj mørøo mb} ynghbonjbj gamn}cbsbrib* M~ a}aia 3 Jbsaj 2;=in gahb`n F~yn|bi ðhiø pn
rn}bjn(
eh~ F~oyn`ê dnyb*=9> F~oyn`ê( Oa}fayêhn} ø|n}bjn mb}oa inà e}i~ dðjin}fnsbjn }afnj
maa}h ehafai* Ammasê e}i~s~j~ {øsoø}ynj Oa}fayêhn}( Ga|b}aj Ynff~| 2;=in Yeh~je~hha}jj
gobfbrnybjin ehaj afa sahi}iha}* af pahbsb Yeda m* C~`` bhn a}aha}jia biinyhb mb} sapa ehi~* ob
ya}a` ia {no eo oar{ pn}n}no dn}b nobhib*=90
A}ijiaj 2 Fa}y 2;3 rhjia Yedaj oef~yajha}jiaj Mnb}( Oa}fayêhn}hn ra{y sapaya
rnjbhib pn garayj ia oarmnyyb* Yeda pn oef~yajha} arj rh bbjin ra{y sapaha}j gn{sbjin
fah~{ ehf~ha} pn Yeh~je~hha}jj af e}i~s~ iahfy}*=94 M~j~j ø|n}bjn Ga}~j Fs}iaj
Mni} nhGafffê oef~yasjia mb} e}i~r~ afa dðjin}ib* Ra{haj sapaya Oa}fayêhn}bj oef~yaj
Ragra m* \bo}npnrg ðhiø}øhiørsn in( Yeh~je~hha} e}i~s~ mørøo mb} gn|bfnyn ~}ai*=97
Oa}fayêhn}bj maja dnnj Gøsnrbj m* \bo}npnrg( onjibsbjn ‘Nfê}~h Føfbjêj øjpjj pn}n}no
Ifno ø|n}bjn rø}øiø* Yeh~je~hha}jj e}i~ha} iahi bbj( oøøo mb} ib}njfn bhn oa}haaj
Oa}fayêhn}( ng}b onjibhn}bjn mahafar maa}iha}*=92 Iaga sej}a ia S~}brn mðhdnsbjbj o~|nrbjinob
ngb}hn}b ahiha} '1= Ga|b}aj 2;3"*=>;

=4
Oa}fayêhn}bj( Yeh~je~hha} e}i~ha}j iayfaha} Ammasêhn}b njibnhnjib}fbyb}* øjoø(
Oa}fayêhn}bj e}yara oy ce}a`ra bob inphnybj a}asjiaob ye{}aoha}i* Yeh~je~hha}jj døynj
iøfnsb( Oa}fayêhn} bbj rnjb mb} cn{gn ajhafja dnhbre}i~* M~ ia Ammasêhn}ib* M~j~j bbj gahb`n
F~oyn`ê( 2;3 rh sejha}jia Oa}fayêhn}bj ø|n}bjn mb} oa e}i~ dðjin}fb( àoay maa}h
ehafafy}*=>1 Ajcao 2;3 rhjiaj bybma}nj bb cbiibrn ahaj gahb`n F~oyn`ê( oybmb F~gaffni m*
Søhnrfaj nyYø}oêrb Oa}fayêhn}bj ø|n}bjn dðjin}ib* Yeh~je~hha}jiaj ia Ga}~j ( Mni} oef~yasjia
yaopbrn mb} Fs} e}i~s~ dðjin}ib*=>= =2 Nobf 2;3in Gafa raojha}jiaob sapaya Oa}fayêhn}
fah~{ nibhib*=>3 Ejha}j hbin}hn}b pn ðjin dnhnjhn}bjinj ma|ha} Maiaya dðjin}bhib pn nsb}
nibhib*=>9 Mðrhncn Oa}fayêhn} ynghbonsb ðjnfhb ðhøin njdnhhnjfb ehi~*
Ammasêhn}( Oa}fayê ynghbonsbjb ðjnfhb ðhøin masy}jca( a}yo eo |ar` ehaj Yeh~je~hha}jj
bbjb mbyb}b{( m~ ce}a`rar ia onjibhn}bjn mahafao bbj ga}nonyn dnnmbhb}hn}ib* Nsasnj Oa}fayêhn}b
rnjiboynj sej}a( af mðhdnsb gahb`nhbbj gobfbrnyb ahyja db}fbyb* bfib gahoar yafafhafajj yaf
|afajri* M~j~j bbj in |ar`h brbcn e}yara oaj Yeh~je~hha}jj Fs}iaob gobfbrnybjn sej
pn}fno pn gahb`nhbn mahafao dn}nobre}i~*
3* Yeh~je~hha}jj Roh
Gahb`n F~oyn`ê Oa}fayêhn}bj sbjib}bhibb mb} |afajia Fs} ia gahb`nhbn mahafao bbj ga}nonyn
dnyb* M~j~j bbj FarsGa|b}aj 2;9in Oa}fayêhn} oa}sjia maa}h ehaj oef~yaj F~gaffni m*
Søhnrfaj nhOaybmbjbj nf}bjn bhn}bjin sgao m* O~jiacoj eh~ F~gaffnibj pn ibn} ma| Yø}o
oef~yajha}j ia ehi~~ mørøo mb} e}i~ pn}ib* Sej}a ia ej~ Fs}a Yeh~je~hha}jj ø|n}bjn
dðjin}ib*=>> Ar}ca Ya}s~syaob pahbsb Ra|fajj oðhnsb Ibfrjnjbj in Aoinjb|inj Jbh Jng}bjn
db}fnsbjb pn Fs} e}i~s~j~j n}|ao rehha}j onsfnsbjb nf}nyyb*=>0 Ga}~j( Ammasê e}i~s~j~j ø|n}bjn
dnhibb gamn}bjb NobfOasf 2;9in mb} [a|a}ynsb døjø ahi* E ia Pasê` m* nhOay}afê|( Gasêm nh
Mn}mn}ê pn G~f} m* Fargaê oef~yasjia mb} e}i~ ga|}hai*=>4 Ar}ca af mðhdnsbjinob pahbsb
Yeda m* C~``~ Fs}a a}i* Rn}bjn Fs} e}i~ha} oef~yaj Mni} nhGafffêrb ayai* Ajcao Mni}
afa dbin}onj rehia F~gaffi m* Søhnrfaj bhn oa}hajca gb mb} føcinhnrn db}fninj(
nf}bjinob ason}hn}brhn gnfnj gbh`ny e}i~s~ja oayhi*=>7 Rbjn Ga}~j~j @bhbsybj Nfb} b Pasê` m*
Sapa}ynobj in oðhnsb S`ê bhn F~gaffni m* Søhnrfaja mb} fnoy~{ dðjin}b{( byaaybjb a}|nyyb*=>2 Mni}
nhGafffê pn Pasê` m* Sapa}ynobjbj jninj Ammasê e}i~s~ja oayhi gaoojia oarjaoha}ia mbhdb
m~h~jfafaoyai}* Ejha}j m~ ga}nonyb( Ga}~ja døpnjfnibohn}b nohbjin re}~fhajambhb}* Rbjn
Yeh~je~hha}jj døcøjøj oahfaij mbhibohn}bjinj bbj majia sa` inbyb}b{ cajha}j o~}ya}fa
reh~j~ yn}cbg nyfb ehambhb}hn}* Ar}ca Oa}fayêhn}n oa} mn}amn}cn sapayoha} bbj Yø}o ehaj
F~gaffni m* Søhnrfaja raojho i~rfaha} ia iøøjøhnmbhb}*
A}aho 2;9in Fs}a ~haaj=0; F~gaffni m* Søhnrfaj( m~ a}aia Aoinjb|inob Ibfrjn
oef~yasjiaob gbh`ny iejajfasjj ia Fs}a db}fnsbjb mnohnib*=01 Mðrhncn Yeh~je~hha} gnf
oa}aiaj gnf in injb|inj o~ayhf eh~re}i~* Ga}~j bsn oa} gafhn eha}ao mb} ya}a`yaj onjibsb
ga|}haj}onj( ibn} ya}a`yaj arj ya}bghn}in Pasê` nhOay}afê| oef~yasjiaob iejajfasj

=7
ejha}j m~ bsynbjb oam~h nyyb*=03 Mðrhncn Fs}ia Ammasêhn}bj nhbjn dnnj bho rn}hnbf ahaj Ybjjbs
ehi~* Ibfrajnjbj bobjcb gafhnsb bsn( Fs} iejajfa oef~yaj Pasê` nhOay}nfê | ø|n}bjn ehi~*
E( Fs} iejajfasj fah~{ nin}no nhOay}nfê|b nsb} ahi*=09 M~ a}aia F~gaffni m*
Søhnrfaj ia oa}aiaj ga}nonyn dnyb* Ga}~j bsn @~syaya( rn}bjn Gasaj m* nsSnr} b m}aoa}ao( abhnsb
pn raojha}rha mb}hboyn ngb}inj oay* Ajcao Ibfrjn eja Infb}nin rnybyb* Ga}~j( oafasj ge
oa}hafaraj afcasjj e~hha} nrmaj pn Aibrr ya}a`jiaj 31 A}aho 2;9in =7 rajiaronj
ðhiø}øhiø* E( 7 rh 7 ar Yeh~je~hha}jj majia oahfy*=0>
N* nrmaj M* Agfni M* Yeh~j pn Fs}j Ammasêhn}n Ynshbf Nibhfnsb
M~ oa}daa e}yafjia nrmaj 1 Ecao 2;>in mêay aha}ao Yeh~je~hha}jj maja dnyb pn 3
Ecao 2;>in @~syaya dnhn}no rðjnybfb nhbjn ahi* ~} ya Nfb}b F~sa m* Yøjbob dð}npbjin m}aoyj
aohai* Ajcao Ga}~j~j ðhiø}øhfnsbjinj sej}a( nrmaja døpnjfnrnj pn a}yo føcinhn nyfnjbj
dn}nosb| ehi~~j~ iøøjnj oef~yajha}iaj Yeda m* C~``( G~f}apnrgbj gb|fnybjin m~h~jaj ibn}
ma| oef~yaj pn ðjin dnhnj obbhn}( F~gaffni m* Søhnrfajj oef~yajha}jiaj Gøsnrbj m* Gnfij
m* Gafiÿja mb} fnoy~{ ra|a}ao( Ga}~j~j ðhiø}øhiøøjø pn onjibhn}bjn nfaj pn}bhfnsbjb( rajb
Ammasê e}i~s~j~j sa`ha}ja oayhfao bsynibohn}bjb mbhib}ibhn}* Ejha}j m~ bsynohn}b oam~h nibhbjcn a}yo
Yeh~je~hha} bbj in y~y~jacao mb} iah oahfaf eh~re}i~* M~ dnhbfnhn} ø|n}bjn rajjiaob ason} hn} bhn
@~syayya oøøo mb} ib}njfn dðsyn}nj nrmaj iaga à|ha iarajafaracaj ajharjca( Ecao 2;>
e}yaha}jia mb} a}afma døjø Arj nfsin( F~gaffni m* Søhnrfajiaj nfaj bsynfno |e}~jia
oahi* F~gaffni in nrmajj nfaj bsynbjb oam~h nin}no pn Fs} ynshbf ahi* Sej}a ia nrmaj(
abhnsb pn raojha}rha Maiaya dðjin}bhib 'Ecao 2;>"*=00
Fs} ynshbf ahaj F~gaffni( bho b eha}ao Yeh~jeh~ Agfnibj o~}i~~ nh Oayaê ng}bjb
raoy}{( roy}fy}* Iaga sej}a ia fbjmn}in C~fa g~ymnhn}bjb gahb`n F~oyn`ê mbhhag aija eo~yf~y~}*
M~}aia bia}ê iø|njhnfnhn} in ra{aj F~gaffni ny Yø}oê( ~}ya Nfb}hbbjn nrmajj ayai F~sa m*
Yøjbobj rn}bjn Mno Ybf~}~( oaiha Nmÿ \ø}a F~gaffni m* Esfajj rn}bjn F~gaffni m* Amin
m* Ga}mb yarbj nyfbyb}* Nfaj pn}ibb Yeh~je~hha}jiaj Yeda m* C~``~ mb} d}~{ ason} bhn Ojjns}bjn(
Mni} nh Gnfffêrb in rbjn mb} d}~{ Yeh~je~hha}jiaj oahfa ason} bhn Ifnon pahb yarbj nin}no
dðjin}fbyb}*=04
Mðrhncn Yeh~je~hha} Inphnyb nrmajj 1= døjhøo gøoøfia}hjiaj sej}a rohf ehi~*
Ya}bgbj da}b{ mb} yncnhhbsbib} ob( m~ Yø}o Inphnyb rbjn mb} Yø}o oef~yaj ehaj( àoay Ammasêhn} aija
ga}nony ninj F~gaffni m* Søhnrfaj ny Yø}oê ya}a`jiaj Fs}ia in}bj b|hn} m}aoyoyaj sej}a
rohf pn ya}bgynob rn}bjb ahfy}*
=* Mðhøf<Yeh~je~hha} Fninjbrnyb
30 rh 3 ar 1> døj ðf}ø ehaj Yeh~je~hha} Inphnyb( inphnyhn} bbj eo osa sarhambhncno m~
iðjnf bbjin( dn}no Yø}o Fninjbrnyb pn dn}nosn Fs} pn shf fninjbrnyhn}b asjiaj ðjnfhb mb}

=2
ynobhay( ya}f pn |b}aay( ngb}cbhbo pn bsoaj( sesrah pn oøhyø}nh garay bhn saho oej~ha}jia ya}bgn b|
m}aoaj àahbrnyhn}in m~h~ji~~ dð|hnjfnoynib}*
A* Inphny Ynobhay
Yeh~je~hha}jj Inphny Ynobhayja maohijia( yaf mb} Yø}oshf snjyn|b dð|n a}{faoyai}*
Inphny Maoajh( e}i~ pn rðjnybf ajhar eha}ao( Yø}o Inphny Dnhnjnbjbj gnfnj møyøj ð|nhhbohn}bjb
m~hfao føfoøjiø}* Inphny Ynobhayjj o~}~fha}%bsbfhn}b jeoyasjiaj nhn ahjijia bsn( G|*
fn}bj gahb`nhbb |afajjia Føshøfaj A}a{ha} j( gaobf ehi~oha} ye{}aoha}ia eh~y~}i~~ dnjnhin
inphny ynobhay ra{s bhn( ð|nhin rbjn gahb`n G|* fn} pn mðhdnjbj shf gobfbrnybjn ahjfasjia
e}i~ oef~yaj pn bho pahb ehaj Af} m* nh Ísj Fs}ia mb}hboyn eh~y~}i~oha} bia}ê ra{hajfajj(
Nfnpêhn} pn Ammasêhn} in iagbh( gb me|~hfaiaj arjnj oe}~ji~~ sðrhnjnmbhb}* M~ja dð}n Fs}j
bia}ê ra{sjia nj ðjnfhb pn nj øsy fn}cê ehaj pahbhbo bhn( pahbhbbj ra}ifc o~}~fha} eha}ao E}i~
Ibpaj( ~}ya Ibpaj( Ga}ac Ibpaj( Oaia Ibpaj( Mn}bi Ibpaj( j Ibpaj rðjnybfb dn}nohnyb}nj
o~}~fha} ehf~ha}i}*=07
1* Pahbhbo pn Inphny Maoajh
Pahbhbo oej~s~ja maha}onj( Ammasêhn}inob boy sbsynfbjinj mb} oa cøfhn bhn magsnyfno
dn}nofnoynib}* |nhhbohn gahb`n F~yasf |afajjiaj bybma}nj( Ammasê e}i~s~jiaob døhn}bjb a}yy}aj
Yø}ohn}( a}yo gahb`nhn}bj gnf nj mørøo insynobhn}b gnf in oe}o~h~ }øraha} ehf~ha}i}* øjoø gahb`n
aiar oa}inhn} a}asjiaob føcinhnhn}in Yø}o oef~yajha} gn{ mnhb}hnrbcb ehf~ha}( dn}noybbjin
gahb`nhn}b a|bh pnra ðhiø}fn reh~rha inbyb}nmbhfbhn}ib}* Gahb`nhn} in dn}no onjibhn}bjb gahb`nhbo
faoafja oa}faha} snmnmbrhn ðiøh eha}ao( dn}nosn oa}ha}ja ahioha}jia gahb`nhbo faoafjiaj
bjib} bhncnohn}b oe}o~s~rha( Yø}o Oef~yajha} boy rðjynfbrhn inbbo mðhdnhn}bj pahbhbohn}bjn yarbj
nyfbhn}ib}* Ajcao m~ oef~yajha} pahb eha}ao yarbj nibhibohn}b rn}hn}n dbyfnrb{( rn}hn}bjn døpnjibohn}b mb}
aiafha}j jbm '6pnobh" eha}ao dðjin}b}hn}ib*=02 yn Yeh~jeh~ Agfnibj in Fs}a dnhfnsb mðrhn
ehf~y~* Yeh~jeh~ Agfni( ðhiø}øhøjcnrn oaia} Maro Mnrbj( iaga sej}a ia rbjn mb} øsy iø|nr Yø}o
oef~yaj pn arj |afajia oarj{nin}b ehaj Ra}cÿg nyYø}oêjbj jbmb eha}ao Fs}ia dð}np ra{y*
Ra}cÿg ðhiøoynj sej}a bsn( døhø e}i~s~ bhn Fs}j rðjnybfbjb m}aofara}ao( gahb`n ya}a`j iaj ia
yajji*=4; Mðrhncn e( mafs|ho reh~jia aahbrnyhn}n mahaf eh~re}i~*
Nsasnj pahb jbmhbbjinj mahara}ao( pahbhbn pn e}aiaj ia inphny maoajhja inbj mb} snrb}
b|hnrnj Yeh~je~hha}jj nj øsy iø|nr ra{hajfas ibooayn ahji bbj( oej~j~j ‘Pahbhbo pn Inphny
Maoajh ai ahyjia nhn ahjfasjj iaga ~rd~j ehaca iøøjøhføyø}*
Yeh~je~hha} Inphnyb mahajd bybma}brhn pahb jbmhbb bhn mahafy}* R~oa}ia magsnibhibb dbmb
Agfni( ðjcn Maro Mnr bhn Ra}cÿg nyYø}oêjbj jbmb sàyrha Fs}ia m~h~jf~y~}*=41 Iaga sej}a
gn} bob oef~yajpahbjbj ðhøfhn}bjb føynobmnj( Ammasê gahb`nhn}b ya}a`jiaj ie}~iaj ayajaj pnra

3;
onjibsbjn pn}ibb døhn gahb`nhbo faoafj yajfaij bhj nyfb pn rðjnybfbjin m~h~ji~~
ce}a`rajj mafs|h( onjibsbjbj in inphny maoajh reh~jia aifha} ayfy}* Gayya e( mj
\øhoj pn}ibb mbhdbrn dð}n Fs}ia gahb`nhbbjb in bhj nyfbyb}*=4 3
Mðrhn mb} yasjb` ra{faoyaob afa bsn( Fs}j bia}ê ra{sjia rn} ahaj o~}~fha}j rðjnybcbhn}bjb(
ayafa jeoyasjia rnyobhn}bj obfhn}in ehi~~j~ mnhb}yfno bbjib}* øjoø Agfni m* Yeh~j pahb jbmb
eha}ao Fs}a dnhibbjin( e}i~ oef~yajh ga}b( rðjnybf oainfnhn}bjinob møyøj dð}nphbhn}( oai ha}(
Ga}ac fbhhn}b( j fbhhn}b 'oyb{hn}"( ~}ya nfb}hn}b( ie}~iaj gahb`n ya}a`jiaj ayajre}ha}i* Gayya
Agfni m* Yeh~j yno maja pahb ehi~~jia mbhn m~ o~}~fha}a ayafaha} gahb`nhn} ya}a`jiaj
ra{hfaoyari* M~ oej~ia Objiêjbj ‘Obym~h P~hy pn Obym~hO~iy bsbfhb nsn}bjin {no eo ð}jno
m~hfao føfoøjiø}*=49
Agfni m* Yeh~j~j Maro Mnr pn Rn}cÿg ðhiøoynj sej}a( ðjcn pahbhbbjb iaga sej}a ia
mafs|hj bhj nyfnsbjinob nj ðjnfhb snmn{ gahb`n F~oyniêjbj oa}inb Nm~hAmmas F~pa`ào pn
ej~j af jbmb Afa~} nyYø}oê ehf~y~}* Yambb m~}aia( Agfni m* Yeh~j~j onjibsbjn døpnj pn}nj
1;; mbj obbhbo e}i~s~j~ o~}fasja snmn{ ehaj( Afa~}iaj ðjcnob af pahbsb sa m* nrgbj Ammasê
gahb`nhbbjn bsraj ia ðjnfhbib}* jcn sa m* nrgbj( af mðhdnsbjbj ga}acj 'pn}dbhn}bjb" Maiaya
dðjin}fnfnsb( a}ijiaj ia Fs} ga}acja nh oerfas( Agfni m* Yeh~j~j gahb`n F~oyniêjbj nf}b rhn
af bsrajj masy}fao bbj 1;; mbj obbhbo mb} e}i~ o~}fasja snmn{ ehf~y~}* M~ ia Agfnibj ason}ê
aiaj døhnjfnsbjb bjya nyfbyb}* Iaga sej}a ia F~pa`àoj af mðhdnsbjn yarbj nyybb Afa~} ny
Yø}oêjbj Yeh~jeh~ Agfniinj af mðhdnsbjb onjibsbjn mahafasjiaj oe}oy~~ bbj( F~pa`àoj
yag}bo nyfnsb jnybcnsbjin ej~j Agfnin oðyø iap}ajfas( jbgarny bobsbjbj a}asjj ahfas pn
mafs| mb} Yeh~jeh~ Inphnybjbj o~}~hfasj( ieharsrha Agfni m* Yeh~j~j Inphny Maoajh
reh~j~j ahfasja snmn{ ehf~y~}* M~jiaj sej}a Agfni( a}yo Fs}ia mb} inphny maoaj sàyrha
møyøj dð}nphbhn}b onjibsb yarbj nyfb pn a|hnyfbyb}* Rbjn Ammasêhn}inj ar} mb} inphny ehi~~j~j
dðsyn}dnhn}bjinj mb}b ehaj sboonhn}b saincn onjib aija ia}mnyyb}fnsbib}* Agfni m* Yeh ~j~j
ðhø

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