21. Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Kant and cosmopolitanism. In: Bohman, J., & Lutz-Bachmann, B„ Perpetual peace. Essays on Kant's cosmopolitan ideal. Cambridge, Mass., London: MIT Press, 25-57. 22. Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). The fragility of goodness. Luck ethics in Greek tragedy and philosophy. Cambridge, London, New York: Cambridge University Press. 23. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: history and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 13/3, 501-518. 24. Schutz, A., & Luck:mann, T. (1973). The structures ofthe life- world, volume I. Evanston, lllinois: Northwestern University Press. 25. Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. (1983). The structures ofthe life- world, volume II . Evanston, Illinois: Northwestem University Press. 26. Smith, Anthony D. (1991): National identity. Reno, Las Vegas: University ofN evada Press. 27. Snyder, T. (2010): Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin". - Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. 28. Voss, J. L„ & Paller, K.A. (2008). Brain substrates of implicit and explicit memory: The importance of concurrently acquired neural signals ofboth memory types. Neuropsychologia, 46, 13, 3021-3029. 29. White, H. (1973). Metahistory. The historical imagination in nineteenth-century Europe. Baltimore, London: Tue John Hopkins University Press. 30. Wodak, R.; de Cillia, R; Reisigl, M.; Liebhart, K. (2009). The discursive construction of national identity, 2nd edition (first English 1999). Edinburgh: University Press. 31. Zick, A., Wolf, C .; Küpper, B.; Davidov, E.; Schmidt, P.; Heitmeyer, W. (2008). The syndrome of group-focused enmity: The interrelation of prejudices tested with multiple cross-sectional and panel data. In: Journal of Social Jssues, 6412, 363-383. 120 TRUYEN THÖNG VA. SU' DINH HiNH KY irc . . TRONG QUA TRiNH TOAN cAu H6A: QUAN BIEM XUYEN QUOC GIA vE LICH SÜ (J CHAU Au . GS, TS Juergen Grimm* Khi dinh nghia cäi gi lam nen "m9t quÖc gia", Anthony Smith ke ra nhfrng tinh näng cäu thänh sau: "Dan sö ngum dugc ten cilltg chia se m9t länh. thÖ lieh sie, S\l ky bi, nhiing kY uc lieh sir, mQt n&i vän h6a cöng c{mg, m9t nfui kinh te chung, cüng nhu nhüng lgi va träch nhiem phäp ly chung cho tät ca cäc thänh vien" (Smith, 1991: 14). Öng nhful nguÖn gÖc dän tt)c va ciing theo Anderson (1983-2006) - thi nhfrng khia cäu thänh nen quÖc gia glin li8n v&i lieh su theo ba cäch: qua nhüng truyfui thÖng dia phuong, qua nhiing cäu chuyen vB nguÖn gÖc vä. qua luu truy6n cac S\l kien c6 y nghia trong qua khu. Neu khöng c6 ky niem, mQt c<)ng dÖng se khöng c6 dinh hu6ng cho vä. cüng khöng thB dua ra dugc nhfrng khäi niem cho tucmg lai. Länh thÖ, kinh te vä. nhfrng he thÖng chinh ttj Ia "phän cfulg", nBn vän h6a cöng ct)ng - dugc hinh thanh vä. truySn c4t qua truyfui thöng - 1a "phän m6m" cila bän säe dan t(>c . Toän cäu h6a nSn kinh te (Castells, 2000-2001) va toan cäu h6a dong chay thöng tin trong bäo chi, truy8n hinh va me nhät trong möi tru<Yng Internet ngay cang kien cho giäi thich lieh sit. D6 cüng la thäch thuc cho t:At ca cäc quÖc gia, vira coi d6 1a m<)t nguÖn l\fc lä.m giau, nhung ciing l:;ii vira la m<)t yeu tÖ lä.m änh huemg tm S\l Ön dinh quÖc gia. • D{J.i h QC TÖng hgp Vien. 121
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21. Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Kant and cosmopolitanism. In:
Bohman, J., & Lutz-Bachmann, B„ Perpetual peace. Essays on Kant's
cosmopolitan ideal. Cambridge, Mass., London: MIT Press, 25-57.
22. Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). The fragility of goodness. Luck
ethics in Greek tragedy and philosophy. Cambridge, London, New
York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: history and current
status. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 13/3, 501-518.
24. Schutz, A., & Luck:mann, T. (1973). The structures ofthe life
world, volume I. Evanston, lllinois: Northwestern University Press.
25. Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. (1983). The structures ofthe life
world, volume II. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestem University Press.
26. Smith, Anthony D. (1991): National identity. Reno, Las
Vegas: University ofN evada Press.
27. Snyder, T. (2010): Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and
Stalin". - Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books.
28. Voss, J. L„ & Paller, K.A. (2008). Brain substrates of implicit
and explicit memory: The importance of concurrently acquired neural
C6 möt S\t thÖng nhät cho räng töi äc diet chilng nguCri Do Thai
Holocaust dugc cho lä töi äc kinh khimg nhät di nguqc l~i S\t van
minh cua nhän lo~i trong the kY XX va chäc chän khöng dugc phep d~ xäy ra Iän nfra trong tuong lai. Tuy v~y, t{>i ac d6 l\ii duqc coi la yeu tö
tieu cl,lc, hinh thänh nen khÖi lien minh chäu Au, t\io l~p ra m{>t n&.
tä.ng ~o duc ben c~ nSn täng v6 kinh te. Cäc thänh vien EU cimg
cam ket cän phä.i giii gin kY uc v6 tQi ac di~t chilng d6, d~ g~t bö ehu
125
nghia bai Do Thäi, ciing nhu d8 bao v~ nhfrng nh6m nguCri thi8u sÖ ö bät k)r möt quÖc gia nao. Ng~c nhien la diSu nay l~ dUQ'C thgc hi~n kha d8 dang 6 Duc, ncri ma rät nhi€u nguCri vän con dang phäi chiu
trach nhi~m ve t(H äc di~t chling nay. Vi~c d8 tc}i ac di~t chling nguoi
Do Thäi 6 vi tri vöng trön trung tarn khöng chi th8 hi~n bän chät
khüng khi6p CUa n6, ma COil nhu m(}t S\I nhtlc nhÖ' VS cac vong tron lcy
uc con l~ nhu la möt t(H ac chÖng l~i loai ngum nhu thanh 19c säe töc,
gi€t nguai hang lo~t, chi6n tranh xäm luge, khai thäc thuöc dia va dä.n
ap b~o lvc. Vi~c dua töi ac di~t chling vao trung täm cüng chäc chän
giup ngum Duc nhiet tinh möt cach d~c biet trong viec phat tri8n quan
niem nay. Tuy nhien, diSu nay l~i khöng xäy ra o ThÖ Nhi Ky. Khi
Chinh phti ThÖ Nhi Ky trong cac cuc}c dam phän ra nh~p EU, cho tm
nay vän ür chÖi thira nh~ vai tro clia hQ trong V\l gi€t nguai hang lo~t nguCri Amenia trong Th6 chifuI thu nhät nhu la möt ''töi ac diet
chling". NguCri ThÖ Nhi Ky sg räng khi thira nh~ nhu v~y hQ se hi
dänh gia ve m~t d~o duc, änh huöng tm niem t\l hao dän töc ctia nguCri
ThÖ Nhi Ky. Vi d\l näy cho thäy, mö hinh gin gifr kY uc qua viec tv ki€m di8m bän thän CUa nguoi Duc, chua thvc Sl,I d8 dang va sän sang
xäy ra o cac quÖc gia khac, th~m chi, c6 khi cön nguy ca gay ra S\f
chia re trong n(li bö chäu Au.
Khöng chi cac sv kien b~o 11,Ic bi gän v6i t<)i ac diet chling nguCri
Do Thäi, ma cä l;ch sii' di cu cüa chäu Au, b&i vi sv tn.ic xuät da änh
huiJng t6i EU trong vi~ t\I do di li;ti vä t\I do CU trU. Tuy nhien, cac
dang phäi cänh hüu a Ao, Phap vä. Ha Lan cho räng quan niem nä.y bät
däu S\lP dÖ. H9, theo sau la möt lugng 16n ngum dän, t6 ra bao dung
han VOO nhfmg d~g thuc di CU. D()ng ca chti y6u ctia ngum di CU
trong cac quÖc gia chäu Au Ja vi fil\lC dich kinh t€, dän chuy8n sang
m\lc dich giao d\lc, di;to duc.
Ky uc vS tri;ti lao d<)ng thai kY Xövi€t l~i gay tranh cäi vi nhieu ly
do - möt phän bOi vi nu6c Nga hi~n nay vän chua tham gia väo qua
trinh hgp nhät chäu Au. D~c biet nhfrng thänh vien mm ctia EU, tru6c
126
däy thu()c Lien bang Xö vi€t ( cac quÖc gia Cong hoa Baltic ), hay cac
quÖc gia lä möt pbän cua ~ lao d{mg (Phän Lan, C()ng hoa Czech,
Slovakia, Hungary) gin gift ky uc ve tri;ti lao d()ng vm möt thäi d9 bai
nu&c Nga m()t cach mi;tnh me, va du khöng trl,Ic ti~p, ciing th8 hien
mong muÖn nhu cäu näng cäp nen an ninh quÖc gia (gia nh~p NATO,
gia täng vii trang a bien gim pbia Döng), nhu lä mQt hinh thuc cö l~p
nu&c Nga. Trong khi phän nao nhcr vi~c thira nh~ tQi äc di~t chling
nguCri Do Thai, ngum Duc hoa nh~p vao EU d~ dang han, thi qua
trinh mr6c Nga höa nh~p li;ti chua difuI ra, cho du töi äc dum thm
Stalin dä duqc chinh thuc thira nh~ a nu6c Nga ngay tir D~ h()i Däng
C<)ng sän Lien bang Xövi6t Iän thu 20 va hi~n ~ khöng c6 bät kY m9t
tra ng~i nä.o ngän cän nu6c Nga h()i nh~p v~ m~t vän h6a. Vi~ loi;ti
trir Nga ra khöi qua trlnh dinh hlnh ky uc chau Au ciing nhu la möt S\l
th\lt lui nghiem trQng, nguy CC1 cach IlgID "den va trfuJg" CUa CUQC
Chien tranh li;tnh quay li;ti, ciing nhu nguy ca xay ra mQt cuoc chi~n tranh n6ng trong cuc)c khüng hoäng a Ucraina cüng phän nä.o bCri viec
thät b~i trong viec dinh hinh kY uc näy. V~y lam th€ nao d6 qua trlnh dinh hinh kY uc chäu Au dugc thvc
hien theo kinh nghiem va khoa h9c? Llm th~ nao da phän biet m(}t
phuang thuc giao tiep hoa binh, vm phuang thuc giao tiBp xung d()t leo
thang thu dich? Chu d8 lich su nao, va phuang thuc giao tiep näo c6 th8
giup chuyßn täi nhftng giä tri con nguCri? Phuang thuc truyen tai thöng
tin nao lä.m täng dinh ki€n vm m()t quÖc gia? Tät ca cac cäu höi nä.y,
aän tm m()t cäu höi tiBp theo la v~y hoi;tt d()ng bäo chi nao phu hqp d~ c6 khä näng phät hien vän d8 lieh sir vä. gän kfu väo n6 vao truy~n thöng. Mö hinh MilI, duqc mieu tä a phän sau, la mö hinh xäy d\Illg
trong cäc tinh huÖng xung d(>t h;li täng Ien. Ky näng giao ti~ vä. chinh
tri l~i khöng täng. N gugc l~, tinh sän sang än mirng vc.TI. cac dän töc
khac l~i giäm. Säri sang hÖ trg ngum ngheo, ngum cfui giup dö l~i täng Ien, tuy nhien tinh sän sang däu tranh cho quyen con ngum l~i giäm sau khi xem cac buc änh dang kinh sg trong b() phim Holocaust.
132
Ngum Israel cßng giäm tinh dinh kien sau khi xem b(> phim
Holocaust, ca ve m~t binh dfutg gi&i va bai Do Thai. Vi~c giäm dinh
kiBn V~ gi6i cüng duqc ghi nh~ cr cäc dän tQC khac. C6 tha ly do la
tAc d1,Ulg khi mQi ngum phäi dÖi m~t v6i nhiing hinh änh eo the bj tra
tän trong cac tr~i t~p trung. TU d6, ngum tiep nh~ m&i chu dQng tµ
giac nh~ ra bän näng muÖn x6a bö dinh kiBn ve gi&i so v6i tru&c khi
xemphim.
Cüng tucmg tg ngum Duc va Ao, nguai Israel sau khi xem "Night
va Fog" khöng täng them khä näng giao tiBp. Nhüng con chäu cua n~ nhän Holocaust thich chia se trong nh6m cua hQ, hcm la v&i ngum l~.
Personality Inventory: FPI, revised and slightly altered edition]
9. Gavriely-Nuri, D.; Lachover, E.: Tai ajnh hinh qua khu nhu
m9t b9 nha tßng thi, Obituaries in the Israeli Daily Haaretz. In: Ly thuyit truyJn th6ng, (February), 48-65, 22-1-2012.
10. Grimm, J: Multidimensionale Geschichtsvermittlung. Ein
theoretisch-methodisches Konzept zur Untersuchung von
Medienwirkungen auf der Basis mediatisierter historischer Stoffe (Da
chik th6ng tin cua lieh sri. Khai ni~m ly thuyit va phucmg phap vJ
136
cac anh hudng cria bao chi tren ca slJ cac chu aJ ljch sri - Duc).
Medien & Zeit, 30-54, 27-3-2012. 11. Grimm, J.; Grill, Ch.: Tiip nh(m Holocaust va biin siic dan
t(jc. Kit qua cUa m9t nghien CUu cac anh huimg cua bao chi 6' Nga,
phat triJn kinh ti xii h()i, HQi thao mna Xuän 2013, Moscow.
12. Grimm, J.; Grill, Ch:. Cac hinh anh dang S(7 va ajnh hinh kY uc. Hi~u Wig di tiip thu va CO suc thuyit phtjc cua m9t tai li~u Holocaust a Ao, bai bäo HQf thao thu<mg nien IAMCR, näm 2013
"Khung hoang va pha hily SI! sang t()O" the Global Power and
Communication Orders", accepted for the section: ·History, Dublin,
25·29 June. 13. Grimm, J., Schmidt, P., Seethaler, J.: Nhiing ainh kiin va ban
s&c dan t()c. Kit qua khao sat Panel vJ SI! anh hudng cUa bao chi t6i
cac quan ni~m v€ ban sdc va thai a(), Bäo Khoa h(>c xii h(ji "Bän säe -
Da d\lflg - Höi nh~p", Vienna 12-1-2011. 13. Hare, W.: s„ cl!i ml! theo kiiu Socrat. Paideusis, 18, 1, 5-16,
2009. 14. Higgins, C.: S7! cl!i ma theo ba chiJu Open-mindedness in
tbree dimensions. Paideusis, 18, 1, 44-59, 2009.
15. Hobsbawm, E. J.: Dan t(jc va Chu nghia dan t(jc tU nam 1780.