TRNG I HC AN GIANG
Ti liu hc tp Hc phn Vn bn Hn vn Vit Nam
Li ni u
cng chi tit hc phn Vn bn Hn vn Vit Nam
Mc lc...1PHN I. KIN THC C BN V CH HN..3I. Qui tc vit ch Hn...3II. Kt cu ch Hn........3III. Cch tra t in........4IV. Tng quan v ch Hn .......6
1. S lc qu trnh pht trin........6
2. Lc s h phin m Pinyin......8
3. S lc ch gin th........10
4. Lc s ch gin th........16
V. 214 b th ch Hn ........20
VI. Tm tt ng php Hn ng c i......25
1. Tng quan........252. Cu trc c bn........36
PHN II. PHIN M, CH THCH, DCH NGHA CC VN BN HN VN VIT NAM TIU BIU........45
I. Vn bn Hn vn tiu biu thi L Trn: ....45
1. Nam Quc sn h L Thng Kit..51
2. Thut hoi Phm Ng Lo...54
3. Thin chiu L Thi T...55
4. p quc vng quc t chi vn - Php Thun..58
5. Co tt th chng Thin s Mn Gic...58
6. Quy hng - Nguyn Trung Ngn...59
7. D ch t tng hch vn Trn Hng o...61
8. Bch ng giang ph Trng Hn Siu.71
II. Vn bn Hn vn tiu biu thi L: ...76
1. Dc Thy sn Nguyn Tri ....76
2. Bnh Ng i co Nguyn Tri..78
3. Hin ti l nguyn kh quc gia Thn Nhn Trung.88
4. Khu tnh Nguyn Bnh Khim..92
III. Vn bn Hn vn tiu biu thi Nguyn: .....94
1. c Tiu Thanh k Nguyn Du..94
2. Long Thnh cm gi ca Nguyn Du...97
3. Sa hnh on ca Cao B Qut..100
4. Chiu cu hin Ng Th Nhm.....104
IV. Vn bn Hn Vn ca H Ch Minh: ..106
1. M - H Ch Minh.......106
2. Vng nguyt H Ch Minh....106
3. To gii H Ch Minh...107
PHN III. BI TP.........108
PHN IV. PH LC........112
I. Tam thin t - Son gi on Trung Cn...112
II. Tam t kinh (trch c) Vng ng Ln:.....114
III. Cm hoi ng Dung.....118
IV. Lon thi(Trch Chinh ph ngm) ng Trn Cn....118
V. Mi quan h gia tn vn, ph v bin vn trong h thng th loi vn hc Trung Quc. .....120
VI. Ch Vn v nhng nt ngha......123
PHN V. TI LIU THAM KHO.....128
PHN I. KIN THC C BN V CH HNMC TIU CN T
Hc xong phn ny, Sinh vin c kh nng:
- Nhn ra kt cu ca mi ch Hn, vit ng ch Hn theo quy tc bt thun.
- Bit s dng t in, t in tra cu ch Hn.
- V s v gii thiu mt cch ngn gn lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca ch Hn; gii thiu h phin m Pinyin; tm tt lch s ch gin th, nguyn tc gin ha v hn ch ca ch gin th.- Nhn ra tn gi v ngha 50 b th thng dng nht, bit xc nh cc b th trong ch Hn.
- Nm c mt s im ng php quan trng trong vn bn Hn vn c.
I. QUI TC VIT CH HNTr vi ngoi l, qui tc chung l t tri qua phi; t trn xung di; t ngoi vo trong.1. Ngang trc s sau:,,,,,.2. Pht () trc, mc () sau:,,,.3. T tri qua phi:,,,,,,,.4. T trn xung di:,,,,,.5. T ngoi vo trong:,,,,,,.6. Bvvit sau cng:,,,,,.7. Gia trc; tri ri phi:,,,,,.8. Vo nh, ng ca:,,,,,.
II. KT CU CH HN
1. Tri phi:,,,,,,.,,.2. Trn di:,,,,,,,,.3. Ngoi trong:,,,,,,,,.4. Tri gia phi:,,,,,,,.5. Trn gia di:,,,,,,,.6. Trn phi trn phi di:,,,,,.7. Trn di tri di phi:,,,,,.8. Trn tri trn phi di:,,,,,,.9. Gc di tri gc trn phi:,,,,,.10. Lin th:,,,,,,,,.
III. CCH TRA T IN
Cc cch tra ch:
1.Tra theo m Hn-Vit:
Cc T in Hn ng (sch) c th sp xp thng cc mc t ch Hn theo m Hn-Vit (nhHn-Vitt inca o Duy Anh,Hn-Vitt inca Nguyn Vn Khn, Hn-Vit tn t inca Nguyn Quc Hng, v.v...); nu sp theo b th th cng c bng tra theo m Hn-Vit v m pinyin (th d T in Hn-Vit ca Trn Vn Chnh). Trong s cc T Hn- Vit hin nay, b ca Nguyn Quc Hng c u im l phin phit chnh xc m Hn-Vit ng thi ghi ch thm cch c sai ph thng.
2.Tra theo b th(th d Khang Hi t in, T Hi, T Nguyn, v.v...):
B th l mt yu t quan trng ca Hn t, gip vic tra cu Hn t tng i d dng v nhiu ch c gom thnh nhm c chung mt b th. T i Hn, Ha Thnphn loi ch Hn thnh 540 nhm hay cn gi l 540 b. Th d, nhng ch,,u lin quan ti ngn ng, li ni, m lun v.v... nn c xp chung vo mt b, ly b phn(ngn)lm b th (cng gi lthin bng). n i Minh,Mai ng Txp gn li cn 214 b th v c dng lm tiu chun cho n nay. Phn ln cc b th ca 214 b u l ch tng hnh v hu nh dng lm b phn ch ngha trong cc ch theo cu to hnh thanh (hay hi thanh). Mi ch hnh thanh gm b phn ch ngha (hay ngha ph) v b phn ch m (hay m ph). a s Hn t l ch hnh thanh, nn tinh thng b th l mt iu kin thun li tm hiuhnh-m-nghaca Hn t.Hai bc thao tc:
(a)Trc ht ta xc nh b th ca ch Hn m ta cn tra; xem b th y trang my.
(b) Ri m xem s nt cn li. Trong phn b th y, ta d tm ch c s nt cn li tng ng.
VD: chthuc bngn; s nt cn li l 8; ni (bngn+ 8 nt) ta s gp ch.
Xc nh b th khng phi l vic d dng.T khi xut hin T ch gin th th b th tr thnh vn rc ri. Th d chin phn th thuc bv; nhng ch gin th ca n l thTn Hoa T incho vo bt, cnT Hi(b mi) th cho vo bvit, cnHin i Hn Ng T inth cho vo bin.
3.Tra theo m pinyin v tng s nt bt: gii quyt vn rc ri ca b th, a sT in Hn ng ca Trung Quc hin nay sp cc mc t theo m pinyin; bn cnh h nh km cc bng tra theo tng s nt v b th. Nu khng bit m pinyin ca ch cn tra th ta c th tra theo tng s nt bt. Cc ch Hn c cng tng s nt bt c xp vo mt nhm. Trong nhm chng li c sp theo nt bt u tin. Nt bt u tin thuc v mt trong 5 dng sau (gi lng bt): .
-Nhm nt : cc ch c nt u tin l nt ngang, th d: , , , , , ...
-Nhmnt: cc ch c nt u tin l nt s, th d: , , , , , ...
- Nhmnt: cc ch c nt u tin l nt phy, th d: , , , , , ...
-Nhmnt: cc ch c nt u tin lnt chm, th d: , , , , , ...
-Nhmnt : cc ch c nt u tin l nt gy, th d: , , , , , ...
phng m nhm tng s nt ca mt ch Hn, ta phi tnh sai s1.
4. Cn mt cch tra ch Hn na, gi lt gic hiu m do Vng Vn Ng pht minh (th d quynT Vca i Loan c dng cch tra ny). Cch tra ch ny cng rt hay, nhng ngy nay rt t dng trong cc T Hn ng ca Trung Quc.
IV. TNG QUAN V CH HN
1. S LC QU TRNH PHT TRIN
Hn ng l mt ngn ng thuc ng tc Hn-Tng (Sino-Tibetan). Ng tc ny cn bao gm hai nhnh ln: Tng-Min (Tibeto-Burman) v Hn. Ng tc Hn Tng cn bao gm cc ngn ng Thi v N-pal (Nepalese).Cnc mt thuyt khc: Hn ng l ngn ng c lp trong i ng tc Indo-Sinitic. Ng tc ny cn bao gm cc ngn ng: Thi, Ty Tng, Min in (Burmese), Mo (Miao), Lolo, v cc ngn ng nhm Mon-Khmer.
Tuy Hn ng ni ting l mt trong ccngnng cao nin nht, nhng cha ai tr li c Hn ng c bao nhiu tui, v cu hi ln hn v ngun gc ca dn tc ny vn cha gii p ni.
C theo truyn thuyt th Phc Hi(mt ng vua truyn thuyt) khong 3000 nm trc CngNguyn(=tcn) v chng kin nhng k hiu huyn b trn lng con long m xut hin ni sng Hong H nn truyn mt v i quan tn l Thng Hit to ra ch vit.Cng theo truyn thuyt, Phc Hi v ra bt qui, coi nh tin thn ca ch vit. CnThng Hit l hu s quan ca Hong (cng l ng vua truyn thuyt) ch khng phi ca Phc Hi.Li c mt thuyt khc, gi lThng Hit tc th(Thng Hit sng tc ch vit): Thng Hit quan st cc hin tng thin nhin v bt chc cc du vt ca ng vt, cy c, chim chc, tinh t m to ra ch Hn. Thng thng ngi ta ch nhc n Thng Hit m b st Tr Tng, t s quan ca Hong . T inT Higing ni mc t Tr Tng rng: Thi ca Hong , Tr Tng l quan t s, Thng Hit l quan hu s, cng to ra vn t; nhng i nay nhiu ngi bit c Thng Hit m t ngi bit c Tr Tng. (Hong thi Tr Tng vi t s, Thng Hit vi hu s, ng tc vn t; n kim th a tri hu Thng Hit, tin tri hu Tr Tng , , ; , ).T inT Hicntrch dnT Th Th Thca V Hng rng: Tr Tng l s quan ca Hong , l ngi u tin to ra th kh, qun l vn s. (Tr Tng, Hong s, thu tc th kh, k cng vn s , , , ).
Vn t Trung Quc l mt thnh tu vn ho quan trng n ni tng truyn rng khi h vn t ny hon thnh th ban m thn su qu khc, sm chp ni dy, v ng cc trn tri xung nh ma. Tt nhin ngy nay rt him ngi tin vo iu , nhng s thn b ho thnh tu ny chng qua l cao tnh cht quan trng ca n. Vn t l thnh tu quan trng, bi v ch vit v cc dng c ghi chp dao khc, bt, sn, mc, la, th tre (trc gin), th g (mc gin), giy gip con ngi ghi nh s vic trong lao ng v sinh hot, nhng quan trng hn c l h c th ghi chp c qu kh ca mnh cng nh lu gi cc kin thc v kinh nghim truyn li cho hu nhn. Nh m con ngi c lch s thnh vn. Nhng bi hc lch s v kin thc cng nh s minh trit ca c nhn bao ngn nm qua ci thin con ngi hoang d ca hm qua thnh ngi vn minh ca hm nay. Gi s khng c vn t con ngi hn khng bit qu kh dng dc bao ngn nm ca mnh. Mt khi sau lng ch l bng ti, th trc mt hn khng c trin vng g.
Cc nh ng hc Trung Quc hin nay bc b thuyt Thng Hit tc thy.H cho rngThng Hit chng qua ch l h thng li cc ch Hn c sn m thi. Nhng khai qut kho c cho thy ch Hn c xa nht lGip Ct Vnc khc trn mai ra v xng th (gip =quy gip:mai ra; ct =th ct:xng th), xut hin t i Thng(1766-1122 tcn).i Chu(1122-221 tcn) s dng ch i Trin. i Tn(221-206 tcn), Tn Thy Hong thng nht su nc, tha tng L Tthng nht vn t, ch Tiu Trinv ch Lc s dng. Cc ch Khi, Hnh, Thoc pht trin t i Hn(206 tcn-221 cn) n i Tn(265-420). Nm 1949, ng Cng Sn Trung Quc cm quyn, ch trng gin ha vn t v ch gin th c ph bin cho n nay ti Hoa Lc.
2. LC S H PHIN M PINYIN
Vic phin m Hn t c t bao gi? Trc ht phi k t cc tha sai dng Tn (Jesuit missionaries) xut hin Trung Quc cui th k XVI. H hc thng tho Hn ng ti khu vc hi cng ca Macao vi li phin m Latin do chnh h sng ch. H rt c trng vng triu nh Bc Kinh. Ngi Trung Quc du c nh gi cao cch phin m Latin y nhng cng kh vn dng c v tht s cch phin m ny ch thch hp cho ngi Ty phng hc Hn ng. Sau , cc mc s Tin Lnh c nhiu ci tin hn trong vic dy dn chng vng duyn hi hc Hn ng bng cch phin m Latin. Nhng bn thn ngi Trung Quc vn cha n lc ci cch cc phng thc phin m y bin i ci vn t biu (ideographic characters) truyn thng ca h thnh mt vn t biu m (phonetic script).
Hai th k sau , cuc cch mng k ngh Ty phng buc ngi Trung Quc ngh n vic hin i ha, mt vic m Nht Bn t nguyn tin hnh v thnh cng. Ci cch vn t cng tr nn bc thit trc nhng tin ch nh in tn, my nh ch, my in hin i, cng nh trc nhu cu ging dy khoa hc t nhin cho hc sinh. Trong khi ngi Trung Quc lng tng vi vn t biu ca mnh th ngi Nht t lu ngh ra cch dng h thng k m gi lKana(Gi danh: gmPhin gi danh[katakana]vBnh gi danh[Hiragana]song hnh viKanji(tc l nhng Hn t vay mn ca Trung Quc c theo m Nh
