tuber culosis presentation for pharmacy students

APARNA GAUTAM MR. TARANI PRAKASH SHRIVASTAVA B.PHARMACY 7th SEMESTER 0169py101008

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOTHERAPY

OF TUBERCULOSIS

PEOPLE’S INSTITUTE OFPHARMACY & RESEARCH CENTRE

Tuberculosis, one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans, is a major cause of death worldwide.

This disease, which is caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex affects the lungs .

Other organs are involved in up to one-third of cases.

Transmission usually takes place through the airborne spread of droplet nuclei produced by patients with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs. Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body.

In their active state, TB bacteria cause death of tissue in the organs they infect. Active TB disease can be fatal if left untreated.

TUBERCULOSIS

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is bacteria that that attack your lungs. It is a potentially deadly disease, but it is curable if you get medical help right away and follow your doctor’s instructions.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by tuberculosis bacteria that have spread beyond the lungs.

Tuberculosis is ultimately caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Only people who have active TB infections can spread the TB bacteria;

TB is spread mainly through the air. When infectious people cough, sneeze, talk, laugh or spit, droplets containing bacteria are sprayed into the air.

Transmission usually occurs only after substantial exposure to someone with active TB.

CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS

BIOLOGY OF PATHOGEN

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis (TB).

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a non-motile and rod shaped

The generation time of M. tuberculosis is 15-20 hours

It is an obligate aerobe and requires a host typically for growth and reproduction.

M. tuberculosis is gram-positive and nonspore-forming

There wall contains Mycolic Acid.

Symptoms of TB depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs. TB in the lungs may cause symptoms such as:

A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer

Pain in the chest

Coughing up blood or sputum

Signs & Symptoms

Other symptoms of active TB disease are:

Weakness or fatigueWeight lossNo appetiteChills FeverNight sweatsConstant tiredness

Following are some Diagnostic Tests for Tuberculosis:

Heaf Test

The Monteux Test

Sputum Examination

Sputum culture

Chest Radiography

Diagonosis of Tuberculosis

DRUGS TARGET

Kill dividing bacilli

Kill persisting

bacilliPrevent

emergence of resistance

First Line Drugs

•Isoniazide (INH)•Rifampicin (R)•Streptomycin (S)•Pyrazinamide (Z)•Ethambutol (E)

Second Line Drugs

•Thiacetazons (Tzn)•Para amino salicylic acid (PAS)•Ethionamide (Etm)•Cycloserine (Cys)

Anti-Tuberculer Drugs

Anti-Tuberculer Therapies

Short Course Chemotherapy

Directly Observed Therapy (DOT

DOTS, is the name given to the World Health Organization-recommended tuberculosis control strategy.

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DOT helps patients finish TB therapy as quickly as possible, without unnecessary gaps.

DOT helps prevent TB from spreading to others.

DOT decreases the risk of drug-resistance resulting from erratic or incomplete treatment.

DOT decreases the chances of treatment failure and relapse.

Direct Observed Therapy (DOT)

DOT includes:Delivering the prescribed medication

Checking for side effects

Watching the patient swallow the medication

Documenting the visit

Answering questions

This study was aimed to review one the most spreading epidemic disease Tuberculosis.

From this study it can be concluded that Tuberculosis is the disease which is mostly spreading in developing countries

Most important reasons for its spread include lack of awareness and incomplete or missed treatment.

Even though TB is an infectious disease it is curable if proper treatment and care are given.

Prophylactics measurement should be taken in order to prevent spread of the epidemic infection.

However there is much need for planning an exhaustive review in this regard.

CONCLUSION

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