ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA Dr. Prihasto Setyanto Tsukuba, August 2015 Indonesia Agricultural Environment Research Institute INDONESIA AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Note: Some figures contain unpublished information
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• Since the Green Revolution on rice has been launched in 1960’s, rice production in Indonesia rose 40% from the early period of rice intensification program, but the rate of increase was highly volatile due to extreme climate anomalies (El Nino / La Nina) and pest incidences.
• Indonesia President’s announced to produce as much as 80 million tones of rice in 2019 and reach national rice self sufficiency in 2017
• How to achieve: Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure, improvement of soil and plant management, expand rice area (out of Java island), integrated farming system, and strengthen top-down coordination
50% of paddy rice is in Java
The Law of Sustainability The Law of Sustainability has been formulated (Brown, 1994; Sanchez, 2001), as follow: • Carbon emissions must not be higher than carbon fixation, • Forest damage must not faster than forest regeneration, • Extinction of biological types or species must not be more
than the evolution of type or species, • Soil erosion and degradation must not be greater than soil
formation, • Number of fish catch must not much more than fish
regeneration, • Rates of increase in demand for agricultural products do
not exceed the rate of increase in agricultural production, • Rates of increase in human birth must not be higher than
the rate of death.
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Indonesian Agriculture is important……. • Food security: feeding >240 million people • Employment: 35% of total employment • Value Addition: 14% of total GDP • Trade: 21.5% of value of exports dominated by palm-oil
….. but is facing major challenges in its Transition: • Nutritional Outcomes • Farmer incomes, land tenure • Productivity - Competitiveness • Value addition • Quality and food safety • Sustainability and Environmental Footprints
Source (WB, 2015)
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Agricultural growth has featured a heavy environmental footprint • Frequent conflict between agricultural support and
environmental protection policies and programs; • Agriculture and aquaculture expansion has been a
major contributor to deforestation and biodiversity loss
• Heavy fertilizer and pesticide use is a major contributor to soil and water pollution
• Agriculture remains a major contributor to GHG emissions, and is showing an upward trend.
Growing environmental risks from and to agriculture
Population density over Flood Hazard
Cultivated land and coastal populations are among the most vulnerable to
climate-related hazards: floods, droughts, temperature change.
Source (WB, 2015)
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AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Pollution sources in agricultural land: agricultural activity: excessive agrochemical use
(fertilizer, pesticide) Non agricultural activity (industrial waste, mining
activity, etc.) Polluted agricultural land reduce environmental
quality, threaten food safety, interfere human health IAERI have been mapping agrochemicals residue and
heavy metal in agricultural land since 2012
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Number and types of pesticides registered in Indonesia (Source: Directorate of Fertilizer and Pesticides, MoA, 2012)
Steel industries Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd Juana, Tegal
Industry Pb, Cd, Cu Bengawan Solo and Citarum watershed
Vehicle exhaust Pb Rice fields along the transportation path
Organic fertilizer Cd, Pb, Zn Bengawan Solo watershed
Soil Pb, Cd Bengawan Solo and Citarum Watershed
(Source: IAERI, 2011)
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
CLIMATE CHANGE
Increase of CO2 concentration in Indonesia
Increase of CO2 concentration in Indonesia (comparison between Maona Loa and Bukittinggi)
In Indonesia, based on historical natural hazards data from 1907-2006, the first climate hazards categorized as global
hazard occurred in 1953 and then the hazards occurred more frequent after 1980s.
Source: Boer and Perdinan (2008) based on data from OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (2007)
Global warming intensified the extreme climate event and its frequency
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Global warming affect global climate system and enhance the frequency and intensity of ENSO
• El Niño events have become more frequent as the global temperature anomalies associated with each El Niño continue to increase. This means that the extreme regional weather and climate anomalies associated with El Niño are being exacerbated by increasingly higher temperatures (width of lines indicate length of El-Nino, i.e. between 6-18 month)
Multidimensional Role of Agriculture on Climate Change
23 KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
1. Agriculture is a victim of climate change: climate change affects agricultural sustainability and productivity due to temperature rise, increased rainfall intensity, prolonged dry period and more frequent El Niño which is designated by severe drought
2. Source of greenhouse gases: land use change to agriculture may increase green house gases emission and agricultural operation may release carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
3. Agriculture can also mitigate the climate change (solution): significant amount of carbon could be absorb by plant through photosynthesis
Agriculture, especially paddy rice are
vulnerable to climate change impacts
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Sources of GHG emissions in Indonesia in (MoE, 2010)
Agricuture contributes 4% of Indonesian GHG emissions. However, by improving land use change and management strategies, agriculture can play a significant role in reducing GHG emissions.
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Sector Target 26%, (Gt CO2e)
Target 41% (Gt CO2e)
Agriculture 0.008 0.011 Forestry and peatland 0.672 1.039 Energy and transportation 0.038 0.056 Industry 0.001 0.005 Waste management 0.048 0.078 Total 0.767 1.189
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
LAND DEGRADATION
Soil Degradation
• Soil degradation is any type of problem that removes soil in an area or makes high-quality soil become
poor. Careless agricultural practices, pollution and deforestation are the main cause of soil degradation.
Several types of soil degradation exist and are a threat to natural forests and planted crops.
Soil Erosion • Soil erosion is a natural process characterized by the
transport or displacement of particles (sediment) that are detached by rainfall, flowing water, or wind.
Soil erosion can be caused by the improper use of lands for cultivation or grazing and by deforestation.
Land use change Land Degradation
Changes to the Mahakam River delta over time. Source: Yves Laumonier
Landuse change
NATURAL DISASTER: TSUNAMI-ACEH INDONESIA 2004
Damage area:
Rice fields + horticulture 20.101 ha
Upland crops 31.345 ha
plantation 56.500 ha
MUD DISASTER—SIDOARJO
11.881 household affected areas
16 villages
Promoting a More Resilient Agriculture
• Multi-sectoral—agriculture, environment, public services, and trade
• Spatially differentiated—taking into account natural resources, environmental risks, and local institutional capacities
• Involving a combination of spatial (landscape), value chain, and sub-sectoral approaches
• Utilizing various instruments—regulatory, facilitative, financial, public investments and services
Sustainable Agriculture
Water management +
Irrigation Services
Green Agriculture
Technology and Information
Systems
Sustainable Commodity
Value Chains
Integrated Landscape
Management
Pesticides, Heavy metals, Environment, Sustainable rice fields, etc
REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MoA Regulation No : 01/Permentan/OT. 140/1/2007 -- List of Active Ingridients on Prohibitted Pesticides and Limited Pesticides
MoA No : 24/Permentan/SR.140/4/2011 -- Terms and Procedure for Pesticides Registration
MoA Regulation No 107/Permentan/SR.140/9/2014 -- Control of Pesticides
Government Regulations No 18/1999 -- Waste Management of Hazardous and Toxic Elements
Government Regulation No. 82 /2001 -- Management of Water Quality and Control of Water Pollution
REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MoA Regulation No : 27/Permentan/PP.340/5/2009 -- Food Safety Supervision of for Fresh Food
MoA Regulation No : 88/Permentan/PP.340/12/2011 -- Food Safety Supervision on Fresh Food
MoA Regulation No 04/Permentan/PP.340/2/2015 -- Food Safety Supervision of Fresh Food
MoE Regulation No 01/ 2010 – Water Pollution Control Procedure
SNI 7387:2009 – Tolerable Limit of Heavy Metals Contamination in Food
Supporting Sustainable Agriculture through Integrated Landscape Management
Shared or agreed management objectives that encompass multiple benefits, including participation and voice of affected farming and other communities
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10 principles of environmental friendly agriculture (IAERI, 2014)
1. Increase crop productivity 2. Conservation of soil and water 3. Zero waste 4. Conservation of biological diversity 5. Low in agrochemicals residues 6. Utilize local natural resources 7. Adaptive to climate change 8. Integration between crop and
livestock 9. Low in heavy metal pollutant 10.Low greenhouse gases emission
Sustainable Agriculture
Closing Remarks • One of the challenges for Indonesia sustainable
agriculture development is the reduction of agrochemical pollutants in the environment
• Climate change becomes serious problem for sustainable agriculture developments, therefore there is a need to integrate between adaptation and mitigation. Without doing so, the impact of climate disasters in the future will be more severe, the investment required for managing climate disasters will be more expensive, and cost for recovery will also increase significantly
• Implementing the principles of environmental friendly approach (10 principles) is a must in order to achieve agriculture sustainability