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Welded, Full Finished

Tubing & PipeStainless, Duplex, Nickel Alloys

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Janesville, Wisconsin USA

Reshaping The Future Of Tubing Technology

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Tubing ID Comparison - Photomicrographs 100x

Rath WeldedAlloy C-276

SeamlessAlloy C-276

Welded & DrawnAlloy C-276

The Rath weld seam exhibits excellent recrystallization and uniformity in

microstructure to offer strength and corrosion resistance comparable to othertube manufacturing processes.

Base Metal

Uniform Weld

Welded, Full Finished Tubing That Challenges SeamlessThe Leading

U.S. Producer Of

Welded, Full Finished

Tubing & Pipe

Oil & Gas

Pulp & Paper

Chemical/Petrochemical

Energy/Power Generation

Sugar Plants

Marine

Pollution Control

Heat Exchangers/Evaporators

General Industrial

Equipment

Foods

Dairy

Juices, Soda, Water

Automotive Paint Lines

Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology

Semiconductor

Medical/Laboratory

Rath's exclusive Micro-Weld technology and experience with the most exclusive

materials are making it possible to apply welded tubing where seamless and other

more expensive tubing choices have traditionally been used.

At the heart of this new versatility is Rath's own forming, welding and finishing

process which produces tubing with uniform grain structure and physical

properties demanded in the high temperatures and corrosive conditions

of the process industries.

This total quality process has been pioneered by Rath and begins with the

finest quality strip materials which are precisely aligned on Rath mills forforming and welding without filler material using laser, automated TIG and plasma

methods. To ensure that the weld seam has a homogenous structure on both the

ID and OD, the weld bead is cold worked by rolling forge or hammer forging

depending on tubing diameter. As a further quality step at the mill, all tubing is fully

bright-solution annealed in a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen, sized, straightened

eddy current tested, cleaned and cut to length. Nickel alloys are bright-solution

annealed off-line. The reducing atmosphere in the bright annealing process results

in a very clean tube which is then naturally passivated when exposed to oxygen.

ApplicationsWorldwide

Technical Leadership

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Rath ManufacturingCompany, Inc.

Rath

Micro-Weld

Identification

SizeCountry of Origin

1.000 xMADE IN USA

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3

WELD

Reverse Bend

Rath's Metallurgical Test Lab offers a complete range of destructive tests to ensure weldedtubing quality which meets or exceeds customer specifications.

Polished surfaces are measured inaccordance with ASTM A270 Supplement

2, Rath specifications and ASME/ANSIB46.1, which requires that profilometer

measurements be made at 90 degreesto the major polishing pattern.

Rath technical bulletins arepublished on importanttopics such as performancecharacteristics of alloys and

processes, corrosion data,specifications, and relatedsubjects. These bulletinsare also posted online foreasy access.

A full range of corrosion testingprocedures is performed byexperienced personnel.

Personal attention toquality is exemplified

by mill operatorsinitials which are

stenciled onevery tube.

From the highly corrosive environments of chemical process heat exchangers to the

ultra purity requirements of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, Rath tubing is

made to withstand the toughest conditions.

Proven Results In Demanding Services

Heat Number

Employee Initials

Quality

WELD

Reverse Flattening

WELD

Flattening Flange

Specification

icroWeld 0.065AVG TP316/TP316L SA249/A270 BAS HT92

Alloy

Leading the way in corrosion testing and research, Rath engineers are continuously

developing new forming, welding and finishing procedures to exceed all criteria

established by ASTM, ASME, DIN, ECN, ISO and other industry, as well as customer

specifications. Test results are also verified by cooperative testing with leading material

suppliers as well as independent testing laboratories.

Standard ASTM corrosion tests for detecting susceptibility to inter-granular corrosion in

various environments (A262), weld decay in hydrochloric acid (A249/S7), detection ofdetrimental secondary phases (A923, G28 and G48), and susceptibility to stress

corrosion cracking (G36) are performed on a regular basis to ensure customer

satisfaction. In many instances, the Rath weld seam out-performs the strip and base

material with lower corrosion rates (mpy), providing an added assurance of quality.

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Being on the forefront of welded tubing

technology also enables Rath ManufacturingCompany to bring our customers the advantage

of first class service. When you contact us, our

sales professionals provide quick answers to your

questions about pricing and manufacturing

lead times, utilizing our sophisticatedinformation system.

This system is continually updated to provide

instant access to mill schedules, raw material

availability, as well as time projections for testing

and other special services that may be called for

in customers orders. We also provide support

th h b t ti l t i l i t i l

Fast Quotations andOn-Time Delivery

Service

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PAGE

Manufacturing Process

Materials 4

Welding 4Annealing 5

Eddy Current Testing 5

Packaging 4

Quality Procedures & Testing

Inspection 6

Destructive Testing 6

Corrosion Testing 7

Customer Service

Information Systems 8

Technical Support 9

C O N T E N T S

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4

Exceeding all requirements of ASTM and ASME specifications, Rath engineers continuallyexamine each phase of production, refining the methods and the tolerances which are so

important to production of tubing that performs with superior characteristics in every

installation.

RAW MATERIALSManufactured to Rathspecifications. Closely monitored

dimensional tolerances,chemical composition,physical properties andmill finish

WELDINGThree different processes areused on Rath mills, none ofwhich utilizes filler material.

WELD BEAD REFINEMENTTwo different methods are usedby Rath to ensure completeblending of the weld bead withparent material, leading to thehighest levels of corrosionresistance for all tubing andpipe grades.

FINISHINGRath offers a complete range ofsurface finishes. Mechanical polishing of the ID to

20 -inRa maximum and theOD to 30 -in Ra maximum.

Electropolishing to 10 -in Ra or15 -in Ra maximum withpackaging and cleaning in theRath Class 5 Cleanroom.

PACKAGINGPolished finishes are normally individually poly wrapped and shipped in cardboardboxes (electropolished grades are polyamide patched, capped and sleeved perspecification and shipped in wood boxes). Commercial quality tubing is shipped in square or hex bundles in truck load

quantities. Triple-wall cardboard or wood boxes are available for smaller quantities. Bar coded labeling ensures proper routing and identification.

Hammer forging technologyis used for commercial tubingand pipe sizes. Advantages include uniformity

in weld bead dimension andstructure for the larger andheavier wall products whichare often specified forcommercial applications.

Bead rolling and related

processes, provide smoothsurface finishes required byhygienic and high purityapplications. Each of these processes cold

work the weld bead from boththe ID and OD making theweld bead almost undetectableto the human eye.

Modern Laser Welding offershigh productivity along with lowdistortion. Materials are fused with pinpoint

accuracy A more homogenous micro-

structure is achieved Excellent corrosion resistance

TIG welding, a traditional

process, utilizes a gastungsten arc in a fully automatedprocess providing welded surfacesthat are precisely blended on boththe ID and OD. Superior cosmetic properties

Plasma arc welding offersexcellent thick section penetrationwith smaller heat affected zonesfor superior welded pipe.

FORMINGPrecise strip alignment and rollforming allow: Greater uniformity in weld

structure Consistent OD and wall

tolerances Excellent concentricity

Every step is important to welded tubing performance.Every step is done better by the Rath process.

Manufacturing Process

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Courtesyof the

AmericanWelding

Society

LL

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Headquartered in a185,000 square foot facilityin Janesville, WisconsinU.S.A., Rath develops itsown technology whichincludes 16 tubing millsdesigned and built by Rathemployees. Innovations inlaser welding, in-line andoff-line bright annealing,electropolishing, and othermanufacturing processescontinually expand the

range of product solutionsavailable.

BRIGHT ANNEALING(Heat Treating)Temperatures up to 2220 F(1214 C) followed by Rathsrapid quench process ensuresproper microstructures andmaterial performance.The reducing atmosphereremoves any oxideson the tube.

CLEANINGRemoves lubricantresidues from sizing andstraightening operations.

PASSIVATIONThe clean tube is thennaturally passivated whenexposed to oxygen. Atenacious film of oxide isformed to protect thetubing.

EDDY CURRENT TESTINGPerformed in accordance withASTM E426, is done in-line atthe tube mill as well as afteroff-line annealing. Checks for any possible

defects such as cracks orholes in any portion ofthe tube.

All Eddy Current TestOperators are ASNTSNT-TC-1A certified.

PRECISION SIZINGEnsures uniformity in tubingroundness. Maintains tolerances better

than ASTM specifications

STRAIGHTENINGAll tubes are straightened atthe mill to tolerances better thanthe standard commercialtolerance of 0.030 in 3.

STENCILINGProvides material traceabilityand accountability informationfor distributors and end users.

CUTTING AND INSPECTIONTubing is cut to length at thefinal stage of mill operations, inlengths up to 80 feet Typical stock random mill

length: 20 0 (+1/4/-0). Mill operators also perform

final deburring and inspectionon every tube prior to packing.

OFF-LINE BRIGHTANNEALING In a hydrogenatmosphere, allows Rath tooffer a wide range of nickelalloys for use in processindustries.

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6

Quality Procedures & Testing

Rath

Quality Policy

Statement

The employees of Rath

Manufacturing Company, Inc.

are committed to providing

the highest quality products

and related services. Rath

Manufacturing Company, Inc.

will meet or exceed the

requirements of our

customers by continuing to

seek ways to improve our

products, processes

and procedures.

Rath has developed a comprehensive program of quality procedures as well as

testing services, many of which are conducted in our Metallurgical Test Lab.

Rath internal test criteria typically exceed that of ASTM/ASME. Eddy current

testing is standard on all tubing classes. Additional testing may be included for

other services as required by specification.

Rath Inspection

Rath Destructive TestsPerformed as appropriate per specification

Also conducted in the Rath Metallurgical Test lab:

(see page 3 for more information about these procedures.)

Reverse bend Flattening Reverse flattening Flange

Rockwell HardnessTensile Strength Hydrostatic Air Under Water

Mill operators audittube productionfollowing adetailed checklistinvolving eddycurrent testing,monitoring ofprocess controlsplus dimensionaland physicalinspectioncriteria.

Bore-scoping

provides an insideview of the weldseam throughoutthe length ofeach tube.

Electropolished tubing isvisually examined in theClass 5 Cleanroom.

Profilometer readings oftubing surfaces are performedon all sanitary tubing classes.See page 20 for furtherinformation.

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Harley B. KaplenPresident andChief Executive Officer

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7

To monitor homogeneity of Rath's weld seams and to provide a continuing bank of information for tubing

specifiers, several test procedures are being applied to an expanding range of tubing and pipe alloys. Resulting

data are also supported with photomicrographs. These results generally indicate that when tested to ASTM

G28A or G28B, Rath's welded tubing/pipe exhibits corrosion resistance which is equal to or better than the

strip base material.

Boiling ferric sulfate/50% Sulfuric acid.

Rath Corrosion Testing

All nickel alloy tubing and pipe is routinelycorrosion-tested by Rath as well as other sources,

including independent laboratories and strip materialsuppliers. The following procedures and typical data

are merely a sampling of Rath's corrosion testingprogram which complies with ASTM G-28A and/orA923C. For further information, contact your Rath

sales representative. Also visit our website regularlyfor updated data which may be helpful for

your application.

100x MagnificationHeat No. Z0670CG

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

100x MagnificationHeat No. Z9499CG

Example 1: Alloy C-276

Procedure: ASTM G-28A Detection of Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion

24 hour exposure in ferric chloride solution at 25C.

100x MagnificationHeat No. 175

100x MagnificationHeat No. 775P

Example 1: Duplex 2205

Procedure: A923 Practice C Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phases

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C

orrosionRate(mpy)

10

8

6

4

2

0

CorrosionRate(mdd)

Maximum allowableis 10 mdd.

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RathWorldwideCustomer

Base

8

Rath has a good track record ofbeing consistent. They're always solid on

quality and in their delivery on the

dates they promise.

Tubing and Pipe Distributor

Using technology to provide continuing improvements in customer service, Rath has always

attempted to maximize what can be accomplished with technology, even reinventing if

necessary the methods available to keep everyone in touch with customers and the status of

their orders.

Rath's Integrated Business System is a shining example of that commitment to technology.

This new system ties the company's inside functions Quotations, Order Entry, Materials

Management, Scheduling and Shipping to a worldwide link of customers as well as

Rath management.

The benefits include greater flexibility in meeting customer requirements wherever they may

originate, with up-to-the-minute reporting of capacities at every level of production. Customers

can also check their order status at any time of day or night, using the Rath Preferred Link

secure web site that has many other features that customers can use as business tools.

On-time delivery performance

Extensive material inventories to meet customer needs

Modern integrated software system for efficiency

Fast quotations, often completed right on the phone

All backed with the pride and accountability of Rath Employees

Quoting Order Entry Scheduling Production Shipping Realtime Order Tracking

Our Customer-Driven Philosophy Means:

Rath Manufacturing Technology Link

WebServer

RathSalesTeam

Internet/Worldwide Web

ERPDatabase

Server

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Customer Service

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9

Widely recognized for the quality of our sales and

engineering support, only Rath Manufacturing Company

offers so much in the way of on-going technical services.

Look to us for the most knowledgeable staff plus

technical information in many forms including articlesabout new alloys and related subjects. We also conduct

technical training workshops each year to ensure that

our customers are fully informed about Rath

quality

standards, range of products, specifications, and other

factors which are important to meeting customer

requirements.

Online support is just a click away onwww.rathmfg.com, where a vast amount ofinformation can be accessed any time of dayor night. Product and company news,industry developments, corrosion data andspecification literature are regularly updatedfor easy reference. The site also includes somehelpful calculators for bursting and collapsingpressures and other technical information thatmay be useful when preparing specifications.

Technical Training workshops for distributors andcustomers are offered at Rath facilities. Conducted by

Rath managers and other leading authorities onmetallurgy and tubing applications, the curriculum

includes sessions on corrosion testing, specifications,industry trends in application of different

alloys, and other helpful topics.

Registered customers of Rath can

utilize a secure website area which is

maintained just for them. The Rath

Preferred Linkenables ordering online,

viewing order history as well as checkingprojected ship dates for current orders.

This exclusive area is also a valuable

resource for material test reports (MTR's)

which are maintained for individual

customers. With its simple search engine,

the Preferred Linkallows customers to

display and download reports for printing

or forwarding as appropriate. Other useful

features are also being planned for future

expansion of this popular website tool.

www.rathmfg.com

We Go To Extra Lengths InTechnical Support

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10

Established by the Rathfamily as a stainlesssteel fabrication shop inJanesville, Wisconsin

1952

First production of weldedtubing for food and dairyindustries (ASTM A270specification)

1975

Production of welded tubingfor commercial applications(ASTM A249, ASTM A269)

1986

Rath ManufacturingCompany becomes anoperating unit of Dubin &Clark Investment Group

1991

Off-line annealer added forNickel Alloy markets

1993

Acquired by Liberty CapitalInvestment Group

1995

On-site electropolish facility isoperational, producing 10 -in Raand 15 -in Ra maximum finishesfor high purity markets

1996

Laser mills added forincreased capacity

1997

Acquired Gibson Tube

1999

Awarded ISO 9001registration

2000

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Corporate Profile

PED by TUV Certification

2003

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We know that Rath has themost experience with nickel alloys and

other new materials.

That's a big advantage on any

process involving high corrosion

and heat. Process Engineer

11

ALLOYS UNS NO. WERKSTOFF NR. SPECIFICATIONS*

Stainless Steel(Austenitic) 304 S30400 1.4301 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

304L S30403 1.4306 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312304H S30409 1.4948 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

316 S31600 1.4401 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

316L** S31603 1.4404 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

316H S31609 1.4919 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

317L S31703 1.4438 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

309S S30908 1.4833 A/SA249, A/SA312

310S S31008 1.4845 A/SA249, A/SA312

321 S32100 1.4541 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

347 S34700 1.4550 A269, A/SA249, A/SA312

Duplex Alloys 2205 S31803/S32205 1.4462 A/SA789, A/SA790

2507 S32750 1.4410 A/SA789, A/SA7907 MO+ S32950 - A/SA789, A/SA790

Nickel Alloys 20 N08020 2.4660 B/SB468, B/SB464

200 N02200 2.4066 B725, B730

C276 N10276 2.4819 B/SB626, B/SB619

400 N04400 2.4360 B725, B730

600 N06600 2.4816 B/SB516, B/SB517

22 N06022 2.4602 B/SB626, B/SB619

625 N06625 2.4856 B/SB704, B/SB705

686 N06686 2.4606 B/SB626, B/SB619

800, 800H, 800HT N08800, N08810, N08811 1.4876 B/SB515, B/SB514

825 N08825 2.4858 B/SB704, B/SB705904L N08904 1.4539 A269, A/SA249, B/SB674

A/SA312, B/SB673

6-Moly 6-Moly N08926 1.4529 A269, A/SA249, B/SB674

A/SA312, B/SB673

6-Moly N08367 1.4529 A/SA249, B/SB676

A/SA312, B/SB675, A269

6-Moly S31254 - A/SA249, A269, A270

Super Ferritic 29-4 S44735 - A/SA268

XM-27 S44627 - A/SA268

444 S44400 - A/SA268

* Note: The specifications noted include ASTM, ASME, or other applicable

authorities and are correct at time of publication. Other specifications

may apply for use of these materials in different applications.

**Available with electropolished IDs for ultra purity applications. Refer to

page 21 for further information about Rath True10 and True15

electropolished tubing series.

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Product Range

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12

WALL THICKNESS, INCH

NPS(in.) OD(in./mm) 0.065 0.083 0.091 0.109 0.113 0.120 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.191 0.203 0.216 0.226

0.375 0.675/17.15 0.427 0.573(SCH 10) (SCH 40)

0.500 0.840/21.34 0.543 0.677 0.859(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40)

0.750 1.050/00.00 0.690 0.865 1.14(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40)

1.000 1.315/33.4 0.876 1.41 1.69(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40)

1.250 1.660/42.12 1.11 1.82 2.29 3.02(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40) (SCH 80)

1.500 1.900/48.26 1.28 2.10 2.74 3.71(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40) (SCH 80)

2.000 2.375/00.00 1.61 2.66 3.68 5.02(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40) (SCH 80)

2.500 2.875/00.00 2.49 3.56 5.84(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40)

3.000 3.500/00.00 3.05 4.37 7.64(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40)

3.500 4.000/00.00 3.50 5.01 9.19(SCH 5) (SCH 10) (SCH 40)

Stock lengths: 20 or 21 feet depending on alloys. Other lengths available.

Weight (lbs./ft) = 10.78 (D-t)t

Where: D = Outside Diameter, inch

t = Minimum Wall Thickness, inch

Nominal Standard Weight: Pounds Per Foot (Austenitic Stainless Steel) ASTM A530

To determine weights for other alloys, multiply the value shown by the factors in Table A

Because Rath offers so manydiameters and wall thicknesses, we cancover most requirements from

one source.

Tubing and Pipe Distributor

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Pipe Sizes

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13

Nominal Standard Weight: Pounds Per Foot (Austenitic Stainless Steel) ASTMA450To determine weights for other alloys, multiply the value shown by the factors in Table A.

OD (in./mm) GAUGE: 22 20 18 16 14 12 11 10

0.500/12.7 0.142 0.175 0.238 0.305

0.625/00.00 0.180 0.223 0.304 0.392 0.485

0.750/00.00 0.218 0.270 0.370 0.480 0.597 0.753

0.875/00.00 0.256 0.317 0.436 0.568 0.709 0.900 0.977

1.000/00.00 0.293 0.364 0.502 0.655 0.820 1.04 1.13

1.125/00.00 0.331 0.411 0.568 0.743 0.932 1.19 1.30

1.250/00.00 0.369 0.458 0.634 0.830 1.04 1.34 1.46

1.375/00.00 0.407 0.506 0.700 0.918 1.15 1.48 1.62

1.500/00.00 0.444 0.553 0.766 1.00 1.26 1.63 1.78 1.97 2.05

1.625/00.00 0.600 0.832 1.09 1.38 1.78 1.94 2.15 2.24

1.750/00.00 0.647 0.899 1.18 1.49 1.92 2.10 2.33 2.43

2.000/00.00 0.741 1.03 1.35 1.71 2.22 2.43 2.69 2.80

2.125/00.00 0.789 1.09 1.44 1.82 2.36 2.59 2.87 2.99

2.250/00.00 0.836 1.16 1.53 1.93 2.51 2.75 3.05 3.18

2.375/00.00 0.883 1.22 1.61 2.05 2.66 2.91 3.23 3.37

2.500/00.00 0.930 1.29 1.70 2.16 2.80 3.07 3.41 3.56

2.625/00.00 1.36 1.79 2.27 2.95 3.24 3.59 3.75

2.750/00.00 1.42 1.88 2.38 3.10 3.40 3.77 3.932.875/00.00 1.49 1.96 2.49 3.25 3.56 3.95 4.12

3.000/00.00 1.55 2.05 2.61 3.39 3.72 4.14 4.31

3.500/00.00 2.40 3.05 3.98 4.37 4.86 5.07

4.000/00.00 2.75 3.50 4.57 5.10 5.58 5.82

Stock lengths: 20 feet. Others available.

Weight (lbs./ft) = 10.78 (D-t)t

Where: D = Outside Diameter, inch

t = Minimum Wall Thickness, inch

WALL THICKNESS, (in.) 0.028 0.035 0.049 0.065 0.083 0.109 0.120 0.134 0.140(mm) 0.711 0.889 1.24 1.65 2.11 2.77 3.05 3.40 3.56

Alloy Weight Factor 444 0.98

2205 0.99

200 1.122

400 1.122

600 1.071

625 1.067

Alloy Weight Factor 800 1.004

825 1.028

904L 1.014

Alloy 20 1.021

6-Mo 1.035

C276 1.122

TABLE A

CONVERSION FACTORS TO DETERMINE WEIGHTS FOR OTHER ALLOYS

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Stainless Steel

Tubing: manufactured to ASTM A249/A269, ASTM A270 and ASME SA249 requirements.

Pipe: manufactured to ASTM A312 and ASME SA312 requirements.

ALLOY 304 304L 316 316L 317L 309S 310S

UNS NO. S30400 S30403 S31600 S31603 S31703 S30908 S31008

ElementsCarbon, max. (C) 0.08 0.035 0.08 0.035 0.035 0.08 0.08

Manganese, max. (Mn) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Phosphorous, max. (P) 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.045

Sulfur, max. (S) 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030

Silicon, max. (Si) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Nickel (Ni) 8.00-11.0 8.00-13.0 10.0-14.0 10.0-15.0 11.0-15.0 12.0-15.0 19.0-22.0

Chromium (Cr) 18.0-20.0 18.0-20.0 16.0-18.0 16.0-18.0 18.0-20.0 22.0-24.0 24.0-26.0

Molybdenum (Mo) N/A N/A 2.00-3.00 2.00-3.00 3.00-4.00 0.75 0.75

Iron (Fe) Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.

Titanium (Ti)Columbium(a) (Cb)

&Tantalum (Ta)

Nitrogen, max. (N)

(a) also known as Niobium (Nb)

Nickel Alloys

Tubing and Pipe: manufactured to ASTMand ASME Di

ALLOY 200 400

UNS NO. N02200 N04400

ElementsNickel (Ni) 99.0 Min.(a) 63.0 Min.(a)

Chromium (Cr)

Iron (Fe) 0.40 Max. 2.5 Max.

Molybdenum (Mo)

Titanium, max. (Ti)

Aluminum, max. (Al)

Cobalt, max. (Co)

Tungsten (W)

Vanadium, max. (V)Copper, max. (Cu) 0.25 28.0-34.0

Manganese, max. (Mn) 0.35 2.0

Niobium(b)(c) (Nb)

Carbon, max. (C) 0.15 0.3

Nitrogen, max. (N)

Silicon, max. (Si) 0.35 0.5

Sulfur, max. (S) 0.01 0.024

Phosphorous (P)

(a) Plus Cobalt

(b) PlusTantalum

(c) also known as Columbium (Cb)14

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Chemical Composition (%)

Super Ferritic

Tubing and Pipe: manufactured to ASTM A268 and ASME SA268 requirements.

ALLOY 29-4 XM-27 444

UNS NO. S44735 S44627 S44400

ElementsCarbon (C) 0.030 0.01 0.025

Maganese (Mn) 1.00 0.40 1.00

Nickel (Ni) 1.00 Max. (+Cu) 0.5 Max. 0.50 Max.

Phosphorus (P) 0.040 0.02 0.040

Sulfur (S) 0.030 0.02 0.030

Silicon (Si) 1.00 0.40 1.00

Chromium (Cr) 28.00-30.00 25.0-27.5 17.5-19.5

Molybdenum (Mo) 3.60-4.20 0.75-1.50 1.75-2.50

Copper (Cu) N/A 0.2 N/ANitrogen (N) 0.045 0.015 0.035

Titanium (Ti) (+Cb) 0.20-1.00 N/A (+Cb) 0.20 +

with 6(C+N) min 4(C+N), 0.80 Max.

Colombium(a) (Cb) N/A 0.05-0.20 N/A

(a) also known as Niobium (Nb)

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Duplex Alloys

Tubing: manufactured to ASTM A789 and ASME SA789 requirements.

Pipe: manufactured to ASTM A790 and ASME SA790 requirements.

ALLOY 2205 2205 2507 7MO+

UNS NO. S31803 S32205 S32750 S32950

Elements

Carbon, max. (C) 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.03

Manganese, max. (Mn) 2.0 2.00 1.2 2.00

Phosphorous, max. (P) 0.030 0.030 0.035 0.035

Sulfur, max. (S) 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.010

Silicon, max. (Si) 1.0 1.00 0.8 0.60

Chromium (Cr) 21.0-23.0 22.0-23.0 24.0-26.0 26.00-29.00

Nickel (Ni) 4.50-6.50 4.5-6.5 6.0-8.0 3.50-5.20

Molybdenum (Mo) 2.50-3.50 3.0-3.5 3.0-5.0 1.00-2.50

Nitrogen (N) 0.08-0.20 0.14-0.20 0.24-0.32 0.15-0.35

Iron (Fe) Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.Copper, max. (Cu) N/A N/A 0.5 N/A

321 347 904L

S32100 S34700 NO8904

0.08 0.08 0.020

2.00 2.00 2.00

0.040 0.040 0.045

0.030 0.030 0.035

0.75 0.75 1.00

9.00-13.0 9.00-13.0 23.0-28.0

17.0-20.0 17.0-20.0 19.0-23.0

N/A N/A 4.0-5.0

Bal. Bal. Bal.

5xC-0.7010xC-1.00

0.10

I Section II Requirements, as applicable.

600 625 800 825 C276 22 59 686 6-MOLY 6-MOLY 6-MOLY ALLOY 20

N06600 N06625 N08800 N08825 N10276 N06022 NO6059 N06686 N08926 N08367 S31254 N08020

72.0 Min.(a) 58.0 Min.(a) 30.0-35.0 38.0-46.0 Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. 24.0-26.0 23.50-25.5 17.5-18.5 32.0-38.0

14.0-17.0 20.0-23.0 19.0-23.0 19.5-23.5 14.5-16.5 20.0-22.5 22.0-24.0 19.0-23.0 19.0-21.0 20.0-22.0 19.5-20.5 19.0-21.0

6.0-10.0 5.0 Max. 39.5 Min. 22.0 Min. 4.0-7.0 2.0-6.0 1.5 Max. 5.0 Max. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.

8.0-10.0 2.5-3.5 15.0-17.0 12.5-14.5 15.0-16.5 15.0-17.0 6.0-7.0 6.0-7.0 6.0-6.5 2.0-3.0

0.40 0.15-0.60 0.6-1.2 0.02-0.25

0.4 0.15-0.60 0.2 0.1-0.4

1.0 2.5 2.5 0.3 Max.

3.0-4.5 2.5-3.5 3.0-4.4

.35 0.350.5 0.75 0.75 1.5-3.0 0.50 Max. 0.5-1.5 0.75 0.50-1.00 3.00-4.00

1.0 0.50 1.50 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 Max. 0.75 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00

3.15-4.15 8xC-1.0

0.15 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.010 0.015 0.010 Max. 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.02 0.07

0.15-0.25 0.18-0.25 0.18-0.22

0.5 0.50 1.0 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.010 0.08 0.5 1.00 0.80 1.00

0.015 0.015 0.015 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.010 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.035

0.015 0.04 0.02 0.015 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.045

15800-367-7284

Chemical Composition (%)

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Elongation Modulus Of Mean Coefficient Of Thermal*Tensile Strength *Yield Strength In 2 Inches Elasticity Density Thermal ExpansionB Conductivity

UNS ALLOYS (ksi) (Mpa) .2% OFFSET (ksi) (MPa) (%) (X106 psi) lb/in3 g/cc (IN./IN./Fx10-6 ) Btu-in/ft2-h-F W/m-K

Stainless Steel (Austenitic)

S30400 304 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 28.0 9.2S30403 304L 70 (485) 25 (170) 35 28.0 0.285 7.90 9.2 113 16.3

S30908 309S 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 29.0 0.287 7.95 8.7 108

S31008 310S 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 29.0 0.289 8.00 8.8 96

S31600 316 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 29.0 9.2

S31603 316L 70 (485) 25 (170) 35 29.0 0.290 8.03 9.2 100 14.6

317 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 29.0 0.286 7.96 9.2 100 14.6

S31703 317L 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 29.0 0.286 7.96 9.2

S32100 321 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 29.0 0.283 7.81 9.2 113 16

S34700 347 75 (515) 30 (205) 35 0.285 7.89 113 16

Duplex Alloys

S31803 2205 90 (620) 65 (450) 25 0.283 7.83 132 19

S32205 2205 95 (620) 70 (485) 25S32750 2507 116 (800) 80 (550) 15 27.5 0.280 7.82 7.6 98 14.2

S32950 7 MO+ 100 (690) 70 (480) 20

Super Austenitic & High Nickel Alloys59 0.311 8.60

200/201 0.321 8.88

601 0.293 8.12N08020 20 80 (551) 35 (241) 30 28 0.294 8.06 8.3 85N06022 22 100 (690) 45 (310) 45 30 0.314 8.69 6.9 66

N02200 220 55A (380)A 15A (105)A 35A 487

N04400 400 70A (480)A 28A (195)A 35A 26.0 0.318 8.82 7.7 151N06600 600 80 (550) 35 (240) 30 0.306 8.48 103

N06625 625 120 (827) 60 (414) 30 30.0 7.1 68N06686 686 100 (690) 45 (310) 45 29.7 0.315 8.73 6.67

N08800 800 75 (520) 30 (205) 30 0.287 7.94 80

N08825 825 85 (586) 35 (240) 30 28.0 0.294 8.13 7.7 77

N08904 904L 71 (490) 31 (215) 35

N08367 6-Moly 100 (690) 45 (310) 30 27.0 0.296 8.20 8.5 94

N08926 6-Moly 94 (650) 43 (295) 35 28.1 0.290 8.03 8.42 98

S31254 6-Moly 94 (650) 44 (300) 35 29 8.9 90

N10276 C-276 100 (690) 41 (283) 40 29.0 0.321 8.90 6.2 71

Ferritic & Super Ferritic Alloys

S44735 29-4 75 (515) 60 (415) 18 0.277 7.66

S44400 444 60 (415) 40 (275) 20 0.280 7.75

S44627 Xm-27 65 (450) 40 (275) 20 0.280 7.66

General Reference

B2 0.333 9.22

Cu 0.322 8.91

Titanium 0.163 4.51

* Tensile, Yield Strengths and Elongation Are MinimumsA Annealed ConditionB 32 - 212 F

Selected Alloys and Commercially Pure MetalsAnnealed Condition, -20 F to +100F

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Physical Properties

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Theoretical Internal Bursting Pressures (psi)

304 and 316 Stainless Steel Tubing at -20 F to +100 F

OD IN. 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.044 0.049 0.058 0.065 0.075 0.083 0.095 0.109 0.120

0.500 8,800 10,300 11,400 15,000 17,100 21,100 24,600

0.625 6,900 8,000 8,800 11,500 13,000 16,000 18,400

0.750 5,600 6,500 7,200 9,300 10,500 12,800 14,700 17,500 19,900 23,800 28,700

0.875 4,800 5,500 6,100 7,800 8,800 10,700 12,200 14,500 16,400 19,400 23,200 26,500

1.000 4,200 4,800 5,300 6,800 7,600 9,200 10,500 12,400 13,900 16,400 19,500 22,100

1.125 4,200 4,600 5,900 6,700 8,000 9,100 10,800 12,100 14,200 16,800 19,000

1.250 3,800 4,200 5,300 6,000 7,200 8,100 9,500 10,700 12,500 14,800 16,600

1.375 3,400 3,800 4,800 5,400 6,400 7,300 8,600 9,600 11,200 13,200 14,800

1.500 3,100 3,400 4,400 4,900 5,900 6,600 7,800 8,700 10,200 11,900 13,300

1.625 2,900 3,200 4,000 4,500 5,400 6,100 7,100 8,000 9,300 10,800 12,100

1.750 2,700 2,900 3,700 4,200 5,000 5,600 6,600 7,300 8,500 10,000 11,100

2.000 2,300 2,500 3,200 3,600 4,300 4,900 5,700 6,300 7,300 8,600 9,500

2.125 2,200 2,400 3,000 3,400 4,000 4,600 5,300 5,900 6,900 8,000 8,900

2.250 2,000 2,200 2,800 3,200 3,800 4,300 5,000 5,600 6,500 7,500 8,400

2.500 1,800 2,000 2,600 2,900 3,400 3,800 4,500 5,000 5,800 6,700 7,400

2.625 2,400 2,700 3,200 3,600 4,200 4,700 5,500 6,300 7,000

2.750 2,600 3,100 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,200 6,000 6,700

3.000 2,400 2,800 3,200 3,700 4,100 4,700 5,500 6,100

3.500 2,400 2,700 3,100 3,500 4,000 4,600 5,200

4.000 2,100 2,400 2,700 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500

WALL THICKNESS (in.)

Note: ASTM specifications do not include

recommended burst pressure requirements.

Barlows formula can be used to predict

(conservatively) the bursting pressures of

ductile thin wall tubular or cylindrical materials

due to ID pressurization. Other calculations are

appropriate to predict performance of heavy

wall and brittle materials. For further information,

contact Rath Customer Service or use the

technical reference section of our web site,

which also lists minimum strength levels whichmay be considered for guidance.

Barlows FormulaP = 2 x S x T

(OD-2xT) x SF

Where: P = ID pressure (psi)

T = Wall thickness (in)

OD = Outside Diameter (in)

SF = Safety factor (generally

1 for bursting pressure)

S = Material Strength (psi)

Ultimate tensile strength or yield strength can be used.Ultimate strength should be used to determine the bursting

pressure. Yield can be used for estimating pressures at

which permanent deformation begins.

800-367-7284

Burst Pressures

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18Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Stress Corrosion Cracking Data

Nickel Content (wt. %)Nickel Content (wt. %)

Thres

ho

ld

Stress

Intens

ity

(KISCC

),MPam1

/2

Time

to

Fa

ilure

(hours

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

444

2205

304

317

904L

ALLOY

800H

ALLOY

800

ALLOY600

321

316L

A286

304L

Cr RANGE: 15.5 - 23%

20

MINIMUM TIME

TO CRACKING

40 60 800

1

10

100

1000

NO CRACKING

CRACKING

Effects of Nickel on Stress Corrosion Cracking in Susceptible Environments

Effect of Nickel content on the stress corrosion crackingthreshold stress of various alloys in aerated aqueous22% NaCl solution at 105 C.

M.O. Speidel, Metallurgical Transactions A. Vol 12A, p779, 1981

Effect of Nickel content on susceptibility toSCC in a magnesium chloride solution boilingat 154 C.

H.R. Copson, Physical Metallurgy of Stress CorrosionFracture, Interscience, New York, p. 247, 1959.

Room temperaturetensile test equipment

(60k lb), with state-of-the-art 5 inch laserextensometer detectingstrain to failure.

Cr 18-20%

ASTM G36 Magnesium Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Test Results

Test Results on Welding TubeCLASS

CLASS ALLOY APX. NICKEL 24 HR 500HR 1000HR

Ferritic 29-4 < 1.0%

Ferritic XM-27 < 0.5%

Duplex 2205 5%

Duplex 2507 7%

Austenitic 304L 8.5%

Austenitic 316L 10% Austenitic 6% Moly 25%

Austenitic C-276 > 50% No Cracking Cracking Found

This is a very aggressive stress corrosion cracking test. In real world environmentscracking is quite rare with the 6%-moly alloys. No special efforts were made to controlstress in the above tests. Tubes under .065 A.W. with special processing will resultin the following:

Stainless Steel 304L and 316L will pass 24 hr tests Duplex 2205 will pass 24 hr tests Duplex 2507 will pass 50 hr tests

Contact technical service personnel at Rath Manufacturing regarding special requirements.

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Our projects vary from the fairlyroutine to more demanding applications

which seem to hit nearly every specification

which involves tubing.We rely on Rath to keep us up to date

on tubing materials and processes

which meet those new standards.

Design Engineer

19

Note: ASTM specifications do not include recommended service or collapsing pressure for tubes subjectto external pressure. The formulas noted below were developed by R. T. Stewart (Dean of the MechanicalEngineering Department of the University of Pittsburgh). They are considered to be a tool for estimating

only. These predictions are reported to be accurate if the tube length between supports is greater than 6times the diameter. For further information, contact Rath customer service or use the technical referencesection of our web site.

Wall Thickness (inch)

Stewart's Formula

P = 86,670 x T/OD - 1386 for P > 580 psi

P = 50,210,000 x (T/OD)3 for P < 580 psi

Where: P = Theoretical OD Collapsing

Pressure (psi)

T = Wall Thickness (in)

OD = Outside Diameter (in)

SF = Safety factor (generally

1.5 10,1 for collapsing pressure)

Collapsing Pressures

100

1000

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

4

3.5

2.5

3

2.25

21.75

1.25

1.5

1

0.75

0.5

OD (inch)

10000

Co

llaps

ing

Pressure

(ps

i)

800-367-7284

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20

Offering:A full range of alloys, special finishes, testing and packaging tailored to the exactingdemands of food and high purity services.

High Purity Service

Mechanically Polished Sanitary Tubing to 3A and

ASTM A270 Specifications

Dairy, Food and Beverage Applications

Raths Sanitary Tubing is available in 1/2" (12.7 mm)

to 4" (101.6 mm) OD sizes. Stocked in standard box

quantities for same day shipping in both 304L and

316L in 20 ft. (6.1 m) lengths. Tubing surfaces are

available bright annealed or mechanically polished ID

to 20 -in Ra (0.5 m) maximum and/or OD

polished to 30 -in Ra (0.8 m) maximum surface

roughness with ends prepared for automatic orbital

welding. This tubing is protected in heat sealed

poly sleeves to prevent contamination, then

packaged in sturdy triple-wall cardboard boxes for

optimum protection.

Request Technical Bulletin:3A Sanitary Stainless Steel Tubing

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

High Purity Solutions

Courtesy of HollandApplied Technologies

High Purity Service

Mechanically Polished, ID & OD Cleaned For High

Purity Service To BPE Specifications

Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, other High PurityApplications

Tubing specifically manufactured to the

stringent ASME BPE and ASTM A270 S2

standards in 1-1/2" (38.1 mm) to 4"(101.6 mm) OD, 20 ft. (6.1 m) lengths in 316L.

One hundred percent bore-scoped and mechanically

polished to 20 -in Ra (0.5 m) ID maximum and 30

-in Ra (0.8 m) OD maximum surface roughness

with ends prepared for automatic orbital welding.

Standard packaging consists of ID cleaning in a

certified Class 100 Cleanroom (Fed 209E) for high

purity use utilizing a 99.9999% pure electronics grade

nitrogen purge, plastic capped ends, heat sealed 6-mil

poly sleeves and wood boxes for shipment.

Request Technical Bulletin:A270-BPE

100

RO

OM

CLEANCLA

SS

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21

Ultra High Purity Service

Rath True10TM and True15TM Electropolished

Tubing for Sterile Processes

Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, SemiconductorIndustries

Raths True10 and True15 tubing is manufactured to

ASTM A270 S2 and ASME BPE standards making it

ideal for ultra high purity applications. By utilizingRaths proprietary electropolishing process, ID surface

anomalies are minimized, providing an ultra-smooth,

corrosion resistant, chromium enriched surface where

contaminants cant hide. Electropolished tubing,

processed and packaged in a certified Class 100

Cleanroom (Fed 209E), is available in 10 -in Ra

(0.25 m) and 15 -in Ra (0.4 m) maximum ID

finishes, stocked in 1/2" (12.7 mm) to 4" (101.6 mm)

OD, 20 ft. (6.1 m) lengths.

Request Technical Bulletins:

TRUE10 Electropolished Tubing

TRUE15 Electropolished Tubing

Rath Electropolishing Technology

Tubing Preparation for Ultra Purity Service

Paint Lines

Stainless Steel Tubing for Paint Lines

Ideal for Automotive and ApplianceFinishing Systems

Offered in 304L stainless steel, this tubing is prepared

to meet the production demands of high volume paint

lines. Low in carbon content and hardness, this tubing

bends easily to a tight radius, often eliminating theneed for elbows in system layouts. Rath paint line

tubing is produced in 1/2" (12.7 mm) to 3" (76.2 mm)

OD with ID finishes not to exceed 32 -in Ra (0.8 m).

All sizes are bright annealed and tested to ASTM A269.

Tubes are capped and packaged in sturdy, triple-wall

cardboard boxes for optimum protection.

Request Technical Bulletin:Stainless Steel Tubing for Paint Lines

Ready for automatic orbital

welding, end-faced tubing

from Rath offers a close

tolerance fit.

800-367-7284

100

RO

OM

CLEANCLA

SS

Courtesy ofHollandAppliedTechnologies

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22

ASM (American Society for Materials International) A professionalsociety of Material Scientists and Engineers dedicated to the collectionand distribution of information about materials and manufacturingprocesses.

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) An organization

of engineers dedicated to the preparation of design code requirements,and material and testing standards. Adopts, sometimes with minorchanges, specifications prepared by ASTM. The adopted specificationsare those approved for use under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Codeand are published by ASME in Section II of the ASME Code. The ASMEspecifications have the letter S preceding the A or the B, of theASTM specifications. The SA series are for iron base materials, whilethe SB series are for other materials such as nickel base, copper, etc.

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) A body ofindustry professionals involved in writing universally accepted steelmaterial and test specifications and standards. The "A" series ofmaterial specifications are for iron base materials, while the "B" seriesare for other materials such as nickel base, copper, etc.

Austenite - A non-magnetic metallurgical phase having a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. Except for steel compositionshaving at least 6% nickel, austenite is typically only present attemperatures above 1333F (723C).

Austenitic Stainless Steel (300 Series plus some 200) Thesegrades of stainless have chromium (roughly 18% to 30%) and nickel(roughly 6% to 20%) as their major alloying additions. They haveexcellent ductility and formability, at all temperatures, excellentcorrosion resistance and good weldability. Some have the ability to behardened by cold rolling as a final step. These grades are usually non-magnetic and are used for applications requiring good generalcorrosion resistance such as food processing, chemical processing,kitchen utensils, pots and pans, brewery tanks, sinks, wheel covers andhypodermic needles.

Bend Test A test for determining relative soundness and ductility ofa metal to be formed. The specimen is bent over a specified diameterthrough a specified angle. In welded tubing the weld is of primaryinterest.

Bright Annealing A heat treat process performed in a carefullycontrolled furnace atmosphere resulting in a clean, smooth, scale freemetal surface. During typical annealing, the heated steel combines withoxygen in the air to form an oxide layer on the steels surface. In brightannealing, the steel is heated in a furnace filled with gases, such ashydrogen or nitrogen, or in a vacuum, to prevent oxide scale formation.The material comes out of the bright anneal furnace with the samesurface as it had when it went into the furnace.

Deburring Removal of a small ridge of metal formed by upset

during a machining or cutting operation.

Duplex Stainless Steels Stainless Steels exhibiting both austeniticand ferritic, phases and characteristics.

Eddy Current Testing A nondestructive electric test procedure thatutilizes fluctuations in magnetic field strength to detect flaws inelectrically conductive materials. It is performed on tubular productsduring fabrication and in final inspection. Product is checked against aknown calibration standard for possible defects such as holes, cracks,gouges, etc. on both inside and outside surfaces of the tube.

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Glossary

Electropolishing An electrochemical method of surface finishenhancement in which the metal to be polished is exposed to asuitable electrolyte, typically an acid solution, while carefully controlledcurrent is passed between the object and a cathode. The object to bepolished is the anode, and polishing is accomplished through theuniform removal of surface metal that goes into solution. Surface finishroughness of less than 0.000,010-inch (10 micro-inch) is attainable.

Ferrite A metallurgical phase of iron having a body-centered cubiccrystalline structure. It is soft, magnetic, and less susceptible to certaincorrosion cracking than austenite.

Ferrite Number A calculated value indicating the relative ability of aparticular chemical composition of steel to form ferrite uponsolidification from the molten state. The higher the ferrite number thehigher the percent of ferrite formed. Several different ferrite numberformulas have been developed and should not be interchanged.

Ferritic Stainless Steel A magnetic grade of stainless steel havinga microstructure consisting of ferrite, including some of the 200 and400 series stainless steels. Hardness can be increased slightly by coldwork, but not by heat treatment. At lower temperatures ductility andformability is significantly less than that of austenitic grades. As the onlymajor alloying element is chromium (10 to 30 per cent depending onspecific grade) these steels are relatively inexpensive to produce andare common in automotive exhaust and ornamental applications.

Hardness Resistance to deformation or indentation. Materials withlittle resistance are called soft; and those with high resistance are calledhard. Finer grained structures are harder than larger grained structures.Measured in steel by scientific instruments as follows:Brinell machine for sizes over 1/2" in diameter or thickness. Based onmeasurement of the diameter of the indentation of a standard size ballunder a standard applied load.Rockwell machine for sizes under 1/2" in diameter or thickness.Based on a measurement of the depth of penetration of a standardindentor under a standard applied load.

B scale for soft materials such as brass, stainless steel (1/8" ball@ 100Kg load)

T scale for very thin (

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Intergranular Corrosion Corrosion that occurs at the grainboundaries in austenitic stainless steels that have been heated to andheld at temperatures between 850 F and 1450 F. Slow coolingthrough this range can also result in sensitization to intergranularcorrosion. Usually caused by precipitation of chrome carbides.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Preparesspecifications. Both Canada and the U.S.A. are ISO members andparticipate in the ISO specification development.

Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A measure of the

incremental change in size of a material experienced when it issubjected to a temperature change. It is measured in inches/inch/ F.This number multiplied by the length of the tubing (in inches) and bythe temperature change (in F) indicates how much the tube lengthwill change (in inches). If the temperature decreases, the tube willshrink by a similar amount.

Modulus of Elasticity A ratio of stress to strain. Used inengineering calculations to determine rigidity and deflection underload. The higher the number, the more rigid the item will be for agiven load. The units are in pounds per square inch (psi).

NiDI Abbreviation for the Nickel Development Institute. A group ofengineering professionals dedicated to the distribution of informationregarding the selection and application of nickel alloyed materials.

Orbital Weld A circumferential, full fusion weld used to jointogether two lengths of tubing. It is usually a GTAW welding processsimilar in nature to the longitudinal weld seam of a welded tubularproduct.

Oxidation An electro-chemical reaction in which oxygen attacks ametal surface to form a metallic oxide, such as rust or the protective layeron stainless steel.

Passivation Modification of a chemically active surface of a metalto a much less reactive state, resulting in improved corrosionresistance. Achieved by naturally occurring oxidation, coating, plating,or painting.

Profilometer An instrument that quantitatively measures surface

roughness and reports height and/or depth of surface ridges.

P.S.I. (Pounds per square inch) A unit of pressure measurement.

Recrystallization (1) Formation of a new, strain-free grainstructure from that existing in cold worked metal, usually accomplishedby heating (solution annealing of austenitic stainless steels). (2) Thechange from one crystal structure to another, as occurs when heatingor cooling through a critical temperature. As in the change of an as-welded dendritic structure to an equi-axed grain structure, similar tothat of the parent material.

Reflectivity A measure of the optical properties or brightness of ametallic surface expressed in terms of the percentage of the impingingillumination that is reflected back from that surface.

Roughness Average (Ra) An expression of measured surfaceroughness or texture, typically, of a polished or machined metal surface.The arithmetic average value of the departure (peaks and valleys) of asurface profile from the center-line throughout the sampling length,generally expressed in micro-inch (0.000,001-inch) or micro-meter (ormicron) (0.0003937-inch) units.

Schedule, Pipe A means of indicating the wall thickness of pipe sizes,as set forth in ASME B36.1 and ASTM A530 and B775. Commonly availablepipe schedules are Schedules 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80. The actual wallthickness of a schedule number varies with the nominal pipe size or

diameter (e.g.: 1/2" Sch 40 = 0.109" while 2" Sch 40 = 0.154"). A highernumber schedule indicates a thicker wall for a particular pipe diameter. (Seepage 12).

Springback The tendency of a material deformed under load to returnto its original shape when the load is removed, like a rubber band returningto its unstretched condition when an applied load is released. Springbackoccurs in the elastic deformation regime, or at loads less than the yieldstrength of the material.

Stainless Steel The broad classification of iron-base alloys (50%minimum iron) containing at least 10% chromium that are known fortheir excellent corrosion and heat resistance. Other elements are alsoadded to form alloys for special purposes, in addition to the corrosionresistance imparted by the chromium. Some of these elements are: nickelfor increased corrosion resistance, ductility and workability; molybdenumfor increased corrosion resistance, particularly resistance to pitting,increased creep strength and high temperature strength; columbium andtitanium for stabilization; sulfur and selenium for improved machinability.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking Catastrophic failure by generallytransgranular cracking occurring in stainless steels and other metals. It iscaused by combined action of a corrosive environment and stress, oftenwithout outward appearance of general corrosion attack.

Tensile Strength A short form of ultimate tensile strength. Themaximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensilestrength is calculated from the maximum load during the tension testcarried to rupture and the original cross section area of the specimen.

Tensile Testing A procedure used to determine the load at which amaterial will begin to plastically deform (the tensile yield strength) andultimately at which it will break (the ultimate tensile strength). Resulting testvalues are a ratio of applied load (pounds) to cross-sectional area of thetest sample (square inches) and are expressed in units of pounds persquare inch (psi) or in metric units of megaPascals (MPa).

TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) A welding process that uses a non-consumabletungsten electrode to provide an electric arc to melt a work piece. Inertgases are used to shield the arc and the weld puddle to prevent oxidationduring cooling. Used for heat exchanger, condenser and sanitary tubing.

Tubing Dimensions O.D.- outside diameter.I.D.- inside diameter.Wall thickness or gauge.All tube dimensions are specific; pipe dimensions are nominal.Specific - actual measurements in inches.Nominal - theoretical or stated value of a dimension.

Ultimate Tensile Strength The stress in pounds per square inch(psi) that causes the material to fracture.

Weld Decay Test- A corrosion test developed for the black liquorindustries (pulp/paper, sugar refining) to detect susceptibility of stainlesssteel weldments to attack by boiling hydrochloric acid cleaning solutions.

Test results are reported as a ratio of the change in thickness of the weldto the change in thickness of the base material. A ratio of 1.0:1 indicatesno difference between weld and base metal. A ratio of 1.25:1 indicatesthat the weld thickness changed by 25% more than the base materialdid.

Yield Strength The calculated stress value at which a tensile testspecimen experiences a plastic change in length with an increase inapplied load. The yield strength of a material must be exceeded toachieve a permanent change in shape (i.e. forming or bending). Appliedloads of less than the yield strength result in spring back, or the tendencyfor a material to return to its original shape when the load is removed.

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16Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Specifications Page

A249 SA249 Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler,Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and

Condenser Tubes

Pressure tubing, also covers weldedand drawn tubing. Cold work,

annealing and electric NDT required.

304L, 304, 304H, 309S, 310S, 316L,316, 317L, 317, 321, 347, S31254,

N08926, N08904, and others. S1stress-relieved annealed. S2 minimumwall. S3 air under water testing. S4Stabilizing Anneal. S6 for A262,practice E. S9 E273, or E213.

ASTM ASME Title Title Title

A262 Detecting Susceptibility tointergranular Attack in AusteniticStainless Steels

Standard practices (A-F) for detectingsensitization.

304L, 316L, 321, 347, and others.Contact Rath technical representativesfor help selecting correct practice/alloycombinations.

A269 Seamless and Welded AusteniticStainless Steel Tubing for GeneralService

General Service. No cold workrequired. Annealing and electric NDTrequired

304L, 304, 316L, 316, 317, 321, 347,S31254, N08926, N08904, and others.S1 stress-relieved annealed. S2 airUnder Water testing. S3 stabilizing heat

treatment. S4 A262 practice E.

A270 Seamless and Welded AusteniticStainless Steel Sanitary Tubing

Sanitary and high purity service.Annealing and electric NDT required.

304, 304L, S31254, 316, 316L, N08926,and N08367. S1 A262 practice E. S2pharmaceutical caped, sleeved andboxed.

A312 SA312 Seamless and Welded AusteniticStainless Steel Pipes

Austenitic pipe. Annealing required.Hydrostatic or electric NDT testingrequired.

304L, 304, 304H, 309S, 310S, 316L,316, 317L, 317, 321, 347, S31254,N08926, N08904, and others.

A380 Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivationof Stainless Steel Equipment, andSystems

Standard practices. Cleaning andtests to determine if cleaning waseffective. Free iron tests are useful!

Austenitic alloys.

A554 Welded Stainless SteelMechanical Tubing.

Special shapes, and ornamentalapplications. No annealing, cold workor electric NDT required.

304, 304L, 309S, 310S, 316, 316L, 317,321, 347 , and others.

A632 Seamless and Welded AusteniticStainless Steel Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service

Product Under _ Diameter. 304, 304L, 310, 316, 316L, 317, 321and others. S1 dye penetrantinspection. S2 A262 practice E.Supplement 3 for thermocouple clean.

A688 SR688 Welded Austenitic Stainless SteelFeedwater Heater Tubes

Feedwater tubes including U-bent. S1 eddy current inspection, calibrationtube with EDM notches. S2 eddycurrent inspection except for EDMnotches on calibration tube. S4 A262practice E.

A789 SA789 Seamless and WeldedFerritic/Austenitic Stainless SteelTubing for General Service

Duplex tubing general service. S31803, S32205, S32750, S32950, andothers. S1 air-underwater pressuretesting.

A790 SA790 Seamless and WeldedFerritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

Duplex pipe for general service. S31803, S32205, S32750, S32950, andothers.

A999 General Requirements for Alloy andStainless Steel Pipe

General requirements for pipe. All alloys called out in productspecifications such as A312. ReplacesA530.

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17

Specifications Page

ASTM ASME Title Title Title

A1015 Guide for Videoborescoping ofTubular Products for SanitaryApplications

Standardizes techniques and definessome special terminology.

A1016 General Requirements for FerriticAlloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, andStainless Steel Tubes

New general specification for A249and others. Replacing A450.

All alloys called out in productspecifications such as A249. The useof product specifications such as A249,automatically invoke specifiedelements of the general specification.Replaces A450.

B464 SB464 Welded UNS N08020, N08024, andN08026 Alloy Pipe

Pipe product. Alloy 20 and others. S1 A262practice B or E.

B468 SB468 Welded UNS N08020, N08024, andN08026 Alloy Tube

Tube product. Alloy 20 and others. S1 A262practice B or E.

B514 SB514 Welded Nickel-Iron-ChromiumAlloy Pipe

Pipe product. Alloy 800, 800H, and others.

B515 SB515 Welded Nickel-Iron-ChromiumAlloy Tube

Tube product. Alloy 800, 800H, and others.

B516 SB516 Welded Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloy Tubes

Tube product. Alloy 600 and others.

B517 SB517 Welded Nickel-Chromium-IronAlloy Pipe

Pipe product. Alloy 600 and others.

B619 SB619 Welded Nickel and Nickel-CobaltAlloy Pipe

Pipe product. Alloy C276, 622 (N06022), 686, 59and others.

B626 SB626 Welded Nickel and Nickel-CobaltAlloy Tube

Tube product. Alloy C276, 622 (N06022), 686, 59and others.

B704 SB704 Welded UNS N06625, N06219, andUNS N08825 Alloy Tube

Pipe product. Alloy 20 and others. S1 A262practice B or E.

B464 SB464 Welded UNS N08020, N08024, andN08026 Alloy Pipe

Tube product. Alloy 625, 825 and others

B705 SB705 Welded UNS N06625, N06219, andUNS N08825 Alloy Pipe

Pipe product. Alloy 625, 825 and others

B725 Welded Nickel (UNS N02200/N02201)and Nickel Copper Alloy (UNSN04400) Pipe

Pipe product. Nickel 200, 201, and alloy 400

B730 Welded Nickel (UNS N02200/N02201)and Nickel Copper Alloy (UNSN04400) Tube.

Tube product. Nickel 200, 201, and alloy 400

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16Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Test Procedures

Test Comment Time Alloys AF Type of Test

G28 A Intergranular Corrosion Susceptibility Alloy All alloys Std practice Ferric Sulfate Sulfuric Acid dependant

B 23%H2SO4, 1.2%HCl, 1%FeCl3 + 1% CuCl2 24 hr 622, 59, Std practice686, 276

G36 Boiling 45% Magnesium Chloride for Stress 48 hr All alloys Std PracticeCorrosion Cracking Resistance (SCC)

G48 A Ferric Chloride (6% FeCl3) Pitting Test (22 & 50C) 72 hr All alloys Std Practicestandard

B Ferric Chloride (6%) Crevice Corrosion Test (22 & 50C) 72 hr All alloys Std Practicestandard

C Ferric Chloride (6%) Critical Pitting Temperature Test 72 hr All alloys Std Practicestandard

D Critical Crevice Corrosion Test 72 hr All alloys Std Practicestandard

A249 S7 Weld Decay 24 hr 304, Non laser Acceptance316, 317

A262 A Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular 8 hr AcceptanceAttack - Oxalic Acid Etch Screening Test & Screening

B Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Not for Mo AcceptanceAttack Ferric Sulfate containing

C Nitric Acid (65%) (Huey Test) 10 days!! 304L, 304L Acceptancenever 316L

E Copper Copper Sulfate - 24 hr All alloys AcceptanceSulfuric acid (A249 S6)

F E with 50% Sulfuric for castings 120 hr All Alloys Acceptance

A923 A Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test 2 hr Duplex Acceptance& Screening

B Charpy Impact Test, Requires thick wall! 1 week Duplex Acceptance

C Ferric Chloride Corrosion test, pH =1 25C for 2205 24 hr Duplex Acceptance

Green Death 11.9% H2SO4 + 1.3% HCl + 1% 72 hr High nickel AcceptanceFeCl3 + 1%CuCl2. pitting alloys

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17800-367-7284

Design Issues

Y of Corrosion

Nitric, Chromic, Concentrated

Sulfuric, Peracetic Acid,Oxidizing Salts

OXIDIZINGCr

Ti693

690310

601800304 SS

Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic,

Dilute Sulphuric, Phosphoric,

Oxalic and Alkaline Salts

REDUCINGNi

MoB alloys

Nickel 200400

Copper-Nickel

Carbon Steel

686

622

C-276

617625

825

25-6Mo

904L

2205

316 SS

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16Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

Metric Specification Chart

Actual Pipe

OD Wall NPS ISO DIN BS-OD SMS

(in) (mm) (in) (mm) (4200) (11850) (std) (3008)

0.500 12.70 0.065 1.65 DN 1/2

0.540 13.72 0.2500.675 17.15 0.375

0.677 17.20 0.063 1.60 ISO DN 10

0.750 19.05 0.065 1.65 DN 3/4

0.748 19.00 0.059 1.50 DIN DN 15

0.839 21.30 0.063 1.60 ISO DN 15

0.840 21.34 0.500

0.984 25.00 0.047 1.20 SMSM DN 25

1.000 25.40 0.065 1.65 DN 1

1.050 26.67 0.750

1.059 26.90 0.063 1.60 ISO DN 20

1.125 28.581.250 31.75

1.260 32.00 0.047 1.20 SMS DN 32

1.315 33.40 1.000

1.327 33.70 0.079 2.00 ISO DN 25

1.496 38.00 0.047 1.20 SMS DN 40

1.500 38.10 0.065 1.65 DIN DN 1 1/2

1.660 42.16 1.250

1.669 42.40 0.079 2.00 ISO DN 32

1.900 48.26 1.500

2.000 50.80 0.065 1.65 DN 2

2.008 51.00 0.047 1.20 SMS DN 50

2.374 60.30 0.079 2.00 ISO DN 50

2.375 60.32 2.000

2.500 63.5 0.063 1.60 SMS DN 65

2.500 63.5 0.065 1.65 DN 2 1/2

2.750 69.85

2.756 70.00 0.079 2.00 DIN DN 65

2.760 70.10 0.063 1.60 SMS DN 80

2.875 73.03 2.500

2.996 76.10 0.091 2.30 ISO DN 65

3.000 76.20 0.063 1.60 DN 3

3.500 88.90 0.091 2.30 3.000 ISO DN 80

4.000 101.60 0.079 2.00 SMS DN 100

4.000 101.60 0.083 2.11 3.500 DN 4

0.000 -Rath Producable

0.000 -Rath Standard Product Size

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Available Through Service Centers WorldwideFor information about sources nearest you, contact us:

Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.2505 Foster AvenueJanesville, Wisconsin 53547-0389 USA

PHONE: 800-367-7284PHONE: 608-754-2222

FAX: 608-754-0889 Commercial Tube & PipeFAX: 608-741-7200 Sanitary & Ultra-Purity Tubing

www.rathmfg.comEmail: [email protected]

Form No. PC2001

The information contained in this document was correct at time ofpublication and is subject to change without notice.

Stainless, Duplex & Nickel AlloyTubing & Pipe

2001 Rath Manufacturing Company, Inc.

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Produced by: Fisheries and

Aquaculture DepartmentTitle: Fishery Harbour Manual on the Prevention of Pollution - Bay ofBengal Programme...

More details

Chapter 3 - WATER AND ICE - SUPPLY ANDSTORAGE

3.1 Water3.2 Water storage3.3 Ice

3.4 Ice storage

3.1 Water

3.1.1 Borewells3.1.2 Sea water

An adequate supply of good quality water is a fundamental requirement forfishery harbours, whether the water is used for drinking, cleaning the fish, icemaking or fish processing. Where municipal supply of potable water is limited,other sources need to be investigated - including the use of harbour basin wateror sea water for certain uses.

To plan the water supply system for a fishery harbour, it is necessary toestimate the peak demand for water which is a direct function of the peaklandings; the number of fishing vessels using the harbour; the number of port

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staff and crew, and harbour facilities like canteens, ice plants and processingplants. The following table may serve as a guide for estimating waterrequirements.

Table 3-1: GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING WATER REQUIREMENTS

Activity Quantity Required

a. Fish rinsing 1 l/kg of fish landed

b. Auction hall cleaning 10 l/m2 of floor area

c. Fish boxes cleaning 10 l/box

d. Personal hygiene 100 l/person

e. Canteens 15% of item (d)

f. Vessel supply 30 l/person/day

g. Ice 1 kg for 1 kg of fish landed

The gross daily volume for item (a) should be increased by 25% to coverseasonal peaks and volume for items (b) and (c) may be reduced by 50% if

high pressure cleaning systems are used.

Some common sources of water in fishery harbours are from borewells, rainwater collection tanks and pumped sea water. Recent advances in desalinationequipment to convert sea water to potable water constitute an option worthinvestigating.

3.1.1 Borewells

The geological investigation of the sub-strata is generally carried out by aspecialist sub-contractor. More than one borehole may be required for completeassessment and the depth need not depend on the local water table. There areinstances where shallow borewells may produce contaminated or brackishwater, and a deeper well taps into a submerged freshwater aquifer. The majorgeo-technical requirement is to verify the porosity of the substratum as this willdetermine the maximum rate of extraction of water. In coastal areas, over-extraction of fresh water from the underground water table has often caused thewater to become saline through intrusion of sea water.

Figure 16: WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR AN ARTISANAL

LANDING

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3.1.2 Sea water

When sea water is used for cleaning purposes, care should be taken to avoidsea water runoff entering the sewage treatment system. The pumps should besuitable for sea water. Sand excluding filter is required for sea water suctionfrom sandy beaches.

Figure 17: REPLACEMENT OF POTABLE WATER WITH SEA

WATER FOR SOME SERVICES

Figure 18: TYPICAL PUMPING ARRANGEMENTS FOR EITHER

SEA WATER OR POTABLE WATER

Desalination: Desalination may be carried out in two ways: flash distillation ofsea water or reverse osmosis. Flash distillation is relatively inexpensive if heatfrom a generator can be extracted via the circulating cooling system of thediesel engine. Typically, the system consists of a spherical steel containerconnected to a vacuum pump with heating coils circulating hot water from theengine's cooling system. The vacuum pump lowers the boiling point of water,thus making the sea water boil. Potable water is distilled off from the top andpumped to a storage tank. The major disadvantage is the frequent descaling

required to remove encrustations in the distilling tank.

The preferred method of desalination nowadays is by reverse osmosis. Thisprocess consists of pumping sea water at very high pressure against a special

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osmotic membrane rolled up inside a steel cylinder. The membrane allows onlyfresh water to pass through. This system is relatively expensive to operate butin arid areas may be the only viable option. Small reverse osmosis plants arenow commercially available and the following table illustrates some of theirbasic characteristics.

Table 3.2: TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS

FeedwaterOperating pressure Power requirement Water production

bar kw m3 per day

Brackish 45 5.0 12.5

Brackish 45 11.0 100.2

Sea water 56 18.2 45.6

Sea water 56 37.1 91.2

The above figures refer to brackish water with 2000 ppm and sea water with35000 ppm of sodium chloride. Operating temperature is 25 deg. C. For everydeg. C drop below 25C, the efficiency drops by 3 %. The membrane is verysensitive to suspended solids.

3.2 Water storage

The type of water storage facility depends on the quantity to be stored as tabledbelow.

STOREDCAPACITY

TYPE OF STRUCTURE

Upto 1 m3 Plastic or steel drums, single or in parallel connection, usually usedas header tanks only and placed above a ground reservoir

Upto 5 m3 Steel or concrete tank construction, usually serve as small overheadstorage tanks, gravity feed

Upto 80/100 m3 Concrete or steel overhead storage tanks, gravity feed

Above 100 m3 Above ground or underground reinforced concrete reservoirs,requiring header tanks

Figure 19a: LARGE CAPACITY ABOVE-GROUND REINFORCED

CONCRETE WATER RESERVOIR

Figure 20: A TYPICAL MODERN STEEL OVERHEAD TANK USING

BRAITHWAITE PRESSED-STEEL PANELS

3.3 Ice

3.3.1 Block ice3.3.2 Flake ice3.3.3 Tube ice

Whether an ice plant is actually required inside the port area depends verymuch on local conditions. Other ice plants in town may be a reliable source of

suitable ice and, even with the additional transport costs and the manufacturer'sprofit thrown in, they may be able to supply ice cheaper than it can be made bythe user. A large installation has many economic advantages over a small unitand it is not unreasonable to expect that it can produce cheaper ice. Other

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factors, such as being financially self sufficient, may over-ride an economicdisadvantage.

In addition to water supply and storage, a harbour manager should also beconversant with the manufacture, supply and storage of ice as this product, ifcontaminated at source (either through contaminated water supplies or throughhuman contact during the manufacturing process), has the potential to

contaminate entire fish landings; see also Chapter 2. Contaminated ice hasbeen linked to serious outbreaks of cholera in at least one ASEAN country.

Table 3-3: GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING ICE REQUIREMENTS

ACTIVITY QUANTITY REQUIRED

Onboard, trip greater than 1 week 1.0 T of ice per 2 Tons of fish (temperate waters)

Onboard, trip less than 1 week 0.7 T of ice per 2 Tons of fish (temperate waters)

Onboard, short duration 1.0 T of ice per 1 Ton of f ish (tropical waters)

Auction hall, re-packaging 1.0 T of ice per 1 Ton of fish (hot climates)

Ice is usually manufactured in block, flake or tube form.

3.3.1 Block ice

The traditional block ice maker forms the ice in cans which are submerged in atank containing circulating sodium or calcium chloride brine. The dimensions ofthe can and the temperature of the brine are usually selected to give a freezingperiod of between 8 and 24 hours. Too rapid freezing results in brittle ice. Theblock weight can vary from 12 to 150 kg, depending on requirements; 150 kg isconsidered the largest size of block one man can conveniently handle. Thethicker the block the longer the freezing time. Blocks less than 150 mm thick are

easily broken and a thickness of 150 to 170 mm is preferable to prevent theblock toppling. The size of the tank required is related to the daily production. Atravelling crane lifts a row of cans and transports them to a thawing tank at theend of the freezing tank, where they are submerged in water to release the icefrom the moulds.

The cans are tipped to remove the blocks, refilled with fresh water and replacedin the brine tank for a further cycle. This type of plant often requires continuousattention. A shift system is operated by the labour force - 10 to 15 workers for a100 t/day plant. Block ice plants require a good deal of space and labour forhandling the ice.

The latter factor has been the main reason for the development of modernautomatic ice-making equipment (flake and tube ice). Compared to othertypes of ice plants, block ice plants are more prone to producingcontaminated ice if high hygiene standards are not scrupulously observedat all times.

Block ice still has a use, and sometimes an advantage, over other forms of icein tropical countries. Storage, handling and transport can all be simplified if theice is in the form of large blocks; simplification is often obligatory in small-scalefisheries and in relatively remote situations. With an appropriate ice-crushingmachine, block ice can be reduced to any particle size but the uniformity of sizewill not be as good as that achieved with some other forms of ice. In some

situations, block ice may also be reduced in size by a manual crushing method.

3.3.2 Flake ice

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This type of machine forms ice 2 to 3 mm thick on the surface of a cooledcylinder and the ice is harvested as dry subcooled flakes usually 100 to 1,000

mm2 in area. In some models, the cylinder or drum rotates and the scraper onthe outer surface remains stationary. In others, the scraper rotates and removesthe ice from the surface of a stationary drum, in this case built in the form of adouble-walled cylinder. One distinct advantage of the rotating drum method isthat the ice-forming surfaces and the ice release mechanism are exposed and

the operator can observe whether the plant is operating satisfactorily. Theflakes are usually either bagged directly in plastic bags and stored in a chiller orcollected and stored in an automated bin or silo. Human contact with the ice isminimal. The range of unit sizes for this type of machine now extends from unitswith a capacity of 0.5 to 60 Tons/24 h.

Figure 21: SELF-CONTAINED FLAKE ICE MAKER WITH BIN

STORAGE

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3.3.3 Tube ice

Tube ice is formed on the inner surface of vertical tubes and is produced in theform of small hollow cylinders of about 50 x 50 mm with a wall thickness of 10to 12 mm. The tube ice plant arrangement is similar to a shell and tubecondenser with the water on the inside of the tubes and the refrigerant filling thespace between the tubes. The machine is operated automatically on a time

cycle, and the tubes of ice are released by a hot gas defrost process. As the icedrops from the tubes a cutter chops the ice into suitable lengths, nominally 50mm, but this is adjustable. Transport of the ice to the storage area is usuallyautomatic. Thus, as in the flake ice plant, the harvesting and storage operationsrequire no manual effort or operator attendance. Tube ice is usually stored inthe form it is harvested, but the particle size is rather large and unsuitable foruse with fish. Self-contained units, Figure 21, with a rating of up to 10 to 20tonnes/24 hours can be located within the floor space required for storage, withthe icemaker and refrigeration equipment on top.

3.4 Ice storage

3.4.1 Block ice stores3.4.2 Bin storage3.4.3 Silo storage

Ice manufacture and demand rates are seldom in phase, therefore storage isnecessary to ensure that the plant caters for peak demand. Storage allows theice maker to be operated 24 hours per day. It also acts as a buffer against anyinterruption to the ice supply due to minor breakdowns and routine maintenanceprocedures. There is no general rule for estimating ice storage capacity

requirements.

Table 3-4: STORAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF ICE

TYPE OF ICE STORAGE SPACE (m3 per Ton)

Flake 2.2-2.3

Tube 1.6-2.0

Crushed block 1.4-1.5

3.4.1 Block ice stores

Block ice cannot be stored in silos or bins unless the ice is crushed beforehand.This type of ice is therefore stored in block form in refrigerated rooms.

Refrigerated rooms should be professionally designed and constructed so asnot to allow contact of the stored ice with unauthorised persons or domesticanimals. The floor should be a seamless-type floor with no cracks or joints.Persons handling the ice in the store should wear rubber boots and gloves.

A conventional block ice plant would also have a considerable amount of extrastorage in the ice making unit, since it is usual to maintain the ice cans filled,even when demand has fallen below the plant's rated capacity.

3.4.2 Bin storage

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Bin storage may mean anything from a box holding no more than 500 kg to alarge installation of 1,000 tons or more. Bin storage can be used for any type ofice and may incorporate a separate cooling system. Whatever the size ofsystem used, ice storage should always be within an insulated structure sincethe saving made by reducing ice meltage, particularly in warmer climates, isalways worth the extra cost of the insulation. An insulation thickness of 50 to 75mm of polystyrene or its equivalent in one of the many other suitable types of

insulation, is suggested. Small bins may be arranged with the icemaker abovethe storage space, Figure 21; the bin is filled by gravity and a FIFO system isoperated by removing the ice at a low level. This simple bin system is suitablefor processors making and using their own ice.

Bins of up to about 50 tons capacity can be constructed without a mechanicalunloading system. This type of storage would usually be a high structure with asloping base and access to dislodge compacted ice. Any ice left undisturbed fora few days will compact and fuse together. Ice which is free flowing when useddaily may require a mechanical unloading system if used infrequently.

3.4.3 Silo storage

Silo storage is generally used with a free-flowing subcooled ice such as flakeice and, in order to be effective, it must have an independent cooling system tomaintain the ice in this subcooled condition. The cooling is usually by means ofan air cooler in the jacket space between the silo and the outer insulatedstructure. The air cooler is normally placed at the top of the jacket spaceadjacent to the ice maker and the air space is cooled by gravity or fancirculation. Ice is collected by gravity flow with the aid of a chain agitator whichscrapes the ice from the walls of the silo. The silo allows for a first-in-first-out(FIFO) system of storage but, if the storage space is not cleared periodically,only the central core of ice is used, leaving a permanent outer wall of

compacted ice, Figure 22. An access hatch should therefore be provided at thetop of the silo so that a pole can be inserted to collapse the outer wall of ice intothe central core at least once daily. Silo storage is expensive for smallquantities of ice and although units are made for as little as 10 tons, this methodof storage is more suited for storing 40 to 100 tons of ice.

Figure 22: TYPICAL ICE STORES

Figure 22a: Silo ice store with a swing chain agitator

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Figure 22b: Bin ice store with ice maker on top

Figure 22c: Ice store with raker

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Produced by: Fisheries and

Aquaculture DepartmentTitle: Fishery Harbour Manual on the Prevention of Pollution - Bay ofBengal Programme...

More details

Chapter 3 - WATER AND ICE - SUPPLY ANDSTORAGE

3.1 Water3.2 Water storage3.3 Ice

3.4 Ice storage

3.1 Water

3.1.1 Borewells3.1.2 Sea water

An adequate supply of good quality water is a fundamental requirement forfishery harbours, whether the water is used for drinking, cleaning the fish, icemaking or fish processing. Where municipal supply of potable water is limited,other sources need to be investigated - including the use of harbour basin wateror sea water for certain uses.

To plan the water supply system for a fishery harbour, it is necessary toestimate the peak demand for water which is a direct function of the peaklandings; the number of fishing vessels using the harbour; the number of port

Page 1 of 10Chapter 3 - WATER AND ICE - SUPPLY AND STORAGE

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staff and crew, and harbour facilities like canteens, ice plants and processingplants. The following table may serve as a guide for estimating waterrequirements.

Table 3-1: GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING WATER REQUIREMENTS

Activity Quantity Required

a. Fish rinsing 1 l/kg of fish landed

b. Auction hall cleaning 10 l/m2 of floor area

c. Fish boxes cleaning 10 l/box

d. Personal hygiene 100 l/person

e. Canteens 15% of item (d)

f. Vessel supply 30 l/person/day

g. Ice 1 kg for 1 kg of fish landed

The gross daily volume for item (a) should be increased by 25% to coverseasonal peaks and volume for items (b) and (c) may be reduced by 50% if

high pressure cleaning systems are used.

Some common sources of water in fishery harbours are from borewells, rainwater collection tanks and pumped sea water. Recent advances in desalinationequipment to convert sea water to potable water constitute an option worthinvestigating.

3.1.1 Borewells

The geological investigation of the sub-strata is generally carried out by aspecialist sub-contractor. More than one borehole may be required for completeassessment and the depth need not depend on the local water table. There areinstances where shallow borewells may produce contaminated or brackishwater, and a deeper well taps into a submerged freshwater aquifer. The majorgeo-technical requirement is to verify the porosity of the substratum as this willdetermine the maximum rate of extraction of water. In coastal areas, over-extraction of fresh water from the underground water table has often caused thewater to become saline through intrusion of sea water.

Figure 16: WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR AN ARTISANAL

LANDING

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3.1.2 Sea water

When sea water is used for cleaning purposes, care should be taken to avoidsea water runoff entering the sewage treatment system. The pumps should besuitable for sea water. Sand excluding filter is required for sea water suctionfrom sandy beaches.

Figure 17: REPLACEMENT OF POTABLE WATER WITH SEA

WATER FOR SOME SERVICES

Figure 18: TYPICAL PUMPING ARRANGEMENTS FOR EITHER

SEA WATER OR POTABLE WATER

Desalination: Desalination may be carried out in two ways: flash distillation ofsea water or reverse osmosis. Flash distillation is relatively inexpensive if heatfrom a generator can be extracted via the circulating cooling system of thediesel engine. Typically, the system consists of a spherical steel containerconnected to a vacuum pump with heating coils circulating hot water from theengine's cooling system. The vacuum pump lowers the boiling point of water,thus making the sea water boil. Potable water is distilled off from the top andpumped to a storage tank. The major disadvantage is the frequent descaling

required to remove encrustations in the distilling tank.

The preferred method of desalination nowadays is by reverse osmosis. Thisprocess consists of pumping sea water at very high pressure against a special

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osmotic membrane rolled up inside a steel cylinder. The membrane allows onlyfresh water to pass through. This system is relatively expensive to operate butin arid areas may be the only viable option. Small reverse osmosis plants arenow commercially available and the following table illustrates some of theirbasic characteristics.

Table 3.2: TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS

FeedwaterOperating pressure Power requirement Water prod