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Different from Dad
Well educated. Spoke
Spanish, French, Lan and
Italian. Good at maths.
6.2 inches tall
Handsome
Good at sports such as
jousng, archery, wrestling
and tennis.
A good musician. Played the
lute and harpsichord, sang
well and composed music.
Catholic Lazy
Selfish
Ruthless
Extravagant
Different from Dad
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Introducon
Rise to Power
Wolsey &
Finance
Wolsey &
Law
Wolsey &
the Church
Wolsey &
Foreign Policy
Wolseys Fall Humble beginnings - the son of a
Ipswich butcher.
Rose to become Lord Chancellor
(1515) and then Archbishop of
York. He was given the tle alter
rex, the other King.
Lucky: He was at the right
place at the right me. E.g.,
execuon of Empsom &
Dudley and rerement of
Foxe & Warham.
Unscrupulous: He would change his
principles if he saw it would please
Henry.
Schmoozer / Charmer: He made the
most of his opportunies. Got Henry
to make decisions for him while he
lavished him with gis.
Wolsey re-established the Court of
Star Chamber & Court of Chancery
which allowed cases to be heard
inexpensively with out the interfer
ence from the nobility.
Benevolences - Nobles were forced
to give gis of money to secure their
estates and posions.
Amicable Grant - An aempt to raise a
nonparliament tax for a planned inva
sion of France in 1525. The threat of
open revolt led Wolsey to abandon
this!
Subsidy - a tax an individual had to
pay based on an assessment of
their wealth.
Hardworking: E.g. went to
Flanders and back in 3 days on
a diplomac mission for Henry.
Talented: A great organiser
and intellectual. E.g. his
organisa
on of Henry VIIIsFrench Campaign & geng
his first degree at 15.
Wolsey
A great deal of money
was needed to finance
Henry VIIIs lavish
court and ambions.Papal Legate -He was appoint
ed the Popes representave
in England in 1518 and became
determined to correct abuses
in the English Church. (He
closed down 30 of the most
corrupt monasteries.)
Court of Requests - this was
also re-established and
allowed cases of the poor to
be heard free of charge.
Wolsey & Enclosures - He held en
quiries into the process of enclosure
to determine whether they had been
done illegally in 1517, 1518 and 1526.
Cricisms - Wolsey held
more than one posion -
Pluralism. Sold church posi
ons for money - Simony.
Did not visit areas as much
as he should - Absentee.
1518 Peace Treaty - Wolsey organised
a meeng with Henry and the other 3
main powers in Europe. A peace treaty
was signed and Henry agreed to marryhis daughter Mary to Louis, the son of
Francis I of France.
Wolsey was unpopular with the nobility and the people as he was very rich, arrogant
and powerful. The main reason why he fell from power was due to his failure to secure
Henry VIIIs annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. When it was discovered
he had wrien to the Pope begging him to not allow Henry to marry Anne, his fate was
sealed. He died before he could be executed in 1530.
1526-28 Charles had become too power
ful as he had defeated the French army
in Northern Italy in 1524. England
joined with the French against Charles
but failed to stop him taking Rome in
1527. This was to haunt Wolsey later.
1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold - Wolsey
organised this meeng between Henry
VIII and Francis I. Both Kings used the
event to show their wealth. It was sup
posed to be a display of friendship but
both were wary of each other.
1519 - The Holy Roman
Emperor died and Charles I
of Spain was elected to rule
his Empire. Both Henry and
Francis I had wanted this
posion and f elt threatened.
Wolseys aim was to raise the
profile of England in Europe while
trying to avoid expensive wars.
At the me the 3 most important
powers were: France, Spain &
the Holy Roman Empire.
1512 - 13 Wolsey organ
ised successful campaign
against the French.
1521-25 - Despite their treaty with France
Henry allied with Charles I against France.
However, when the English invaded
France, they were forced to retreat,
twice. Wolsey was disappointed that
Charles did not help him become Pope.
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The Protestant
Reformaon
1. Luthers Demands
2. What should a good Chrisan believe?
3. The Popes Response
4. The Reformaon in England
No Indulgences(An indul
gence was a piece of paper,
bought from the Church,
forgiving the person of sin.)
People should be able to
read the Bible in their own
language and not only in
Lan. Very few Middle Age
people would have been
able to read Lan!
The Pope should not have so
much authority. People
should be guided by the
teachings of the Bible andnot what the Pope told
them to do.
The Church should not be so
wealthy.
A good Chrisan should have
faith in God and follow only
his teachings. The Church
should be available to all
people: rich and poor.
Prior to 1534 - Under Henry VIII, England was Catholic.
Henry even wrote a book cricising Luther and had been
given the tle of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith).
Break from Rome - In 1534, Henry made himself head of
the Church of England so he could annul his marriage with
Catherine of Aragon.
Dissoluon of the Monasteries - Henry closed down many
monasteries, taking their land and money for himself.
Under Elizabeth - The Protestant Reformaon was com
pleted in England under Elizabeth.
Under Edward - England became Protestant.
Papal Bull - This was a warning from the Pope to Luther
that he would be excommunicated if he did not stop all hiscricisms of the Catholic Church.
Edict of Worms 1521 - An edict from the Pope that only he
could say what the Bible meant, not Luther. Luthers
wrings were banned!
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Why did Henry VIII breakwith the Roman Catholic
Church?
Political ReasonsHenry needed a son to make his position as King stronger. If Henrymade himself Head of the Church,there would be no limiting factor(Church) to his power and he wouldbe able to give himself a divorce fromCatherine.
Religious ReasonsDid Henry make himself Head of theChurch in England because he believedwhat Protestants said about the CatholicChurch.?
What does the evidence show? (Look atthe changes that Henry made to theChurch in England - if he made radicalchanges it would suggest that he agreedwith the criticisms of the Church byProtestants.)
Economic ReasonsHenry needed money - his wars withFrance and his extravagant lifestyle haddrained the monetary resources his fa-ther had built up. Also due to his chang-es to the Church, Henry feared rebellionat home and possible invasion fromFrance and Spain.
By making himself Head of the Church,Henry could obtain money which wouldhave previously gone to the CatholicChurch.
Catherine of AragonBy 1527, Henry decided he needed a new wife as Catherine was tooold to have any more children and only one of her children - a girl(Mary) - had survived. His quest for a male heir became known asHenrys Great Matter.
Henry had also fallen in love with 19 year old Anne Boleyn. She re-fused to become the Kings mistress but insisted on becoming theKings wife. Some believed this was the real reason why Henry want-ed to rid himself of Catherine.
Wolsey was sent to Rome to ask Clement VII to declare that Pope
Julius II had been wrong to grant a dispensation from Gods law forHenry to marry his brother's window.
Henry was asking the Pope to grant him an annulment i.e. a declara-tion that the marriage was null and void - it was not legal and there-fore Henry had been living in sin with Catherine.
The Pope could not grant this annulment, even though he would haveliked to, as he could not admit a Pope could make mistakes (Doctrineof Papal Infallibility) and since 1527 he had been a prisoner of KingCharles of Spain and did not want to offend him. (Charles was thenephew of Catherine.)
In 1529, the Pope decided to send Cardinal Campeggio to presideover a court to debate the issue. The court failed to reach a decision.
Henry blamed Wolsey for the his failure to get an annulment. He wascharged with treason, but died in 1530 before he could be brought totrial.
Thomas Cranmer was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury byHenry and he secretly married Henry and Anne in Jan. 1533. He alsoannulled the marriage to Catherine. The Pope excommunicated Hen-ry and Cranmer as a consequence.
Dissolution of MonasteriesThe Church owned 1/4 of the land in England.
In 1535, Cromwell appointed Commissioners
(officials) to investigate smaller monasteriesfor malpractice. Henry used the reports fromthe officials, in 1536, to order the closingdown of a number of smaller monasteries.(First Act of Dissolution) He sold the land tohis followers after having stripped the monas-teries bare of anything of value i.e. stainedglass windows, statues, gold decorations andeven the lead off the roofs.
Henry was persuaded by Cromwell that thedissolving of the monasteries would not be anunpopular move as:
some monks lived unholy lives, were idle, corrupt
did not fulfil the tasks for which they hadbeen so valuable in the Middle Ages suchas the copying of books, sheltering travellers and the teaching and caring for thesick.
In 1539 the Second Act of Dissolution, whichdealt with larger monasteries, was passed.
Protestant ReformationThis reform movement believed that the Catho-lic Church was led by greedy priests and wascorrupt. Luther believed that people shouldntlisten to the Pope but should interpret what theBible said for their themselves. See mind-mapon the Protestant Reformation for details.
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Stopped the English Churchmaking payments to the Pope.
Act of Six Articles 1539 How did Henry VIIIbring about the
break with the RomanCatholic Church?
Motivated by the need to annul his mar-riage to Catherine and his need for mon-ey, Henry VIII used Parliament to pass a
number of laws which led to the breakwith Rome. Henrys motives were therefore political and financial rather than
doctrinal. However, these changes,started a process in England, called by
Historians as the English Reformation orthe Henrician Reformation. The EnglishReformation would continue after Hen-
rys death and bring changes to how reli-gion was practised in England in ways
which were very doctrinal in nature.
Act in Restraints ofAnnates 1532
The Statute in Restraintsof Appeals 1533
Declared that England wasrule by a king who had wholeand entire authority within it.Any excommunications fromRome of English people wasinvalid and the English wereforbidden from appealing tothe Pope.
Act of Succession 1534
Declared that Henrys mar-riage to Catherine was invalidand that Princess Mary wastherefore illegitimate. Thethrone would pass to the chil-
dren of Henry and Anne Bo-leyn.
Act of Supremacy 1534
Declared that Henry was thehead of the English Church, notthe Pope.
The Treason Act 1534
Any one who argued againstHenrys position as head ofthe English Church wouldface a charge of treason.Two victims of this law were
John Fisher, the Bishop ofRochester and Thomas More.Both were executed in 1535.
This allowed Henry to take thefirst years earning from allbishoprics and church offices.Thereafter he would take one-tenth of any further earnings.
The First Fruits andTenths Act 1534
Act of 10 Articles 1536
This act was motivated by Cromwell and soughtto make the English Church more Protestant.
Only 3 sacraments were recognised: bap-tism, penance and the Eucharist. The Bible
was translated into English and priests were
allowed to marry.
The other sacraments of confirmation, ordi-nation, marriage and the last rites were no
longer regarded as holy sacraments. Pil-grimages and the display of relics were also
banned.
Cromwell had gone too far and in 1539,Henry, who remained a Catholic at heart,made some changes to the Ten Articleswhich reintroduced many Catholic be-liefs.
The idea of transubstantiation wasconfirmed. The people could nowonly take bread at the Communion,not wine, and were encouraged toconfess their sins. Priests wereagain banned from marrying.
Henry produced the Kings Bible,which prohibited many kinds of peo-ple from reading the new EnglishBible.
Key
Politically motivated laws
Economically motivated laws
Religiously motivated laws
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Causes of thePilgrimage of
GracePolitical
Exclusion of the
North from
Government
See Faction discussion.
Faction struggle -
Aragonese vs Boleyn
Aragonese were a group unitedagainst their opposition to
Henrys plans to end his marriagewith Catherine of Aragon and
the power of men like Cromwell,
Cramner & Riche. (These men
should not be advising the Kingas they were not of Nobleblood). They felt that these men
were responsible for thereligious policies and that the
north had very little say in the
running of the country.
The Boleyn faction was centredaround insuring that Anne would
become the Kings next wife.
Restoration of Mary
Economic
Statute of Uses
The gentry had escaped paying duty
when the heir succeeded bydistributing their land amongst
trustees. This act had preventedthis process and was making the
gentry pay their feudal dues.
Enclosures
This was the enclosing of land by
fences, which had been previouslyused for arable farming.
This had recently been introducedin the north west - although it is
true it did not affect all areas.
Entry fines
This was the payment of a tax to the
landowner when a tenant died andthe property was taken over by their
heir. Landowners were increasingthese and taking advantage.
Poor Economic situation in
the North
The harvest of 1535 had beendisastrous and 1536 was not looking
much better.
Religious
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Many monks and some clergy, feared for
their livelihoods.
Many people would have been angry at theirloss of worship and would also have missed
the other functions that monasteries
fulfilled.
The monasteries also play a pivotal role inthe economy of the north. See Economic
Causes
Dislike of religious
changes
Abolition of Holy Days.
New taxes on baptism, burials
& marriages which peoplecould not afford and would
prevent their salvation.
Church Closures
There were rumours that thesewould also be closed. This would
mean a long walk to another church,not to mention the loss of church
valuables which they had contributed
to.
Subsidy
Many people were still very unhappyabout the 1534 subsidy. This tax
had traditionally only been collected
during wartime but was now beenlevied during peace time.
There were also rumours of new
taxes on sheep and cattle.
FactionA like-minded group whoworked together to advance acause.
Cromwells
Policies
He was resented as hewas of humble birth
and was becoming fartoo powerful. He had
been responsible for
the religious policies
carried out againstthe Church and themonasteries.
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The rising began at Louth,
due to 3 government
commissions which were at
work. They were assessing:
the closure of smaller
monasteries, the collecting
of the 1534 subsidy and the
state of the clergy.
The force of 10 000
disperse when they heard
that a force under the
Duke of Suffolk was
approaching.
Robert Aske has become
chief captain of an army of
30 000 men. They make
their headquarters in York.
New of the Lincolnshire
rising reached the ears of
Robert Aske, a Yorkshire
lawyer. He dispatches
letters across the countrycalling on men to maintain
the Holy Church.
The pilgrims' move down
to Pontefract, where Lord
Darcy hands over
Pontefract Castle. The
force is well led by Aske
with strong discipline.
Aske meets with the Duke
of Norfolk who has a force
of 8000 under his
command. A truce is
signed. Henry agrees to
pardon all but ten
ringleaders, if the force
disperse.
Aske presents the rebels
demands to Norfolk. (24
Articles) Henry agrees to
general pardon, a prolonged
truce and the promise of aparliament to discuss the
grievances of the rebels.
The rebels reluctantly
disperse after the
Lancaster Herald read the
King's pardon.
The start of the Cumberland
rising. Sir Francis Bigod,
believes rightly, that Henry
VIII is insincere and tries
to capture Hull and
Scarborough.
At the battle of Carlisle,
Bigods force were defeated,
bringing to an end the
Cumberland rising. Henry used
this uprising not only to
execute Bigod but Aske, Lord
Darcy and members of the
Percy family.
Events of thePilgrimage of
Grace
LincolnshireRebellion
Pilgrimageof Grace
CumberlandRebellion
4/10/1536
10/10/1536
21/10/153627/10/1536
4/12/1536
8/12/1536
1/10/1536 11/10/1536 16/1/1537 10/2/1537
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Significanceof the
Pilgrimage ofGrace
Goal of the Pilgrimage
of Grace - Negotiate
for a better functioning
government order.
The size of the force was an
achievement in its own right
The organisation skills and planning ofthe rebels to raise such a formidable
force (40 000) was an impressive
achievement in its own right. Not to
mention that only one person was
killed during the whole rebellion.
Religious Successes
The Bishops Book of 1537restored many of the traditional
Catholic practices. The four
sacraments which had not been
mentioned in the Ten Articles of
1536 were recognised.
A letter from Henry to Cranmer
was also shown to pilgrim
leadership which called for aattack on radical preaching and
clerical marriages.
It is possible to argue that the
Pilgrimage of Grace has played a
role in postponing religious
revolution in England until the
reign of Edward VI.
Economic Success
As a consequence of the Pilgrimage
of Grace the collection of the (1534)
subsidy was stopped and thegovernment also suspended the new
act for the regulation of the cloth
industry.
They also announced that the
collection of extra taxes and the
demolition of parish churches were
rumours.
Political Success
There is a strong argument which
could be made that the
Pilgrimage of Grace weakened
Cromwells position and
contributed to his downfall by
1540.
Many of Cromwells policies had
been modified and the religious
changes he supported had been
abandoned.
Agrarian Success
In Westmorland and Cumberland
the entry fines were resolved in
favour of the commons. These
entry fines were fixed so thatthey could no longer be
arbitrary.
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Thomas
Cromwell
In 1520 he became the legal secretary for
Cardinal Wolsey.
In 1523 he became a member of parliament.
Aer the death of Wolsey, Cromwell earned the
confidence of Henry by passing a number of laws
which legalised Henrys divorce from Catherine of
Aragon. As a consequence, in 1533, Cromwell was
made Lord Chancellor. Be tween 1533 & 1540, Crom
well was given many tles, including: Master of the
Rolls in 1534, Vicar-General in 1536 and Lord Great
Chamberlain in 1539.
Rise to
Power
In 1540, Cromwell persuaded Henry VIII toagree to marry Anne of Cleves, in the hoping of
securing the support of the Protestant north German
princes against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor. (Both
Cromwell & Henry feared an invasion of England by
France and Spain to restore the Popes authority, espe
cially as both countries had made peace with each other
in 1539.) When Henry met Anne he was unimpressed,
calling her a fat Flanders mare. He had to go through
with the marriage, but quickly found a way to get a di
vorce.
Led by the Dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, the nobility;
who hated Cromwell, turned on him and made it knownto Henry that Cromwell had hidden reports of what
Anne looked like. As a result, Henry was convinced to
put Cromwell on trial, where he was found guilty of
treason and was executed in 1540. This arguably was
Cromwells greatest failure.
Fall
Thomas Cromwell was born in
Putney in about 1485. His father
was believed to have been a blacksmith and
brewer (Some sources believe he was a cloth-
worker).
He spent much of his adulthood in Europe as a
soldier, accountant and merchant.
In 1512 he returned to England and studied law.
He was influenced by the wrings of Marn
Luther and was therefore a Protestant by faith.
Early Life
As a Protestant reformer, Cromwell was mo
vated by his wish to reduce papal power in England.
He was responsible for managing the English Reformaon, by pass
ing a series of laws. The most important of these were: the Act of
Annates (1532), the Restraint of Appeals to Rome (1533) and the Act
of Supremacy (1534). Through these laws, Henry became the
supreme head of the new Church in England.
Between 1536 and 1540, Cromwell supervised the Dissoluon of the
Monasteries. Through this monasc wealth was recorded in the
Valor Ecclesiascus (church valuaon) and cases of corrupon and
abuse were reported to Cromwell. As a result of this, about 650
monasteries were closed down. I t is therefore not surprising that
Cromwell is somemes referred to as Malleus monachorum (the
Hammer of the Monks).
The Dissoluon of the monasteries made Henry VIII an extra 140
000 per year and was arguably Cromwells greatest achievement.
Achievements
The Dissoluon of the Monasteries was
Cromwells greatest achievement as it had so
many far reaching effects:
It showed Cromwells administrave brilliance.
It brought important social & economic changes i.e.
the greatest transfer of land since the Norman
conquest.
The Tudor Gentry benefited, acquiring land and
construcng new houses.
Cromwells monasc policy increased the polical
power and influence of the Crown and helped Hen
ry VIII to establish his royal supremacy over the
Church.
Greatest
SuccessComwells persuasion of Henry to marry Anne of
Cleves was his greatest failure as it led to his
downfall and execuon. Factors needed to be discussed:
Why Cromwell wanted the marriage of Henry to
Anne.
Details on how he tricked Henry into the marriage
by geng the court painter, Hans Holbein, to paint
a portrait making her more beauful than she was.
Why Henry listened to Cromwells enemies, who
told Henry that the real reason why Cromwell want
ed the alliance was to fulfil his aim of making Eng
land a Protestant country.
A brief look at Cromwell's fate.
Greatest
Failure
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KettsRebellion:
Causes
The main aim of Kett and his rebels wasto highlight grievances at local govern-
ment level. In fact the rebels saw centralgovernment as an ally, who they be-
lieved would come to their aid.
The main causes were economic in na-ture.
Economic
Somersets
Policies
Religious
Concerns
BadGovernment
Article 3 No lord of themanor shall common uponcommons.This referredto the practice of landlordsgrazing their stock on thelands of their tenants byclaiming their traditionalgrazing rights of four-
course.Article 16 All bondmanshould be free.This re-ferred to restrictions stillplaced on some tenants asa legacy of ancient feudalpractice.
Land prices and rents shouldrevert to the levels used in thereign of Henry VII
The Norfolk articles picked out thegentry and local government offi-cials in their county for the mostvehement attacks. Ketts tacticsseemed to be to appeal to centralGovernment over the heads of thelocal gentry.
Article 1: Opposed any fur-ther enclosures.
Religious concerns were notaimed at the growth of Protestant-ism but rather the shortcomings ofministers.
E.g. Articles 8, 15 and 20: focuseson the quality of clergy, askingthat priests should reside in their
parish, serve the the whole com-munity and not act as chaplains tothe wealthy and be able to teachand preach poor children their
catechism.
Article 22: a reduction inthe proportion of tithestaken.
It was believed that Somerset(Good Duke) was sympathetic to thecommoners plight.
Why?
He had given support to a group ofmen who campaigned against theexploitation of the poor.
He appointed John Hales to lead acommission into enclosures.
He created a special tax on sheepwith a higher rate for flocks on en-closed land.
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The Ketts Rebellion started in Wy-mondham when an angry crowd toredown the fences of a local lawyercome landowner, John Flowerdew. Hewas unpopular as he was in disputewith people over the local abbey hehad bought and was pulling down.Flowerdew bribed the men to attackthe hedges of a local tanner and land-owner, Robert Kett. Kett welcomedtheir action and become their leader.Supported by farmers and yeoman,Kett organised a march on Norwich.
8 - 9 July
Ketts
Rebellion:Events
27 August
23 - 26 August
30 July - 1 August
The town was taken back by a govern-ment force under the command of Wil-liam Parr, Marquis of Northampton, on
the 30 of July. He offered a full pardonto those who would disperse. This wasrejected by the vast majority of therebels. The rebels then launched acounter attack on the city and managedto retake the city. Northampton wasforced to flee in disarray. The risinghad now become a full scale rebellion.
21 - 22 July
The favourable response from the gov-ernment did not come. On the 21 July the
government offered a pardon to all thosewho disperse. It also promises to reducethe price of wool by a third and to appointcommissioners to reform abuses. Kett en-courages his supporters to reject the offeras they had committed no crime. An at-tempt was made to arrest Kett, but thisfailed. It was now apparent that the momentfor a negotiated settlement was over. By 22July, the rebels had taken Norwich. Thiswas the first real act of aggression by the
rebels.
The rebels arrived in Norwich on
the 10thof July and by the 12 of Julyhad set up camp on MouseholdHeath. (It was called the Great
Camp.) It is estimated that Kett nowhad approximately 16 000 men withhim. A list of grievances were drawnup (the Norfolk Articles) and sent asa petition to Somerset. It seems thatat this point, Kett expected a favour-
able response from Somerset.
On the 23rdof August, a government forceunder the command of John Dudley, Earl ofWarwick, arrived. At this point the rebelswere trapped. Warwick offered to pardonall the rebels except Kett but when Kettagreed to negotiate on this basis, he washeld back by his own men. The chance ofa peaceful settlement was now over. War-wicks army was bolstered by the arrival of
1000 foreign troops on the 26thof August.
On the 27thof August, Kett, possiblybecause his supply lines had be cut offby Warwick, made the fatal decision toengage Warwicks army in open battle.Ketts rebels were no match for thewell trained soldiers and were massa-cred. It has been estimated that 3000rebels died at the Battle of Dussindale.
10 - 12 July
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KettsRebellion: Why
did it fail?
KettsRebellion: What
were theConsequences?
There was no attempt at co-oper-ation or synchronisation betweenthe isolated uprisings. If the Corn-well and Devon forces had joined
with Ketts rebels, they wouldhave posed more of a threat.
At a basic level it failed becauseKett took the fatal decision to en-gage Warwicks army in open bat-tle. It would have been moreprudent to accept Warwicks offerof a pardon for all accept Kett - inKetts defence he was prepared toaccept this but was held back byhis own men. Once the rebels hadleft Mousehold Heath, they stoodno chance against the highlytrained soldiers under Warwicks
command.
At a much deeper level it failedbecause the rebellion became polit-ical. Somersets enemies saw it asa chance to get rid of him. WhileKett thought that the Good Dukewould be sympathetic (see Somer-sets Policies on page 1), for politi-cal reasons, Somerset could not
show sympathy.
Somerset was forced to resignand his position was taken overby Northumberland.
Somersets support for the anti-enclosure measures had earnedhim a reputation as a friend of thecommons. Many leading Noblesblamed Somerset for the rebel-lions as they argued that his sym-pathetic reputation hadencouraged the rebellions.
His failure to crush the rebellionsquickly sealed his fate.
Over 3000 rebels lost their lives.Both Robert and William Kett werehanged - Robert from Norfolk Cas-tle and William from the spire ofWymondham Abbey.
Northumberlands successful sup-pression of the Ketts Rebellionadded to his own political credibilityand he was able to use this to takeover from Somerset.
The military demands of sup-pressing the uprisings led to a
turning point in England foreignpolicy strategy. Somerset had toscale down his policy of garrison-ing the border with Scotland andalso deal with the French whotook advantage of Englands inter-nal turmoil to attack Boulogne inthe Summer of 1549. Northum-berland went on to bring both con-flicts with Scotland and France to
an end in 1551.
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The Power of Parliament prior
to Elizabeth
1. Norman Council
The Norman Kings could not rule Eng
land on their own. The King would call
the council to discuss problems facing
the country.
2. Magna Carta 1215
King John forced by Barons to sign this
charter. It defined the rights and du
es of all people in England. Its main
purpose was to make John respect the
rights of landlords.
3. Henry III & De Monort
De Monort and other Barons rebelled
against high taxes by Henry. De
Monort organised the elecon of 2
knights and 2 rich men from each char
tered town to discuss issues like taxes.
4. King Edward Is Government
King Edward I accepted the need to
get the consent of the realm. In
1295 he called the model parliament -representaves of the counes and
towns - to meet in Westminster to
discuss the running of the country.
Edward I is regarded as the co-founder
of Parliament along with de Monort.
5. Parliament under the Tudors prior
to Elizabeth
Parliament grew stronger under the
Tudors. Henry VIII called for money
for his wars against France and Scotland. He also used parliament to pass
the laws he needed to make his b reak
with Rome legal. In general the Tu
dors got what they wanted: Henry VIII
got his reformaon; Edward Vis Par
liament passed an-Catholic laws and
Mary got her Catholic laws through.
Elizabeth &
Parliament
Introducon
All in all, Elizabeths relaons with Parliament
were posive. In a 45 year reign it only met 35
months! In general Elizabeth conceded that Parlia
ment should have the right to discuss issues of state,
but resented its interference in maers of religion,
the succession and foreign affairs.
Negaves
Parliament which was dominated by
Protestants who were very concerned over
who would succeed Elizabeth when she died.
They tried to put pressure on her to marry or
announce who would succeed her. Elizabeth
refused to discuss this with Parliament. In fact
she only announced her successor on her
death bed in 1603.
Elizabeth could on occasion be ruthless to any
MP who stepped out of line. E.g. Peter Went
worth was sent to the tower for suggesng
that there should be freedom of speech in
Parliament and that it should make the laws in
the country.
Powers of Monarchy in 16th Century
They could call Parliament when they
wanted and send MPs home.
They could win friends by giving people
jobs and giving people places in court.
An effecve Monarch was sll able to
run the country.
A Monarch who was good at dealing
with people tacully and firmly was sll
very powerful.
Posives
In general Elizabeth had a good relaonship with
Parliament. Most MPs respected her or were too
gentlemanly to quarrel with a women.
Both Parliament and Elizabeth agreed that their
primary objecve was to maintain the Protestant
religion in England and defend the country.
Elizabeth was also skilled in giving in on minor
Issues on which she did not have strong views.
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The Elizabethan
Selement
Problem!
When Elizabeth inherited the thrown England
was a religiously divided county. Some of her
subjects were ardent Roman Catholics, others
were ardent Protestants. Elizabeths soluon
was to establish a religious selement that
was as inclusive as possible.
The Act of Supremacy 1559
Made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church
of England as apposed to Supreme Head. It was
hoped this subtle change in tle would appease
Catholics who would sll see the Pope as in
charge of the Catholic Church worldwide.
The Act of Uniformity 1559
This introduced a new Book of Common Prayer which
was based on Cranmers one, but with subtle differ
ences. Priests were to wear vestments, but toned
down. People had to aend church on Sundays and
Holy Days and were fined if they did not. Catholic ser
vices, while not allowed to be held in churches or any
where else public, could be held in peoples houses.
The difficult issue of transubstanaon was leto inter
pretaon. It could be viewed as meaning:
that the bread and wine had become the body and
blood of Christ, or
this happened only for true believers, or
that Christ was simply being commemorated.
39 Arcles
These were based on Cranmers 42 Arcles of
1553. They were agreed on in 1563 and passed
by Parliament in 1571.
Key points:
Some Catholic beliefs abolished e.g. Tran
substanaon.
Some support for Protestant beliefs - e.g.
clerical marriage.
As a result of the arcles, Elizabeth's
Church of England was moderately
Protestant.
Opposion
Puritans - Radical Protestants who wanted to purify the Church
They, in 1571 tried to push to make the Book of Common Prayer more radical.
When this did not work they published their own alternave Prayer book.
By the end of Elizabeths reign the Puritan problem had not gone away!
Catholics
There were a number of Catholic plots against Elizabeth, mostly focussed on geng Mary,
Queen of Scots on the English throne. Sir Francis Walsingham was appointed by Elizabeth to
be the head of her security service. He proved to be an inspired choice.
Based on 2 pillars
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WAR
Elizabeth encouraged her sailors to
rob Spanish ships full of treasures
from the New World. This angered
Philip for obvious reasons. Elizabeth
went as far as knighng one of them,
Francis Drake, for being so successful
at robbing from the Spanish.
England was Protestant and Spain
was Catholic. Philip was angry at the
Elizabethan Religious Selement.
(You should know what this was.)
A successful invasion of England
would get rid of a rival to Spain's su
premacy in the New World. English
pirates, supported by Elizabeth,
were already causing Philip to lose a
great deal of money.
England and Spain oen fought
France together, but there was a civil
war in France, and so the common
enemy was not a threat.
Philip was angry, that in 1587, Eliza
beth had allowed the execuon of
Mary, Queen of Scots. Not only was
she a legimate monarch, but she
was also catholic!
Elizabeth had helped the Protestant
Dutch rebels against Catholic Spanishrule. In 1585 she sent English troops
to support the Dutch in their fight
against Spain.
Elizabeth chose not to marry Philip
(who had been married to her sister
Mary) when she came to the throne.
This hurt Philips pride.
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The story of the Armada is explained below.
The Spanish Armada, 1588
A 12 July 1588 B 29 July C
G H I
D 5 August E 7 August F
J
Important places
Calais
London
Plymouth
Corunna
Route of the Armada, July to September 1588
Key
A
B C D
E F
G
H
I
J
29 - 4 August
After seeing the Armada,English ships chase Spanishships up the Channel.
The Spanish Armada sets sail. English see the Armada.
Armada anchors off Calaisto await word from Parma.
English send burningfire-ships and the Span-
ish panic.
As the Spanish sailed offfrom Calais and were attacked
the soldiers waiting in theNetherlands were abandoned.
8 August
English ships attack theSpanish near Gravelines.
August
The Armada tries to sail backto Spain by going north around
Scotland.
August
Fierce storms off Scotland andthe west coast of Ireland
wreck many Spanish ships.
September
Only 66 of the Spanish shipsmake it back to Spain.
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Elizabeths popularity was at a all-me
high. The defeat of the Armada was her
finest hour. Elizabeth could claim to be
mistress of the Seven Seas and her own
people!
The Armada failure was a humiliaon
for the Spanish and nearly destroyed
their naonal treasury.
The failure of the Armada was a victory
for Protestansm in England and also on
the European connent. E.g. the Neth
erlands. If the Armada had successfully
invaded England they could have con
centrated all their vast resources on
conquering Europe.
The failure of the Armada changed
naval warfare from the seize and grap
ple taccs used since Roman mes, to
water-bourne duels. Faster, more
manoeuvrable ships with large cannons,
were now the order of the day.
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Religion
Successful
Greater tolerance be
tween Catholics and
Protestants made thecountry more stable.
Fewer people died for
their religion as a result of
the selement.
Unsuccessful
Extreme Catholics and ex
treme Protestants
(Puritans) connued tocause trouble.
Catholic countries, such as
France and Spain, sll
posed a threat.
Mary Queen of Scots
Successful
All aempts to free Mary
during her 19 year impris
onment failed. In 1587, Elizabeth had
Mary tried and executed
for plong against her.
Unsuccessful
Elizabeth's reluctance to ex
ecute Mary, encouraged
ploers and angered parliament.
Marys execuon was a key
cause of the was with Catho
lic Spain.
Spain
Successful
Elizabeths forces
defeated the Arma
da and removed the
Spanish threat.
English sailors suc
cessfully aacked
Spanish shipping in
the New World.
Unsuccessful
Bad weather played
a bigger part in the
Armadas failure
than the English did.
The Armadas Com
mander, the Duke
of Medina Sidonia
was a poor leader.
Elizabeth I: Was her rule aGolden Age?
Poverty
Successful
The Poor Law stand
ardized the treat
ment of the poor.
The Poor Law made
parishes responsible
for helping their de
serving poor.
Unsuccessful
The problem of pov
erty did not disap
pear - there were
sll large numbers
of poor people.
The Poor Law did
nothing to tackle
the causes of pov
erty and unemploy
ment.
Marriage & Succession
Successful
Elizabeth eventually
named a successor -
James I.
Elizabeth declared
she was married to
the English people.
Elizabeth was a
strong ruler who
chose not to marry.
Unsuccessful
Elizabeth ignored
parliament who
wanted her to mar
ry.
Elizabeth had no
children to be her
heir.
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Grew up as a lonely child bit of a wimp! Mother was
murdered by his cousin.
Married Anne of Denmark loveless marriage.
Quesons over his sexuality.
Seen as ill mannered, boring, pedanc, peace-loving.
Intelligent: wrote many books including religious vol
umes.
Very extravagant and generous.
Lazy
Image & Court Life
James VI of Scotland.
Became King following Elizabeths death in 1603.
Mother was Mary, Queen of Scots.
Claim to the throne
Government
James used the Privy Council.
Facons persisted especially following James use of
patronage to promote Scots.
Parliament Relaonship Poor
Why?
Finances Jamess extravagance and lack of financial
sense.
Buckingham, the Kings favourite, was very unpopular.
He sold offices & monopolies.
Parliament worried about possible marriage of Jamess
son to a Catholic Spanish princess.
James's opposion to war with Spain in 1624.
James's doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings
Jamess view that certain maers such as religion &
foreign policy should not be discussed with Parliament.
Government & Parliament
Ireland effecvely a conquered kingdom: English in
control of whole Ireland in 1605. History of troubles,
rebellions.
Large Catholic majority with extreme Protestant /
Presbyterian influences in Ulster.
James answer was to set up plantaons in Ulster.
Scotland
Scotland was an independent Kingdom.
James was King of Scotland and King of England.
Tradional differences remained e.g. hatred of Eng
lish arrogance. Fuelled by promoon of Scots to key
tles.
Jamess aempts to unite the two, failed.
Ireland & Scotland
James saw himself as a peacemaker.
In 1604 he made peace with Spain.
In 1608 James joined with other protestant countries
to form the protestant Union.
In 1612, James married his daughter to a leading
Protestant prince.
He tried to marry his son Charles to the daughter of the
King of Spain.
Foreign Policy
Some Puritans wanted a more Protestant / Calvinist
church. The Millenary Peon demanded the remov
al of bishops and more radical alteraons to the Book
of Common Prayer.
At a Church conference at Hampton Court in 1604,
James refused to dismiss the bishops.
Catholics hoped for tolerance, which they got. e.g.
recusancy fines (fines on Catholics who did not aend
Protestant services) were abolished .
This tolerance did not last long which led to Gunpow
der plot.
Religion
James I
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The Gunpowder
Plot
Why was therea Plot?
Who were the
Ploers?
What
Happened?
1. Catholics had suffered perse
cuon since Henry VIII.
2. Protestants hoped James I would
not persecute them as his mother
was Mary Queen of Scots, who had
been Catholic.
3. At first James had nor fined
Catholics for not aending
Protestant Services.
4. In April 1604 James suggested
further an-Catholic laws. A
group of Catholics now hatched a
plot to kill James and replace himwith a Catholic monarch.
Thomas Bates: Catesbys servant.
Did menial work that nobles were unable to
do without arousing suspicion.
Robert Wintour: Married into
strongly Catholic family. Inially re
fused to join conspiracy, but later sup
plied money, weapons and horses to
help the rebellion following assassina
on.
John Wright: Came from strong Catho
lic family their family had been impris
oned for 14 years for their beliefs. John
oen harboured Catholic rebels in hishouse.
Guy Fawkes: Devout Catholic. Alt
hough English, he had fought in the Span
ish army., where he earned a reputaon as
a formidable soldier. Responsible for
placing & igning the gunpowder.
Thomas Percy: Married to Wrights
sister. Recruited early by Catesby himself.
He rented the cellar below parliament
where the gunpowder was placed.
Thomas Wintour: Was a close friend
of Catesby, his cousin. He recruited Guy
Fawkes to become involved.
Christopher Wright: Imprisoned with
Catesby in 1596. Went to school with Guy
Fawkes. Some believe he betrayed fellow
ploers.
Robert Catesby : Was the ploers
dashing and charismac leader. His
family had a history of helping Catholicrebels. He had played a minor role in
an earlier rebellion against Elizabeth I,
but had escaped a charge of treason.
Feb 1604: Robert Catesby, Thomas Win
tour and John Wright hatch the plot. Win
ter goes to Flanders to enlist the help of
Guy Fawkes. Thomas Percy also joins the
conspiracy.
May 1604: Percy rents a house next to
Parliament and a tunnel is begun. Robert
Wintour, Christopher Wright, Robert
Keyes, John Grant and Thomas Bates are
brought in on the plot.
March 1605: Progress on the tunnel is too
slow. Percy rents a cellar under Parlia
ment instead. Fawkes begins to fill the
cellar with gunpowder, posing as John
Johnson. Rookwood, Tresham and Digby
are recruited to help fund the plot.
Oct 1605: Just 10 days before the opening
of Parliament, one of the conspirators
sends a leer to Lord Monteagle, warning
him not to aend the opening of Parlia
ment. Monteagle gives the leer to Rob
ert Cecil.
Nov 1605 to Jan 1606: Aer torture, Guy
Fawkes reveals others involved. These
ploers were caught at a house in
Staffordshire. Catesby and 3 others die
fighng. By January, all the remaining
ploers have been captured.
Nov 4th 1605: Cecil has the cellars under
Parliament searched. Guy Fawkes is dis
covered along with 36 barrels of gunpow
der, hidden under a pile of firewood.
"Remember,remember the 5th
of November,gunpowder,treason and
plot."
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The Gunpowder
Plot
What was the fate
of the ploers?
All the ploers were put on trial, except
Tresham who died in the Tower of London
with a mystery illness, and were found guilty
of high treason. There fate was to be hung,
drawn and quartered. This entailed the fol
lowing:
Being hung unl half-dead.
Having ones bowls removed while sll
alive.
The bodies were then cut into four pieces
and their heads displayed on London
Bridge.
Was there a
Conspiracy?
The Gunpowder
The sale of gunpowder was ghtly
controlled. Only the government
could sell it, and their records for the
1605 went missing.
Did the government allow the
plo
ers to get the gunpowder sothey could be framed?
The Cellar
Several of the ploers had been im
prisoned before because of suspi
cions that they had ploed against
the monarch. Others came from
outspokenly Catholic families.
Why were these men allowed torent cellars under Parliament?
Praccal Problems
The ploers had 36 barrels of gun
powder in the cellar, yet on one
spoed them bringing it in! Did the
government turn a blind eye so the
ploers could be caught re-handed?
The gunpowder is recorded as being
decayed - did the government give
them bad gunpowder just in case?
The ploer could have got the gun
powder from the Black Market. Also
Guy Fawkes was a soldier, he would
have had contacts from whom he
could have got it from.
Thomas Percy had important friends
in court who could have helped himrent the cellar.
The ploers could have brought the
gunpowder to the cellar in small
amounts over a long period ofme.
Although some of the gun powder
was bad, they had a lot of it. Even if
over half of it had not exploded, they
sll would have destroyed the build
ing.Arguments to
counter the
Conspiracy
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What was theGlorious Revolution?
The Glorious Revolution(1688)refers to period in English history
where James II was replaced byhis daughter Mary and her husband,
William of Orange.
Why did the GloriousRevolution happen?
James ignored Parliament and sus-
pended the laws which stopped Cath-olics being members of the
government or officers in the army.
James II took the throne in 1685. He wasCatholic! He was accepted as he had no male
heir - so people did not believe they would
have a Catholic king for long.
He sacked any judges who said that he did nothave the right to do this. He also sacked any
local magistrates who opposed Catholics beinginvolved in local government. Most magistrates
were Protestant and also Tories (Royalists) whohad supported James II coronation. He there-
fore lost their support.
Most of the nobles and gentry
were Anglicans. They disliked bothCatholics and non-conformists.
E.g. 1661 - Parliament passed a law
(Test and Corporation Act)Stopped Catholics and non-Con-
formists from becoming MPs,judges or offices in the army.
James wanted all people to be treated equal-
ly, despite their faith. He believed that
once the laws against Catholics were re-moved, England would become Catholic again!
5
1
3
4
2
The Road to
Revolution!
Why wereCatholics
mistrusted?
Popish Plot1678
Bloody Mary1555
Spanish Armada1588
Gunpowder Plot1605
The Fire of London1666
Titus Oates
claimed that therewas a Catholic plot
to kill Charles II.
James II
William and Mary
l d PIn November
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In 1673, James II married a 16 year old Cath-
olic called Mary of Modena.
In June 1688, after several miscarriages, she
gave birth to a healthy little boy called James.
With both his parents being Catholic, Jameswould grow up to be another Catholic king.
The
Crisis The chain ofevents
In June 1688,James II has a
son.
7 leading Protestantspledge their support to
William if he invades.
In November,
1688, Williamlands with an
army at Torbay.
As Williams army
nears London, James
retreats and his armybegins to desert.
In December,1688, James
loses his nerveand flees to
Europe.
James is declared tohave vacated the
throne and his baby sonis declared illegitimate.
Mary and Williamare jointly of-
fered the throne.
William and Mary are
crowned King and
Queen in February
Parliament had offered the throne to Wil-liam and Mary provided they accept the
Declaration of Rights. Later called the Billof Rights.
The powers of the King and the powers of
Parliament were clearly defined. The
country was also defined as being firmly
Protestant.
The Bill of Rights
The monarch had to be Protestant
Only Protestants can vote or be
Mps.
The monarch cannot suspend laws
The monarch cannot tax people with-out Parliaments agreement.
Parliament will pay for the cost ofrunning the government.
Control over the army is to be
shared.
Protestants started a rumour that Jamess new
born son was not his and had actually been
smuggled into the palace in a warming pan as
part of a Catholic plot to stop the next mon-
arch being Protestant.