Tuberculosis Bálint Beatrix MD, PhD SZTE, Dpt. of Pulmonology Deszk 2014.
Dec 19, 2015
Tuberculosis
Bálint Beatrix MD, PhD
SZTE, Dpt. of Pulmonology
Deszk
2014.
Tuberculosis
TB a chronic bacterial infection, causes more deaths worldwide than any other infectious disease.
TB is spread through the air and usually infects the lungs, although other organs are sometimes involved.
Some 2 billion people - one-third of the world's population - are infected with the TB organism,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
History 1.
Germ theory: -Robert Koch (1882)-Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Konrad Röntgen (1892)- X ray
Paleopathological evidences- skeletal TB, bone TB
Ancient greek physisians used the word PHTYSIS 8th-9th century ¼ of the european adults died from TB.
Tbc incidencia Európában az elmúlt években
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TB in EUROPE
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• The causative agents for tuberculosis
• Discovered by Robert Koch in 1882
• ~25 % of world’s population infected
• 25 million is infected in USA
MicrobiologyMycobacterium tuberculosis
obligate, aerobic parazite, acid-fastslow growthvisible colonial growth: 4-6 weeksINH resistant and sensitive strains are different
Direct examinationZiehl-Neelsen stain:4 m long and 0,2-0,5 m wide10 000 organism/ml of sputumsmear positive
Culture of sputum/fluidM. tuberculosis: growths slowly, lack of pigment, produces niacinM. bovis: niacine negativeDrug sensitivity test.
Quick test: PCR, Bactec
Mode of spread
• TB is spread from in microscopic droplets person to person — droplet nuclei — expelled from the lungs when a TB sufferer coughs, sneezes, speaks, sings, or laughs. Only people with active disease are contagious.
• People are most likely to be contagious when their sputum contains bacilli, when they cough frequently and when the extent of their lung disease, as revealed by a chest x-ray, is great.
* People who have been treated with appropriate drugs for at
least two weeks usually are not infectious.
Predisposing Factors• Babies and young children
• HIV infection
• substance abuse
• diabetes mellitus
• silicosis
• cancer
• leukemia or Hodgkin's disease
• severe kidney disease
• low body weight
• certain medical treatments – corticosteroid treatment
– organ transplants
– chemotherapy
HOW DOES TB DISEASE DEVELOP? There are two possible ways a person can become sick with TB
disease:
1.A person who may have been infected with TB for years and has been perfectly healthy. The time may come when this person suffers a change in health. The cause may be another disease like AIDS or diabetes. Or it may be drug or alcohol abuse or a lack of health care because of homelessness. Whatever the cause, when the body's ability to protect itself is damaged, the TB infection can become TB disease. In this way, a person may become sick with TB disease months or even years after they first breathed in the TB germs.
2. A person first breathes in the TB germs the body is unable to protect itself against the disease. The germs then develop into active TB disease within weeks. (This way TB disease develops happens much more quickly.)
Pathogenesis
The site of initial infection alveoli macrophages ingest the inhaled M. tuberculosis.
Some bacilli may be killed immediately; others may multiply within the macrophages.
During the 2 to 8 weeks after initial infection in people with intact immune systems,
macrophages present pieces of the bacilli, displayed on their cell surfaces, to the T cells
release an elaborate array of chemical signals
cell-mediated hypersensitivity T cells responds tuberculin skin test (PPD test)
cell signals inflammatory reactions;
recruit and activate specialized cells to kill bacilli and
In HIV-infected people and in children, the bacilli spread to other sites in the body
dissemination life-threatening meningitis and other problems.
Pathogenesis 2.
The body's immune system maintains a standoff with the infection,
sometimes for years.
TB bacilli may persist within macrophages, but further multiplication
and spread of M. tuberculosis are confined.
Most people undergo complete healing of their initial infection,
and the tubercles calcify and lose their viability.
A positive TB skin test, and in some cases a chest x-ray,
may provide the only evidence of the infection.
If, the body's resistance is because of aging, infections (HIV),
malnutrition,or other factors, the bacilli may break out of the tubercles
in the alveoli and cause active disease.
Pathogenesis 3.(X ray)
Simon foci: The initial infection leaves nodular scars in the apices of one or both lungs, called which are the most common seeds for later active TB.
Ghon foci: calcified scars of primary infection and residual calcified hilar lymph nodes.
Symptoms
Early TB (single or multiple nodule, caseous lesion)- no symptomes
Progresszive TB (cavitation, pneumonitis)- nonspecific symptomes: anorexia, fatigue, weight loss,
remittent fever, night sweets
- cough, sputum (mucopurulent)- haemoptysis- chest pain (inflammation of parietal pleura)
Characteristic X-ray findings
• Apical, subapical patchy infiltration• Bilateral upper lobe infiltration• Dissemination: miliary tb• Lower lobe TB
– cavitation or infiltration– atelectesis, mass leasions, large cavitation with fluid,
pneumonic-like infiltration
• Non-specific• Pleural effusion
Diagnosis• X-ray findings• Sputum/bronchoscopic lavage fluid smear + Negatíve tuberculin test: can not exclude the infection• Histology: TUBERCULOMA
• epitheloid cells, •Langhans giant cells, •lymphocytes, •caseous lesion (necrosis)
•Definitive diagnosis- culture- specification of the organism
Extrapulmonary TB (TB can involve any organ)
-TB of the tonsils, lymph nodes, abdominal organs, bones, and joints caused by ingestion of milk infected with M. bovis. (slaughtering cows with milk)
*GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS
-kidney pyelonephritis. (chronic, "sterile" routine culture-negative)
-epididymis or prostate gland, baldder, vesicles.
-Salpingo-oophoritis
* TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS (TB to the subarachnoid space)
* MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS (Generalized Hematogenous or Lymphohematogenous TB) Bone marrow involvement
* TUBERCULOUS PERITONITIS
*TUBERCULOUS PERICARDITIS
*TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS
*TUBERCULOSIS OF BONES AND JOINTS (Pott's disease)
*TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LIVER
Extrapulmonary TB according to the location(Hungary 2007.)
Extrapulmonalis tuberculosis lokalizáció szerint
Pleuritis és egyéb48%
Nyirokcsomó13%
Hugy-ivarszervi16%
Csont-izületi13%
Meningitis3%
History of chemotherapy
Streptomycin 1946-1952ToxicityResistancyRecidive infection
Isonicid 1952-1970INH + PAS + StreptomycinTreatment-18 months
Rifampicin 1970RMP + INH 9 months RMP + INH + ETB 6 months
Therapeutic agents for tb
• First line therapy• Isoniazid• Rifampin• Pyrazinamide• Streptomycin• Ethambutol
• Secund line therapy• Ethionamide• Cycloserine• PAS• Aminoglycosides• Capreomycin
Activity of antituberculous drug
Drug Activity pH Site
Isoniazid cidal neut-alk I/ERifampin cidal/static neut-alk I/EPirazynamide cidal/sterilizing acid I/EEthambutol cidal at 25 mg/kg neut-alk I/E
static at 15 mg/kgStreotomycin cidal neut-alk E
I=Intracellular; E=Extracellular
Second line drugs
• Aminoglycosides• Capreomycin• Ethionamide• PAS• Cycloserine• Ciprofloxacin• Ofloxacin
• Thiocetazone• Imipenem• Ampicillin• Metronidazole
Characteristics of 2nd line drugs
• Less effective drugs
• Poor GI tolarence
• Significant side effect profile
• Not well studied
• Some not readily available (PAS)
The principles of therapy
• Combination therapy – kills more effectively– Shortens therapy
• Prevents emergence of resistance:– INH/RAMP EMB SM PZA
• Treatment must be for a least six month• Bactericidal phase: 1 month• Strerilizing phase: months 3 through 6• Never add a single drug t a failing regimen
Initial therapy: four drugs
• Isoniazid (INH) 300 mg daily
• Rifampin (RIF) 600 mg daily
• Pyrazinamide (PZA)25-30 mg daily
• Ethambutol (EMB)25 mg initially
Therapeutic Regimens
• Daily therapy• 6 months• Daily treatment• 180 doses• 2-3 % relapse
• Short course• 6 months• Twice or three times
weekly• 52-114 doses• Equivalent relapse
Preventive therapy for tuberculous infection
• Infection vs. active disease• Lifetime risk for active disease
– Higher in children– 10 % per year in HIV infected patients
• Mantoux skin test is the indicator of infection• Preventive therapy requires 6 months of
single drug therapy• Isoniazid
Nontuberculous mycobacteria
• Pumonary disease– M. avium, kansasii, abscessus, xenopi,
malmoense
• Lymphadenitis– M. avium, scrofulaceum, malmoense
• Cutaneous disease– M. marinum, fortuitum, chelonea, ulcerans
• Disseminated disease– M. avium, kansasii,chelonea, haemophilum
Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteria
• The antituberculotic drugs are usually not effective
• M. kansasii: INH, RIF, EMB
• M. avium: macrolide, Rifamycin, EMB
• Rapid growers: clarithromycin and 2nd agents
History 2.
Outstanding representatives of the arts and political life who suffered from TB
• Balzac• Brontë sisters• Chekov• Chopin• Dostoevsky• Kafka• D.H. Lawrence• Sir Walter Scott
• E. A. Poe• Voltaire• John Keats• Rembrandt’s wife
(Sashka) and his son (Titus)
• Marquise de Pompadur
• Napoleon II