True Korean hero, Admiral Yi Sun-sin

04 Foreword

05 Introduction

Chapter 1. His contribution to the world

The Ultimate Naval Battles

08 The Battle of Salamis

11 The Battle of Gravelines

15 The Battle of Hansando

20 The Battle of Trafalgar

Imjin War

24 The Imjin war

International Reputation

28 International Reputation

of Yi Sun-sin

Chapter 2. His contribution to Korea

32 Inspire Korean

39 Domestic Reputation

Contents

Chapter 3. Who is he?

42 Timeline

46 Life

50 Keywords

55 Quotes and Poems

56 Historical Sites

59 People

60 Major Battles

67 Arsenal

Chapter 4. The truth about him

72 Looking for Truth

73 Truths and Falses

76 Letter writing campaign

Chapter 5. VANKY introduces him

78 VANKY introduces

him to the world

Publisher

VANK TEL. +82-2-921-3591~2 FAX. +82-2-921-3593Website. yisunsin.prkorea.com E-MAIL. [email protected]

Sponsor

Gyeongsangnamdo government

Design

Saengki (www.saengki.co.kr)

Foreword

04 Foreword

Dear Readers,

My name is Tae-ho Kim, the Governor of the Province of Gyeongsangnam-do in Korea. I am both

pleased and honored to have the opportunity to greet you through this magazine.

Gyeongsangnam-do is an important province for a number of reasons. Currently, in the fall of

2008, we are the host of the 10th Conference of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Government

representatives from 165 countries, environmental specialists, NGOs, and other interested

international organizations will be participating in the conference. It is also a popular tourist

destination that attracts many visitors each year from throughout Korea and the world. Tourists

visit for the scenery of its beautiful mountains and seas, and for its rich culture and history.

Gyeongsangnam-do also has an important place in world history. It was the site of several naval battles that turned the

tide against Japanese attempts to invade mainland Asia. In 1592, Japan invaded Korea, a land whose people favored peace

and at the time was known as Joseon or “the land of morning calm”. The Japanese invasion led to the outbreak of the

Imjin War (1592~1598), which eventually took the lives and destroyed the homes and property of millions of Koreans.

Faced with this tragic war, Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin came forward to protect Korea and the peace in Asia.

Gyeongsangnam-do was the site where many of his naval battles took place. He defeated the Japanese Navy in all of his

battles, at least 23 victorious battles in 7 years during the Imjin War. This is a great record of naval success that is rarely

found in Eastern or Western history. Such tremendous victories were made possible thanks to his foresight in preparing

Korea for its defense against invasion. Before the outbreak of war, Yi Sun-sin built the Geobukseon, the world’s first

ironclad battleship, in order to defend against Japanese attempts to invade. This innovative battleship played a significant

role in Yi Sun-sin’s victories by helping the Korean navy overcome being outnumbered by the amount of Japanese ships.

Unfortunately, most information on the Internet and in influential encyclopedias fails to accurately represent the

aggressive nature of Japan during the Imjin War, and the important role of Admiral Yi Sun-sin in protecting peace in Asia.

One of the primary reasons for these inaccuracies is that Japan had the advantage of using the Internet to promote its

perspective on history before Korea. As a result, wider perspectives and important pieces of information from Korea and

other Asian countries have been left out of the historical record.

To address this problem and to fill in some of these gaps in world history, since December of 2007 the Province of

Gyeongsangnam-do and the Cyber Diplomatic Mission, VANK (Voluntary Agency Network of Korea), have been

engaged in a joint project to discover, analyze, and correct inaccurate historical information on the Internet and in

encyclopedias and textbooks. This magazine is the result of our effort.

However, correcting distortions of our history cannot be accomplished without your help. Historical truth and accuracy

needs your interest, cooperation, and commitment. By reading this magazine, I hope that you will learn more about the

accurate information of the Imjin War and the brave leadership of Admiral Yi Sun-sin during the war. I also would like to

ask a favor of you; please, let your family, friends and neighbors know as well.

Governor

The Province of Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

September 2008

Introduction 05

Greetings Readers,

"Your Highness, I still have twelve battleships!"

This is what Admiral Yi Sun-sin told the Korean King during a war against Japan in the Joseon Dynasty period. This statement showed

his determination to go on to war with hope and without fear, despite the overwhelmingly unfavorable conditions that faced the Korean

forces. Using his strong will, Yi rescued the endangered country of Korea and protected the peace in East Asia by achieving tremendous

victories over Japan that would become some of the greatest in world naval history. For Koreans, Yi always comes out on the top of the list

of most respected heroes in the 5000 years of Korean history. His sayings have long been used as Korean political campaign slogans,

corporate CEO business philosophies, ways to stimulate the imagination of entertainers, and inspiring motivational quotes in the

textbooks of Korean students. These examples show clearly that Yi has immense influence over Korean society. But, what do six billion

foreigners think about Korea’s greatest hero Yi Sun-sin? This very question was the seed of this magazine.

In January of 2008, Koreas Cyber Diplomatic Mission, VANK (Voluntary Agency Network of Korea) and the Korean province of

Gyeongsangnam-do, found through extensive research that information about Yi Sun-sin and the Imjin War is seldom included in foreign

history textbooks, encyclopedias and popular websites. Many Koreans are surprised to learn that Yi’s leadership and bravery, which can

help to inspire youth in the world beyond Korea, are often neglected in educational resources available for foreign students. Even more

surprising is that the few resources that do have limited content about Yi often provide incorrect information. The dissemination of such

misinformation gives some cover to Japan, who had engaged in an aggressive war of invasion against Korea. Misinformation also

degrades Yi’s character and accomplishments during the Imjin War.

In recognition of this problem, VANK has decided to publish this magazine to inform international audiences about Yi Sun-sin, a man

who changed the destiny of Korea and became one of the greatest heroes in Korean history. For this magazine, we put considerable effort

into reflecting international perspectives, rather than only a Korean perspective, in our descriptions of Yi’s life and accomplishments

during the Imjin War. World naval history and examples of leadership to save a country are familiar and inspiring topics for people across

the world. Thus, we present Yi Sun-sin’s leadership, accomplishments, and contribution in a more global context through a chapter titled

“His contribution to the world”. In the chapter, you will get to know about the Imjin War and the world’s four greatest naval battles,

which include the Battle of Hansando, the Battle of Salamis, the Battle of Calais, and the Battle of Trafalgar.

When you read this magazine and begin to learn about Korea’s most respected hero Yi Sun-sin, his accomplishments and leadership, as well

as his great battle at Hansando, the knowledge you gain will be valuable to your future. The primary reason we are publishing this magazine

is to promote Yi Sun-sin to the world. However, we promote Yi Sun-sin not merely because he is Korea’s greatest naval commander who was

never defeated in battle, but more importantly, because he devotedly loved the people and the community to which he belonged, and served

them even at the cost of his own life. The spirit that he showed can serve as a moral guide for the lives of contemporary people all around the

world. The life and philosophy of a great hero who saved a country in crisis can be the seed that produces more heroes among future

generations. We hope that through this magazine, you too can become heroes someday and change the world!

Korea’s Cyber Diplomatic Mission, VANK

September 2008

Introduction

Gyeongsangnamdogovernment’schallenge to search Geobukseon

Geobukseon ship played very important role in most battles

of Admiral Yi. In battle, it led whole fleet and attacked

Japanese ships first. After it dispersed Japanese battle line,

remaining warships followed it. Admiral Yi could win

continuously at sea battles with various strategies using this ship.

Although many historical records about this ship were handed down to

present, no wreckage of this ship was found. If some wreckage of this ship is discovered, it would be meaningful

excavation in Korean history and very helpful for scholars who study the Imjin war period. Hence, Gyeongsangnamdo

government started huge project that search for wreckage of Joseon’s warships and armories since June 2008.

They’ll mainly explore the sea in front of Chilcheondo island it because many Joseon’s warships were sunken in this sea

at the battle of Chilcheonryang. Battle of Chilcheonryang took place after King Seonjo deprived of Admiral Yi's rank as

Commander-in-Chief, because he became entangled in domestic political strife. King Seonjo appointed Won gyun

instead of Admiral Yi. Won gyun's Joseon navy decisively was defeated over Japanese at the battle of Chilcheonryang in

July 1597. Therefore, many warships sank on this seabed and it means there are many possibilities that wreckage of

Geobukseon or other relics can be discovered.

Although there is only a 1 percent possibility that Geobukseon still exist in the seabed, Gyeongsangnamdo government

and Koreans’ challenge to search Geobukseon will not end.

Sea area in front of Chilcheondo island The governor of Gyeongsangnamdo

is beating traditional drum

A professor having presentation about the

structure of Geobukseon

The Ultimate Naval Battles

- The Battle of Salamis

- The Battle of Gravelines

- The Battle of Hansando

- The Battle of Trafalgar

Chapter 1

His contribution

to the world

1. Historical Background

1⃞Conflicts between Persian and Greek

At that time, the world was under control of the Persian

Empire. Persians established immense empire from West

Asia to Cacausus areas. To expand their land to the west,

this thriving empire had to conquer Greek city states. They

constantly invaded Greek through many their king’s reigns.

The battle of Salamis took place during the reign of Persian

king, Xerxes, the son of Darius the Great of Persia whom

invaded Ionian area. Several city-states in Ionia

confederated and rose in rebellion against Persian Empire.

Darius the Great sent Persian army and put down a

rebellion. When Ionian city-states asked aides, only Athens

sent army for them. Consequently, the Persians settled the

plan to invade Athens and another Greek city states which

allied with Ionians.

When Persians invaded Greek mainland again, Athenians

confronted Persian large forces in the field of Marathon,

which is situated in north-east from Athens. After this

battle, one messenger ran to the Athens and conveyed the

victory of their army. He died when he accomplished his

mission. His mission became the inspiration for the

Marathon race of modern Olympic Games.

1⃞ Invasion of Persian

Darius, the Great planned the invasion to the Athens again,

but he died before he carried out plans and this mission

was handed down to his son. Xerxes wasn’t warlike man,

but his followers didn’t let him stay in Persia. He settled

invasion plan and gathered men from his colonial areas.

When he was ready to war, his army marched to the Greek

mainland. Herodotus assumed Persian army was around

5.28 million, but modern Sagas calculated estimated army

was 360,000.

They marched down along coastline, because their navy

supplied food and arms. Finally, Persian army arrived at

08 His contribution to the world

The Battle of SalamisIt was one of major battles of Graeco-Persian wars which took place

from B.C. 492 to B.C. 448. Although, this battle has less fame than another major field

battles, such as the Battle of Marathon and the battle of Thermopylae, it was turning

point for the Athens.

Takis of Malis which is located nearby Thermopylae, this

was the key point of the Central Greek. If Greeks lose this

area, Athens might be devastated by Persians. South Greek

31 city states allied and sent their army against Persians.

Spartans were the leader of this allied army.

At August 18, B.C.480 the battle of Thermopylae had

joined, Leonidas, a king of Sparta confronted Persian army

with 7,000 Greek army. Persian army was twentyfold than

Greeks. For two days, Persians couldn’t defeat small Greek

army. Crafty Xerxes asked to the Spartan traitor the

shortcut which is directly connected to Thermopylae. Soon,

the Persian contingent took a shortcut. Greek allied army

suggested to Leonidas to retreat from Thermopylae, but

this brave king and his 300 bodyguards left and had battle

with Persians.

While Leonidas and his army were in the battle, Greek city

states’ fleets were gathered at Artemisium and mainland to

support Greek army in Thermopylae. Xerxes penetrated

this Greek strategy and sent his naval fleet to here.

On the way to Artemisium, Persian fleet lost a lot of

warships during a heavy rainstorm. And they lost more

warships at the Battle of Artemisium. This was one of the

reasons which Greek fleet defeated Persian fleet at the

Battle of Salamis. However, Greek Historian Herodotus

claimed that Persians filled the loses by another Greek city

states in Aegean Sea which were under the Persians.

When Greek fleets were told the defeat of the Battle of

Thermopylae, they withdrew and headed to the island of

Salamis to evacuate their people from their states to another

safe place.

2. The Battle

1⃞ Fleet and commanders

Winner: Greek fleet Persian fleet

Commander Commander-in-chief : Commander-in-chief :

Eurybiades, Xerxes I of Persia

Spartan commander

Warships Between 300~370 Around 800 warships,

tiremes, and smaller (Conservative estimate : 650

50-oared pentekonters tiremes, Greek historians

claim : over 10,000)

1⃞Council of war

After Athens escaped to the island of Salamis, the leaders of

31 united Greeks had meeting. Spartans asserted to

withdraw to the Strait of Korint which is located nearby

their land. Athens opposed to this idea, because they knew

their people would be scapegoat of massacre by Persian

army.

The result of meeting was in the dark. Themistocles went

out of meeting site and thought the way to let Greek fleets

stay in island of Salamis. After few minutes, he sent his

dutiful and Persian slave to the Xerxes with the letter. He

wrote the division of united Greeks and made Xerxes to

The Battle of Salamis 09

They marched down along

coastline, because their navy

supplied food and arms. Finally,

Persian army arrived at Takis of

Malis which is located nearby

Thermopylae, this was the key

point of the Central Greek. If

Greeks lose this area, Athens

might be devastated by Persians.

South Greek 31 city states allied

and sent their army against

Persians. Spartans were the

leader of this allied army.

believe they would win if they attack this island as soon as

possible.

Xeres made an order to their navy to attack Greek fleets in

island of Salamis. When Greek leaders were told the

Persian fleet was coming to the island, they had no choice.

They prepared the battle.

While Greeks were preparing the battle, Xerxes were at the

mountain Aigaleos to observe the battle. By his side, his

entourage wrote down the name of the warship which

destroyed much Greek warships.

1⃞Battle has joined

The Persians divided their fleet to send some ships around

the island and made them to cut off the Greeks. Remaining

warships had to divide their fleet again, cause the islet in

front of the island of Salamis. They sailed into the Strait of

Salamis, while Greeks were making a line of battle.

Greeks pretended to be overwhelmed by the Persian fleet

and tricked the Persians to believe that Greeks were

retreating. Though Persian ships were not easy to enter the

strait of Salamis, they suddenly entered into the sea to chase

Greek warships. Soon, Persian warships were mixed

together and couldn’t move either forward or backward.

When Persian warships entered, Greeks winded a ship and

attacked first. Themistocles’ strategy was to break the line

of battle by their ships’ bronze ram. Greek ships started

rammed down Persian warships gradually and they

surrounded Persians. The Persian warships at the front line

were trying to retreat, but their rout of retreat was stuck by

another Persians ships. While Greeks lost only 40 ships,

Persians lost about 200 warships and they were sunk in the

sea.

3. Aftermath

The Athens’ fleet led the victory and the Golden Age of

Athens started by this battle. After this battle, Persians

invaded Athens again, but Greeks defeated them. When

Graeco-Persian wars were ended, Athens established

Athenian Empire and Greek became one of the powerful

countries in Mediterranean Sea. The Modern Hellenic Navy

celebrates this day’s victory as Battle of the Salamis day in

every 12 September.

On the other hand, Persian Empire had more frequent

rebellions in their colonial areas. It lasted 150 years more, till

the Alexander the Great defeated the last Persian king’s

army.


The Battle of Gravelines


1⃞ Establishment of protestantism

In 1517, a German priest, Martin Luther released The 95

Theses and his ideas spread through the European

continent phenomenally. Though, he was excommunicated

from Roman Catholic Church, his doctrine inspired the

Protestant Reformation. By the Peace of Westphalia, the

Protestant Princes of Germany gained the right to choose

their states’ religion.

As time goes by, Protestantism was welcomed in most

European countries and the conflicts sparked between two

religions was drifted into war. England broke with Rome

during reign of Henry VIII. He closed all Roman Catholic

abbeys and monastery and seized their property and

announced that he’s the head of English Church. He

conducted this religious rebellion against Rome, because

the Rome disapproved his divorce.

This religious conflict reached climax in France on 24th

August, 1572. Hundreds of French protestants, Huguenots

were butchered by Catholics at the wedding of Princess

Marguerite. Catholic dominant countries, Spain and France

hailed this massacre. He dispatched the army to the

Netherlands which was under control of Spain in order to

suppress Protestantism. This sparked the movement of

independence of the Netherlands. In 1566, Protestant party

in the Netherlands rose in rebellion on the behalf of

England. Ironically, his suppression policy became the one

of reasons of defeat at the Battle of Gravelines. Dutch

protestants interfered the embarkation of Spanish land

forces.

1⃞Conflict between England and Spain

At late 16C, Spain was powerful state, and she possessed

many colonies in American continent. Philip II, King of

Spain was sincere Catholic and his ambition to be a ruler of

England never subsided. While Spain was concentrated in

the holy war against Turks and Protestantism, Elizabeth I,

the Queen of England dispatched Francis Drake to the

The Battle of Gravelines 11

It was a part of Spanish Armada’s campaign against England. Spanish Armada-fleet in Spanish- sailed

toward England to return her as a catholic country and retaliate English pirates’ buccaneering.

Though Spaniards had outstanding land forces, they failed to embark them and anchor any port of England

neither Scotland. English defeated Spaniard at the English Channel off Gravelines near by Calais. After this

battle, Spain gradually lost her dominance at sea and it gave a chance for England to be a new power at sea


Spanish Main and encouraged English to pirate Spanish

ships.

Beside, she followed her father’s religious policy and

supported the Protestant dominant countries in the

continent, the Netherlands for instance. She gave aides for

Protestants in the Netherlands to protect this area from

Spain. The distance between England and this land wasn’t

so far, thus Spaniards in here was huge threat to the

England. Spaniards had ships to carry strong land forces

from this area to the England. For these reasons, Elizabeth

always had contacts with Dutch.

The presence of Elizabeth’s pirates at sea was one of the

biggest obstacles to Spain. Philip regarded English ships

since July, 1580 and accused Drake due to his piracies in the

West Indies and Atlantic Ocean. He occasionally sailed to

the West Indies and sacked the Spanish colonies or Spanish

ships on their return way to their mother country.

However, Elizabeth gave him the honor of knighthood. In

the mean time, England dispatched army to the

Netherlands and joined the independence war against

Spanish rule in 1585.

1⃞Philip’s invasion plan of England

Philip determined the invasion plan of England shortly

after he was told the execution of Mary, Queen of Scotland.

Catholic Mary was supposed to overthrow Elizabeth’s

throne on the behalf of Spain. Philip exaggerated his

invasion plan as a holy war against Protestantism to gain

support from the Rome. In the end, he gained the authority

of invasion. But, it crashed by Drake whom drove his ships

and burnt a half of Spanish ships which were anchoring at

Cadiz in 1587. These ships were carrying war supplies and

these were supposed to be used during the invasion of

England. By this unexpected attack, Spanish lost lots of war

supplies and warships and Philip had to suspend his

invasion plan.

Spanish invasion plan was settled by veteran sailor,

Marquess of Santa Cruze at first place. He was supposed to

conquer Ireland and, then would march to the England. But

this plan was scattered after his sudden death. Duke of

Medina succeeded him. He was great soldier but,

inexperienced at sea battles. It was one of reasons why

Spanish lost this campaign. Philip’s plan was focused on

combining his fleet with Parma’s land forces off Spanish

Netherlands. He and his councilors were convinced that

battle-trained Spaniards would defeat English army if they

land on England.

1⃞ England’s preparation

English knew the importance of collecting information

more than Spanish. They collected information from

various routes. English prime minister, Francis

Walsingham spied on Spain through his person in Spanish

palace. According to England documents, he already knew

Philip exaggerated his invasion

plan as a holy war against

Protestantism to gain support

from the Rome. In the end, he

gained the authority of invasion.

But, it crashed by Drake whom

drove his ships and burnt a half of

Spanish ships which were

anchoring at Cadiz in 1587. These

ships were carrying war supplies

and these were supposed to be

used during the invasion of

England.

The Battle of Gravelines 13

Spanish plan about 1 year before the invasion. England

immediately conducted defense strategy and ensured the

cooperation of Protestants in Netherlands. In same time,

English redesigned their warships and built more ships.

The progress of Spanish plans, the structure of fleet and

their commanders’ name were updated by English spies in

Spain. According to the letter was sent to the English

government, 130 ships including 4 galleases and 4 galleys

were prepared for the invasion, while Don Alonso di Lieva

was appointed as the general in charge of the Spanish land

forces. A Spanish ship was sent to Calais to set up the plan

with Parma’s army before fleet departed. This letter was

based on a captain’s letter of Italian ship, was being worked

for the Spanish government.

2. The Battle

1⃞ Spanish sail to the England

Armada sailed off Lisbon and headed to the Flanders,

present-day territory of France, Belgium and the

Netherlands, which Parma’s land forces were awaiting the

arrival of them, but their sail was delayed due to heavy

rainstorms. In the middle of July, Spaniards could reach

western part of English Channel. On July 30, Armada was

observed from the Cornwall while the English fleet was

anchoring at the Plymouth port. Armada was in formation

of crescent and advanced to the Flanders along the English

Channel. After first battle, Lord Admiral divided fleet into

four squadrons, which led by himself, Vice admiral, Rear

Admiral and Sir Martin Frobisher. They attacked Spanish

fleet from time to time. During these attacks, one ship was

captured by Drake and one ship was burnt by mistakes.


Winner : English fleet Spaniard fleet

Commanders • Lord Admiral : Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham • Commander-in-chief : Duke of Medina Sidonia

• Vice Admiral : Sir Francis Drake • General(Cammander of land forces) : Don Alonso di Lieva

• Rear Admiral : Sir John Hawkins

• Sir Martin Frobisher

• Total : 28,000

Crews • Sailors and seaman: 15,000 • Soldiers : 20,000

• Sailors and others: 8,000

• Total : 197 • Total : 130

Warships • Fighting ships : 75(new built galleons :20) • Fighting ships : 65(Galleases : 4. Galleys : 4)

• Hospital ships: 2

National Maritime Museum, London


Although English couldn’t give much damage to

Spaniards, they made Spaniards to consume ammunition.

Medina-Sidonia sent messages to Duke of Parma and asked

him to prepare ammunition for his fleet. On the contrary of

them, English fleet could replace ammunition, drink water

and foods from near by ports. This was the one of reasons

why English could prevent the invasion of Spaniards.

On 6-7th August, Armada anchored near by Calais where

Parma’s army would join them. It wasn’t easy to anchor in

here due to their ships’ size, they waited Parma’s transport

ships, pontoons from there. English fleet also anchored

beside Spaniard fleet. Medina Sidonia already sent his

messenger to Parma before his fleet reach Calais, but

Parma’s army were never shown. At that time, Parma

thought this invasion would be failed, therefore he sent his

army into the inland according to newly released Spanish

research.

1⃞At Battle day

On August 6, southwestern wind began to blow, it was

prevailing wind for the English fleet. Armada couldn’t

proceed toward to England due to this wind. Around

midnight, English sent fireships to the middle of Armada,

Spaniard sailors guessed these ships would be exploded in

a minutes, they cut cables which link ships and sailed off.

Armada’s formation in crescent dispered by this, the chance

to defeat Armada had come for the English. Before Medina

Sidonia refit the formation, English warships attack

Armada off Gravelines, near by Calais. Spaniards

attempted to board ship and had fights on English ships, it

was representative tactics of them. To avoid boarding

tactics, English ships discharged guns from distance and

avoided closeness of Spanish ships. Spanish ships carried

more cannons which the range is short and their recharge

time was longer than English ones. English ships

discharged fire simultaneously. Spaniards ships were stuck

in the middle between English fleet and coast of Low

countries. Suddenly, wind changed and Spaniards could

sail off to the north.

1⃞ Result

Spaniards was supposed to sail back to the English

Channel, but storm led them to the north only. They gave

up the invasion plan, because they already ran out of

ammunition and foods. There’s only one way to return

home for the Spaniards, Medina Sidonia commanded to

retreat and planned to sail back around Scotland and

Ireland. The king of Scotland, James didn’t allow Spaniards

to anchor at his land, he was supposed to be granted the

throne from the Elizabeth. He did not want to disturb the

mind of Queen.

On their way to Spain, Spaniards were suffered from heavy

storms and starving. Starving Spaniards landed on Ireland,

but they were killed by the army of Elizabeth. The Medina

Sidonia could reach Santander on September 13 after he lost

a half of his fleet and hundreds of sailors.

3. Aftermath

After this battle, the war between England and Spain lasted

till the treaty of London joined in 1604. England kept

supporting the Protestants in the Netherlands and

snatching Spanish ships which carried huge amount of

gold and products from Spanish colonies in America. As

time goes by, the fame of Spanish Invincible Armada was

faded, nevertheless this was rebuilt later. It became the

reason why Spain gradually lost her dominance at sea. As

Spain lost her power, England gained power at sea.

England established East India Trading Co. in 1600 and it

became the foundation of English Empire. She acquired the

colony, Virginia-this was named after Elizabeth I- in North

America in 1604.

The Battle of Hansando 15


1⃞ Toyotomi's ambition

In 1392, Korean medieval

state, Joseon dynasty

established in Korean

peninsula and they kept

diplomatic relationship with

Japan. Two countries

exchanged envoy visits for

200 years and enjoyed peace.

The circumstance changed

shortly after Toyotomi

Hideyoshi succeeded his former lord, Oda Nobunaga.

At 1500s, Japan was in turmoil. The war between daimyos,

feudal lords, kept dragging on and on until Toyotomi

Hideyoshi united Japan. After unification, Toyotomi

thought the chance to invade China had come to him. He

always carried the fan which East Asia's map is printed on

it. His ambition was to be the first Japanese ruler who

conquered China. Furthermore, he worried about the

possibility that his subordinate daimyos would rebel

against him.

He took action for his ambitious plan. At 1587, he

conquered Daemado Island, also known as Tsushima in

Japan, and sent the mayor of this island as his envoy to

Hanyang, capital of Joseon dynasty. The mayor was

demanded to convey Toyotomi's war plan against Ming

dynasty and Joseon's unconditional surrender. Because he

was received economic support from Joseon dynasty, he

couldn't tell the truth. He only requested Hanyang to send

envoy to Toyotomi.

Hanyang dispatched Tongsinsa, diplomatic mission, to

Japan at 1590. They returned with Toyotomi's letter. In this

letter, he claimed his war plan against Ming dynasty again.

On the other hand, two envoys reported to their king after

their trip. One of them asserted Toyotomi will invade

within few years, but another opposed to this idea.

The Battle of HansandoIt was the biggest and decisive naval battle during disastrous war, Imjin war which took place from 1592 to

1598. Battle-trained Japanese invaded under control of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. His ambition was broken in

pieces by Joseon's Navy and Admiral Yi Sun-sin. After this battle, Japanese changed their strategy of their

invasion of Korea and the whole war situation was dramatically reversed.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi


1⃞ Joseon's preparation

Joseon government speculated the possibility of Japanese

invasion and prepared for the war since two envoys came

back from Japan. They appointed three provincial

governors and dispatched them in southern provinces of

Korean peninsula. The governors prepared armory and

built castles. Especially, many castles were built or rebuilt in

Gyeongsangdo during this time. New barracks were also

built in this province.

To settle defense plans, Joseon government appointed new

naval commanders of southern provinces' fleet. In February

1591, Yi sun-sin was appointed as Jeollajwado

Sugunjeoldosa, commander-in-chief Jeolla province's

western fleet and Yi eok-gi was appointed as Jellawudo

Sugunjeoldosa, commander-in-chief Jeolla province's

eastern fleet. In early 1592, Won gyun was appointed as

commander-in-chief Gyeongsangdo province's eastern

fleet. These commanders prepared for the war in their local

seas. Jeollado province' commander, Yi sun-sin perfectly

prepared to defend his domain sea. A lot of amount of

armory, ammunition, gun powder, foods were reserved

under control of him. New warships, including 3

Geobukseon were also built.possessed many colonies in

American continent. Philip

1⃞ Japanese invasion

At April 13, 1592 the Imjin war broke out. Japanese army

arrived at Korean peninsula. Almost 160,000 Japanese

participated in this war, only 8,000 Korean army had to

confront numerous invasion. Battle-hardened Japanese

army defeated Joseon's armies by matchlock at every battle.

Koreans also was using firearms, such as cannons at siege

warfare, but they were mostly using sword, spear and bow

at battles.

When King Seonjo was told the invasion of numerous

Japanese army and Koreans' defeats, he dispatched his

most trusted general, Sin Rip to defend Japanese invasion.

General, Shin was famous for his missions against Manchus

at the northern most border of Joseon dynasty. He defeated

them in many times and became the General. Sin Rip

confronted the first Japanese army, Gonishi yukinaga's at

the Tanguemdae, Chungju, but his cavalry couldn't defeat

Japanese. No one could halt the Japanese army's march to

the Hanyang after this battle. On April 30, King seonjo

retreated to Northwest, and Japanese seized Hanyang after

2 days.

The situation at sea

was obviously different. Combined

Jeollado and Gyeongsangdo fleet

defeated Japanese navy

continuously. Before the battle of

Hansando, combined Joseon fleet

won for seven times. They could

win because Joseon fleet was

consists of well-trained navy and

sailors and Joseon warships were

well equipped with medium-and

long- range guns. Furthermore,

they had outstanding commander,

Admiral Yi.

Japanese matchlock gun

1⃞ Victory at sea

The situation at sea was

obviously different.

Combined Jeollado and

Gyeongsangdo fleet

defeated Japanese navy

continuously. Before

the battle of Hansando,

combined Joseon fleet won for seven times. They could win

because Joseon fleet was consists of well-trained navy and

sailors and Joseon warships were well equipped with

medium-and long- range guns. Furthermore, they had

outstanding commander, Admiral Yi.

PanokseonJoseon had trained navy and sailors to protect

their lands from Japanese pirates since the dynasty was

established. Japanese ships were designed for their main

tactics, boarding tactics which grapple enemy ship and

board on it. For this, Japanese needed fast ships. On the

contrary, Joseon's main warship, Panokship was made of

sturdy pine wood plate , therefore it was capable of

carrying many guns on it while Japanese ships couldn't

carry any cannons because these were made of Japanese

cedar. This wood has less solidity than pine tree. Koreans

developed these guns since Choi mu-seon invented

gunpowder and firearms in late 1300. Four different size

guns were developed during 1555~1565, these guns were

boarded on Joseon's warships.

Actually, Joseon navy was out of Toyotomi's strategy at

first place. He ordered his daimyos to prepare many ships,

mainly transport ships for the invasion of Korea. His

invasion plan was focused on land battles and building

castles. After continue defeats at sea, Toyotomi denounced

his daimyos and ordered to change war strategy. Japanese

troops of Wakisaka yasuharu, Guki yoshitaka and Gato

yoshiyaki evacuated from north to the coast of the south

sea. They built castles at Angolpo, Jinhae to ambush Joseon

navy and prepared war battles. It became headquarter of

Japanese navy.

Although, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered their navy to be

united and attack Joseon navy together, Wakisaka

Yasuharu decided to defeat Yi's fleet by himself. He was

appointed as a chief of navy at the beginning of Imjin war,

but couldn't have naval battle till this time. He thought he

might gain more fame if he won. On July 7, 1592, his fleet

was departed from the Japanese headquarter. When

Wakisaka's fleet arrived near by Geojedo island, his fleet

anchored off Gyeonnaeryang. On the other hand, Joseon's

fleet was at Dangpo of Mirukdo island.

1⃞ At battle

On July 7, a shepherd reported that Japanese fleet is

anchoring at Gyeonnaeryang to Joseon fleet. At night,

commanders of Joseon fleet had council and planned

strategy. Admiral Yi decided to entice Japanese fleet from

there to the open sea, because that sea is shallow and it was

hard to change body of main warship, Panokseon.

Furthermore, Japanese tended to abandon ships and retreat

to the island if they reach an impasse in the middle of battle.

On July 8, 5~6 ships went to Gyeonnaeryang while

remaining ships were poised to attack off Hansando island.



Winner: Joseon fleet Japanese fleet

Commanders • Joellajwado suguntongjesa: Yi sun-sin • Commander-in-chief : Wakisaka Yasuharu

• Joellajwudo suguntongjesa: Yi eok-gi

• Gyeongsangwudo suguntongjesa: Won gyun

Warships

• Korean record: 54 • Total : 73 • Japanese record: 109(Big ships: 59, Small ships: 50)

2. The battle

Panokseon ship


Joseon ships attacked ships which were anchoring off coast

of Gyeonnaeryang. Immediately, Japanese boarded ships

and counterattack to Joseon warships. Joseon warships

poised to retreat from there, Japanese followed them.

hansandoWhen enticing ships arrived at the open sea,

another Joseon fleet joined them. Admiral Yi commanded

to make his famous tactic, Hakikjin, crane wing formation.

Joseon ships formed like crescent moon and surrounded

Japanese ships. This tactic's name derived from a shape of

crane when it spread its wings. This tactic designed to

attack enemy's Adake(flagship) or main squadron first and

simultaneously. Joseon fleet discharged guns and 2~3

Japanese warships in front line were sunken by this attack.

Joseon fleet attacked flagship first, it was main tactic of

Admiral Yi. Soon, Japanese fleet was out of their

commanders' order and dispersed to retreat, but Joseon

fleet surrounded them and ambush their ships one by one.

Most Japanese ships were sunken before they approached.

This battle ended within 2~3 hours.

1⃞ Result

Japanese fleet's casualties were unprecedented. They lost 59

warships and the list of ships as follow: 28 Big Sekibune

ships, 7 Adake ships, 28 middle Sekibune ships and 17small

Sekibune ships. By considering capacity of these ships,

about 3,000 Japanese died after this battle. Joseon lost no

ship and casualties were insignificant.

On their way to Spain, Spaniards were suffered from heavy

storms and starving. Starving Spaniards landed on Ireland,

but they were killed by the army of Elizabeth. The Medina

Sidonia could reach Santander on September 13 after he lost

a half of his fleet and hundreds of sailors.

3. Aftermath

Joseon enjoyed three advantages as a result of this battle.

First, Joseon could keep their control in Jeollado and

Chungcheongdo which were breadbasket of Joseon. The

Watch Tower in Jeseungdang

Jeseungdang building The water in front of Hansando island


food supply was kept for Joseon army and fleet, it became

huge advantage and base of Joseon's victory at Imjin war.

Second, Japanese attempts to defeat Joseon fleet were failed

and they had to change war strategy of invasion. Their

strategy was to deliver more Japanese land forces and foods

through seas to northern part of Korean peninsula and then

they would march to Ming dynasty's territory. By failure of

this strategy, Japanese troops which seized north provinces

of Joseon had to suffer from starving and shortage of

ammunition. To invade China, they needed to secure war

supplying routes. Japanese attempts to deliver foods and

ammunition through roads were also blocked by Joseon

army and Uibyeong. Uibyeong is literally translated as

righteous army. A lot of civil army and Buddhist monk

army voluntarily were formed and attacked Japanese

troops.

Third, the army of Ming dynasty could march down to

Korean peninsula by road, because Japanese troops

couldn't march forward to the territory of Ming dynasty.

King seonjo asked aid to the Ming dynasty and Ming sent

their army to prevent invasion of Japanese troops in Korean

peninsula.

After this battle, Admiral Yi's fleet secured south sea till the

end of Imjin war and Joseon could protect their land from

Japanese invasion. On August 18, 1595, Toyotomi

Hideyoshi died, but his councilors kept his death as secret.

After several months, this came to light and Japanese

councilors ordered retreat of their troops in Joseon. On

November 19, 1598, Yi's fleet attacked Japanese fleet was on

their return to mother land, almost 200 Japanese warships

were sunken and it became Yi's final battle. After few days,

all Japanese troops withdrew from Busan and the

disastrous Imjin war ended.

The result of this war impacted three countries in East Asia,

Joseon, Ming dynasty and Azuchi-Momoyama period

Japan. Joseon's lands were devastated by 7 years war and a

lot of national treasures were destroyed or plundered by

Japanese. Although, it took many years to rebuild country,

Joseon dynasty lasted for about 400 years.

On the contrary of Joseon, Ming dynasty began to

disintegrate and Toyotomi's government was replaced.

Ming was suffered from economic decline and rebels

against its government, and it was collapsed by Manchus in

1644. Manchu established China's last absolute monarchy

state, Cheong.

Toyotomi's successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved capital to

Edo, present-day Tokyo and Edo period started. Tokugawa

proposed reestablishing diplomatic relations with Joseon in

1607. Two countries exchanged envoy till Meiji Restoration

took place. Joseon dispatched diplomatic mission, which

called as Tongsinsa. Tongsinsa was consists of about 500

people, including diplomats, painter, potter and doctors.

Japanese could learn Joseon's technology by this diplomatic

mission. Especially, Joseon's potters have had a strong

influence on Japanese ceramic arts.

Joseon enjoyed three

advantages as a result

of this battle. First,

Joseon could keep

their control in

Jeollado and

Chungcheongdo which

were breadbasket of

Joseon. The food

supply was kept for

Joseon army and fleet,

it became huge

advantage and base of

Joseon's victory at

Imjin war.


The Battle of TrafalgarIt was a part of the Napoleonic wars. Napoleon longed to expand his empire

to the east and conquer Britain. His ambition was torn by this battle and Admiral Nelson, the

man whose name is immortal. This battle had ended with Britain's victory and Britain

remained unchallenged at Sea for years.


1⃞Napoleon's ambition

On July 14 1789, about 10,000 Parisians attacked Bastille and

this prison fell under control of angry people. The French

Revolution took place on this day and absolute monarchy

replaced by constitutional monarchy. Most European

countries' royals were afraid if the same revolution

occurred in their land. Soon, they allied and tried to

reestablish absolute monarchy in France. In 1792, the war

between French and allied countries' army started. This war

changed a man's life. His name was Bonaparte Napoleon.

His dream was to become a naval officer, but he had to be

an artillery officer because only noble family could join the

Naval Academy. When he was 20, the French Revolution

took place and he defeated English in 1793 and Austrians in

1795. In 1797, Napoleon could attain Vienna, the capital of

Austria. The treaty of campo formio was signed on October

17, 1797 and Austrian lands ceded. The first phrase of

Napoleonic war ended like this and he returned his

attention to the Britain.

In late 1797 Napoleon encouraged and persuaded French

to believe that English monarchy should be destroyed by

them and then the Europe would be at their feet. He also

started to concentrate his effort on the navy. But his

invade plans were blockaded by Admiral Nelson and

Royal Navy.

In 1802, the treaty of Amiens was signed and two countries

were in peace for 14 months. Napoleon whose power was

rapidly on the rise conferred upon him the tile of Emperor

Napoleon I on 2 December 1804. In this day, Napoleon's

ambition to expand his empire rose up. He acquired the

power to invade England and ships.

1⃞ Admiral Nelson's endless chase

British speculated the possibility of invasion of France.

England could be easily collapsed if French army arrives in

ports. Britain knew the

importance of securing the

seas, as the history approved

this for them. Royal Navy

had observed the movement

of French ships. In late 1804,

Spain and France allied and

planned the invasion of

Britain. Spain fleet was given

to Napoleon's hands.

Napoleon organized army,

Grand Armee, it includes

2,000 boats and 90,000 men. They stationed along the coast

of France to invade England. Napoleon ordered to his fleets

to blockade the Royal Navy while he would deliver his

newly organized army in England.

At that time, Napoleon's fleets were dispersed in five

havens, Brest, Rochefort, Toulon in France and Cadiz and

Ferrol in Spain. British Royal Navy was keeping these fleets

under their surveillance. They set their attempt to combine

their fleets in Caribbean Sea, because they could reach

English Channel only after they tricks British Navy.

Admiral Charles Villeneuve's fleet was in Toulon while

Admiral Nelson's fleet secured his movement. On March

30, 1805 he escaped port and headed to Atlantic Ocean.

When Nelson realized Toulon's fleet sailed out of the port,

he assumed that French ships would sail to Mediterranean

Sea. He drove his fleet to Egypt, but he found his mistake

and chased Villeneuve. Spanish fleet in Cadiz also slipped

out of the port and joined Villeneuve's fleet.

1⃞ Failure of Napoleon's invasion plan

When Villeneuve arrived in French colony, Martinique, he

was reported that fleet in Ferrol couldn't break out of the

port. He knew that Napoleon was waiting for his arrival,

therefore he sailed back to Ferrol to drive ships in there out

of the port. Villeneuve's fleet was blocked by Vice Admiral

Sir Robert Calder off the coast of Spain, but he escaped

British speculated

the possibility of invasion of

France.

England could be easily collapsed

if French army arrives in ports.

Britain knew the importance of

securing the seas, as the history

approved this for them.

Royal Navy had observed the

movement of French ships.

In late 1804, Spain and France

allied and planned the invasion of

Britain.

Spain fleet was given to

Napoleon's hands.

The Battle of Trafalgar 21

Vice Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson

The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner


from Calder's fleet and arrived in Vigo port which is

situated below of Ferrol.

For five months, Napoleon waited the arrival of his fleet,

but he was reported that Admiral Villeneuve couldn't

combine fleet. And the Austria and Russia set their

attempts to invade France, while the Napoleon had

concentrate on invasion of England. He abandoned the

invasion plan and led his Grand Armee to the Germany.

He ordered Villeneuve to sail to the Mediterranean to

support French land forces during their campaign against

Austria and Russia.

2. The battle

1⃞ The Battle has joined

Admiral Villeneuve's fleet left Cadiz to follow Emperor's

order on October 18. Nelson arrived near by Cadiz in late

September. He anticipated the movement of French fleet

and had a council of war with his subordinate captains and

Admiral Collingwood. The battle plan was confirmed even

before French fleet leave the port. His tactic was to divide

his fleet into several columns and set them headlong, it is

known as the Nelson Touch.

On October 21, English fleet discovered Villeneuve's fleet at

Trafalgar off coast of Spain. Admiral Nelson immediately

made the signal to divide his fleet into two columns,

weather and lee. He led weather column while Admiral

Collingwood led lee column. When French-Spanish

combined fleet was blocked by Royal Navy, they turned

around and sailed to the port again.

Villeneuve's fleet was in formation which the ships position

a line north-to-south, it was very common battle line,

because battleships could discharge guns only when their

broadsides are heading to their enemy ships.

English columns followed the direction of Admiral

Nelson's plan and cut off the battle line of combined fleet

from the west. Nelson knew that the wind changed and it

helped British ships to sail fast. Nelson ordered to the first

column to broke in front of Villeneuve's ship, the

Bucentaure and destroy flagships first.

When Nelson turned the bow of the Victory and

discharged guns to Bucentaure, Collingwood broke French

line further south. His column's mission was to ambush

Spanish commander's ship and other warships which were

dispersed by Nelson's attack.

While 2 ships of Nelson's column changed course and

attacked ships which were in van of French fleet,

Collingwood's column engaged second line of Spanish

fleet. At about 1:15 pm Nelson was hit by a sniper at

Redoutable and carried to the cockpit. Weather column

devastated the middle battle line of French fleet and sailed

to the north where the 2 ships of weather column was

under attack of French fleet's vanguard ships. French fleet's

vanguard ships fled when they discovered the weather

column's sail to them. Nelson died after his captain,

Thomas Hardy reported the victory of his fleet at 4:30pm.


Winner: English fleet French-Spanish combined fleet

Commanders • Commander-in-chief : Vice Admiral, • Commander-in chief: Pierre-Charles

Lord Horatio Nelson Vice Admiral : Collingwood Villeneuve(French) Spanish Commander:

Crew • 18,000 men and wemen

Warships • Total: 32 Battleships : 25 Frigates and smaller ships : • French ships - Total:26(Battleships: 18,

Others: 8) Spanish ships - Battleships:15

The Battle of Trafalgar 23

1⃞ Result

Combined fleet lost many sailors and their 21 ships were

captured by British navy. 2,218 French navy dead and 1,155

were wounded. 1,025 Spanish navy dead and 1,383 were

wounded. 7,000 sailors of combined fleet were captured.

On the other hand, British lost no ship. 449 British including

Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson dead and 1,246 were

wounded.

3. Aftermath

After this battle, Napoleon decisively defeated allied army of

Austria and Russia and the Austria had to sign Treaty of

Pressburg, which made Austria ceded their land to

Napoleon. Napoleon realized that his fleet could not defeat

the Royal Navy and dismissed his invasion plan of England

as a result of this battle. He chose other scheme to block

English trade and pull down England's economic power. On

November 21, 1806, he announced Continental System,

which made all European countries' trade with England

prohibited. He tried to isolate England from trade with

European countries, but it ironically isolated him and

became a reason which his empire collapsed within years. It

brought many frictions between France and its allies. In 1810,

Russian Empire abrogated this, and Napoleon marched to

the Russia to punish them by his army. But he was decisively

defeated by Russians, and his power rapidly declined.

Although, French historians deemed this battle was as an

unfortunate affair, the truth that it halted the Napoleon's

attempts to invade England and became the reason why

Napoleon announced Continental System can't be denied.

English celebrated the victory of this battle during English

Empire era. This continued till today. The Royal Navy held

series of ceremonies, such as the International Fleet Review,

Son et Lumiere, International Drumhead ceremony to

celebrate the bicentennial anniversary of this battle in 2005.

Please visit ourYi Sun-sin

website!

We, VANK has published this magazine to help you learn more about the world’s four greatest naval

battles, Admiral Yi Sun-sin’s life and his contribution to the world history and Korean society.

You can read more articles about the world’s four greatestnaval battles and Admiral Yi Sun-sin from our website at

http://yisunsin.prkorea.com. Please visit our website and leave your comments

about this website and contents.


Imjin war broke out when Battle-trained

Japanese under control of Toyotomi

Hideyoshi invaded Korean medieval

state, Joseon dynasty from 1592 to 1598. This

war is called Imjinwaeran in Korea, though

the first invasion is known as Imjinwaeran

and second invasion as Jeongyujaeran. This is

known as Bunroku Geichono yaku ( ) in

Japan and Renchen Woluan ( ) in China.

In 1392, Korean medieval state, Joseon

dynasty established in Korean peninsula and

they kept diplomatic relationship with Japan.

Two countries exchanged envoy visits for 200

years and enjoyed peace. The circumstance

changed shortly after Toyotomi Hideyoshi

succeeded his former lord, Oda Nobunaga.

After unification, Toyotomi thought the

chance to invade China had come to him. His

ambition was to be the first Japanese ruler

who conquered China. Furthermore, he

worried about the possibility that his

subordinate daimyos would rebel against him.

According to Jingbirok, Memory of disastrous

war, Joseon government speculated the

possibility of Japanese invasion and prepared

for the war since two envoys came back from

Japan in 1590. They appointed three provincial

governors and dispatched them in southern

provinces of Korean peninsula. The governors

prepared armory and built castles. Especially,

many castles were built or rebuilt in

Gyeongsangdo during this time. New

barracks were also built in this province.

To settle defense plans, Joseon government

appointed new naval commanders of

southern provinces' fleet. In February 1591, Yi

Sun-sin was appointed as Jeollajwado

Sugunjeoldosa, commander-in-chief Jeolla

province's western fleet and Yi Eok-gi was

appointed as Jellawudo Sugunjeoldosa,

commander-in-chief Jeolla province's eastern

fleet. In early 1592, Won gyun was appointed

as commander-in-chief Gyeongsangdo

province's eastern fleet. These commanders

The

Imjin war

、、 – 、

Busanjin-sunjeoldo(Painting of Busanjin Castle Battle in 1592)

The Imjin war 25

prepared for the war in their local seas.

Jeollado province' commander, Yi Sun-sin

perfectly prepared to defend his domain sea.

A lot of amount of armory, ammunition, gun

powder, foods were reserved under control of

him. New warships, including 3 Geobukseon

were also built.

On April 13, 1592 the Imjin war broke out.

Japanese army arrived at Korean peninsula.

Japanese invaded Joseon dynasty. Battle-

hardened Japanese army defeated Joseon's

armies by matchlock at every battle. Joseon

army also used firearms, but they mainly

fought Japanese soldiers hand to hand by

sword, knife and bow.

When King Seonjo was told the invasion of

numerous Japanese army and Koreans'

defeats, he dispatched his most trusted

general, Sin Rip to defend Japanese invasion.

General Sin Rip was famous for his campaigns

against Manchu in the northern border of

Joseon dynasty. General, Sin Rip confronted

Gonishi Yukinaga's army, which led the van at

the Tanguemdae, Chungju, but his cavalry

could not defeat Japanese. No one could halt

the Japanese army's march to the Hanyang,

capital of Joseon dynasty after this battle. On

April 30, King Seonjo retreated to Northwest,

and Japanese seized Hanyang after 2 days.

Japanese marched to the north and reached

the northernmost boarder of Joseon dynasty in

June. Therefore, King Seonjo asked aids to the

Ming dynasty.

The situation at sea was obviously different.

Combined Joseon fleet defeated Japanese navy

continuously. They could win because Joseon

fleet was consists of well-trained navy and

sailors and Joseon warships were well

equipped with medium-and long- range guns.

Furthermore, they had outstanding

commander, Admiral Yi.

After Admiral Yi's fleet decisively defeated

Japanese in the Battle of Hansando on July 8,

Japanese had to change their war strategy.

Their strategy was to deliver more Japanese

land forces and foods through seas to

northern part of Korean peninsula and then

they would march to Ming dynasty's

territory. By failure of this strategy, Japanese

troops which seized north provinces of Joseon

had to suffer from starving and shortage of

supplies. To invade China, they needed to

secure war supplying routes. Japanese tried to

deliver Japanese land forces and foods

through roads, but this was blocked by

Uibyeong. Uibyeong is literally translated as

righteous army. A lot of civil army and

Buddhist monk army voluntarily were

formed and attacked Japanese troops.

Reinforced Joseon army also blocked the

march of Japanese. In October, 1592, General

Kim Si-min triumphed over 20,000 Japanese at

the battle of Jinju. General Gwon-yul also

triumphed at the battle of Haengju. Sine the

end of 1592, Ming dynasty's Army started to

participate in the imjin war. Combined army

of Ming and Joseon retook the Pyongyang

castle that was seized by Japanese.

Japanese was defeated by Joseon navy,

reinforced and combined Ming-Joseon army.

In 1593, Japanese asked for a truce, but this

couldn't last forever. Japanese invaded joseon

Accordingto Jingbirok,

Memory ofdisastrous

war, Joseongovernmentspeculated

thepossibility of

Japaneseinvasion andprepared for

the warsince two

envoyscame backfrom Japan

in 1590.


again in 1597. Admiral Yi's fleet secured

south sea till the end of Imjin war and

Joseon could protect their land from

Japanese invasion. On August 18, 1598,

Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, but his

councilors kept his death as secret. After

several months, this came to light and

Japanese councilors ordered retreat of their

troops in Joseon. On November 19, 1598,

Yi's fleet attacked Japanese fleet was on

their return to mother land, almost 200

Japanese warships were sunken and it

became Yi's final battle, the Battle of

Noyrang. After few days, all Japanese

troops withdrew from Busan and the

disastrous Imjin war ended.

In 1593, Japanese asked for a truce, because

they reached the impasse. Although Joseon

government opposed to truce with

Japanese, Ming government had truce

negotiations with Toyotomi Hideyoshi

government. But, they couldn't reach an

agreement. In January 14, 1597, Japanese

reinforced the army and invaded Joseon

again.

At that time, King Seonjo deprived of

Admiral Yi's rank as Commander-in-Chief,

The Imjin war 27

because he became entangled in domestic

political strife. King seonjo appointed Won

gyun instead of Admiral Yi. Won gyun's

Joseon navy decisively was defeated over

Japanese at the battle of Chilcheonryang in

July and Won gyun died after this battle.

After defeat of Won gyun's Joseon navy,

Japanese attacked Jeollado province and

seized Nawon castle in August and King

Seonjo reappointed Yi Sun-sin as

Commander-in-Chief. Admiral Yi prepared

battle against Japanese navy after he took

over the 12 battleships which a naval officer,

Bae-seo retreated with him in the middle of

battle of Chilcheonryang. Although the King,

seonjo ordered to combine Admiral Yi's navy

with army, Admiral Yi sent report to king. In

this report he wrote his famous quote, "Your

highness, I still have twelve battleships".

Admiral Yi continuously moved naval base

to the west and west to find the best place to

defeat Japanese again.

On September 16, 1598, Admiral Yi confronted

Japanese fleet in front of naval base, present-

day Haenamgun. He stationed in this sea,

because he knew Japanese warships had to

sail into the Uldolmok, sea between Jindo and

hwawon peninsula, it is narrow sea which

lowest sea level is about 1.9m and flow speed

is 11.5 note. Although Admiral Yi's fleet was

consist of only 13 warships, he defeated 133

Japanese warships which passed Uldolmok at

the battle of Myeongryang. By victory at this

battle, the situation reversed dramatically.

On August 18, 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi

died, but his councilors kept his death as

secret. After several months, this came to light

and Japanese councilors ordered retreat of

their troops in Joseon. On November 19, 1598,

Admiral Yi's fleet attacked Japanese fleet was

on their return to mother land, almost 200

Japanese warships were sunken and it became

Yi's final battle, the Battle of Noyrang. After

few days, all Japanese troops withdrew from

Busan and the disastrous Imjin war ended.

The result of this war impacted three countries

in East Asia, Joseon dynasty, Ming dynasty

and Azuchi-Momoyama period Japan.

Joseon's lands were devastated by 7 years war

and a lot of national treasures were destroyed

or plundered by Japanese. Although, it took

many years to rebuild country, Joseon dynasty

lasted for over 300 years.

On the contrary of Joseon, Ming dynasty

began to disintegrate and Toyotomi's

government was replaced. Ming was suffered

from economic decline and rebels against its

government, and it was collapsed by Manchus

in 1644. Manchu established China's last

absolute monarchy state, Cheong.

Toyotomi's successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu

moved capital to Edo, present-day Tokyo and

Edo period started. Tokugawa proposed

reestablishing diplomatic relations with

Joseon in 1607. Two countries exchanged

envoy till Meiji Restoration took place. Joseon

dispatched diplomatic mission, which called

as Tongsinsa. Tongsinsa was consists of about

500 people, including diplomats, painter,

potter and doctors. Japanese could learn

Joseon's technology by this diplomatic

mission. Especially, Joseon's potters have had

a strong influence on Japanese ceramic arts.

The result ofthis war

impactedthree

countries inEast Asia,

Joseondynasty,

Ming dynastyand Azuchi-Momoyama

periodJapan.

Joseon'slands weredevastatedby 7 years

war and a lotof nationaltreasures

weredestroyed orplundered by

Japanese.Although, ittook many

years torebuild

country,Joseondynasty

lasted forover 300

years.


History of Korea,Homer B.Hulbert

But soon a

reinforcing fleet

came up from

An-gol Harbur

near Han-san

and the Admiral

found that his

day's work was not yet done. The

attack straightway began and soon the

Japanese were in the same plight in

which their comrades had been put.

Many, seeing how impossible it was

to make headway against this iron

ship, beached their boats and fled by

land; so on that same day forty-eight

ships more were burned. The few that

escaped during the fight sped

eastward toward home. So euded, we

may well believe, one of the great

naval battles of the world. It may truly

be called the Salamis of Korea. It

signed the death-warrant of the

invasion. It frustrated the great motive

of the invasion, the humbling of china;

and thenceforth, although the war

dragged through many a long year, it

was carried on solely with a view to

mitigating the disappointment of

Hideyoshi-a disappointment that

must have been as keen as his thirst

for conquest was unquenchable.

Sato Tetsutaro (Vice-admiral of theImperial Japanese Navy,also served as aninstructor in the Naval

War College in Japan in1908)

Throughout history, there have been

several generals who revealed

outstanding tactics. For naval

generals, we cannot go without

Korea's Yi Sun-sin in the East and

Britain's Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) in

the West. Unfortunately, Yi was

unknown in the West because he was

born in Korea, yet the literature of the

Seven-Year War proved that he was a

truly brilliant admiral. To find naval

generals that are a match for Yi from

the West, they should be at least better

than Dutch Admiral Michiel

Adriaanszoon De Ruyter (1607-1676).

Someone like Lord Nelson in no way

can reach the level of Yi in terms of

character. Admiral Yi Sun-sin is

International Reputation of Yi Sun-sin

International Reputation of Yi Sun-sin 29

honored as an unparalleled naval

commander, who has no rival

anywhere in the world in all aspects,

including his great character,

outstanding strategies, creative

genius, and distinguished diplomatic

ability. (Excerpt from 'A Military

History of the Empire'; a textbook

written and used in classes by General

Sato Tetsutaro)

As a naval commander, I have

admired Dutch Admiral Michiel

Adriaanszoon De Ruyter and Korean

Admiral Yi Sun-sin all my life. If you

ask me to decide priority, I would

have no hesitation in recommending

Yi first. Although Lord Nelson is an

internationally renowned general, he

is in no way a match for Yi in terms of

his character and creativity ... Admiral

de Ruyter is comparable to Yi in

aspects of character, ability and

military career, but seems to rank

below Yi in creativity. Admiral Yi was

a great commander, who frustrated

the ambition of Toyotomi Hideyoshi

and proved the importance of

controlling territorial waters in

national defense. At the same time, he

submitted himself without resentment

to the humiliation of serving in war as

a commoner due to false accusations

by his superiors, which clearly

showed his noble character. He was

an exemplary general who was firm

and strict in enforcing military

discipline, but loved his soldiers just

as his own children. He always put in

his best effort in his duty and did not

act depending on his mood. He often

said, "If born as a man and given a

chance to serve a country, he should

be loyal until death. Otherwise, it will

be enough to live in the fields as a

farmer. If I pursue honor by flattering

people in power, it will be a

tremendous shame." These words

show more than enough to prove his

noble character. (Excerpt from 'the

unparallel naval commander Yi Sun-

sin', Local Administration of Joseon,

Vol. 6, February 1926)

Ballard, G. A. (George Alexander),1862-1948 Theinfluence of the sea onthe political history ofJapan (1921)

It is always

difficult for

Englishmen to

admit that

Nelson ever had

an equal in his

profession, but if

any man is entitled to be so regarded,

it should be this great naval

commander of Asiatic race who never

knew defeat and died in the presence

of the enemy; of whose movements a

track-chart might be compiled from

the wrecks of hundreds of Japanese

ships lying with their valiant crews at

the bottom of the sea, off the coasts of

the Korean peninsula... and it seems,

in truth, no exaggeration to assert that

from first to last he never made a

mistake, for his work was so complete

under each variety of circumstances as

to defy criticism... His whole career

might be summarized by saying that,

although he had no lessons from past

history to serve as a guide, he waged

war on the sea as it should be waged if

it is to produce definite results, and

ended by making the supreme

sacrifice of a defender of his country.

(The Influence of the Sea on The

Political History of Japan, pp. 66-67.)

Wakizaka Yasuharu(General of theJapanese Army, who took part in theImjin War)

Yi Sun-sin is the person who I am

afraid of the most, hate the most, love

the most, admire and respect the

most, wish to kill the most, and want

to have tea together the most.

Tokotomi Teiichiro(Prominent Japanesehistorian, the author ofHistory of ModernJapan)

The death of Yi Sun-sin is similar to

that of Horatio Nelson. He died after

victory, and won after his death (from

the book titled the War in Korea,

written by Tokotomi Teiichiro) He [Yi

Sun-sin] died after victory, and won

after his death. For the seven years of

Japan's war in Korea there had been

many tacticians, speakers and writers,

but there was only one hero in battle

to be greatly honored. While he was

alive, Japanese naval generals always


flinched in fear. He was truly the

greatest hero during the Seven-Year

War, not only of Korea, but of all three

Eastern countries, including China

and Japan.

Chen Lin (General of the MingChinese Navy)

Yi Sun-sin has not only the ability to

govern the whole world, but also the

merits of having straightened out a

country.

Togo Heihachiro(Admiral of the ImperialJapanese Navy)

You may

compare me

with Lord

Nelson, but not

with Yi Sun-sin.

Next to him, I

am only a petty

officer (Quotes from General Togo

Heihachiro in his victory celebration)

Shiba Ryotaro (Popular historicalnovelist in Japan)

Yi Sun-sin ... was a man of integrity.

He was an ideal soldier whose

existence itself seems to be a miracle

with such leadership, tactics, loyalty

and bravery. He was already a

renowned commander before British

Admiral Horatio Nelson, and nobody

is comparable to Yi in world history.

The existence of Yi will never be

forgotten in Korea, but also his

accomplishments and tactics should

be studied even in Japan because

respect for him influenced generations

of Japanese and led to the

establishment of the Japanese Navy

during the Meiji Restoration.

Aoyanigi (Historian, the author of the GreatCompendium of the Yi-Dynasty)

Japanese generals, including Konishi

Yukinaga and Shimazu Yoshihiro,

continued fighting without knowing

of the death of Yi Sun-sin, and

eventually retreated in defeat. It is not

different from a past event in China

where the dead Zhuge Liang routed

the living Sima Yi. After the battle,

Ming Chinese General Chen Lin

finally got to know of Yi Sun-sin's

death, threw himself down on his ship

tree times, and cried out, "there is

nobody like him in all eras!" Yi Sun-

sin was a patriot who laid down his

life for his country.

The Yi-Dynasty of Korea at the time

began declining and 300 years later

was annexed to Japan. However, the

fair name of the great hero Yi Sun-sin

will be immortalized in history.

Kawada Isao (Japanese researcher of naval tactics in the1920s)

It is true that Japanese Admiral Togo

Heihachiro had a record of

distinguished war service, but

compared to Korean Admiral Yi Sun-

sin, Togo was far behind. If Yi was

given as much national support,

abundant weapons and battleships as

Lord Nelson, Japan would have been

defeated in a day. I know it would be

very rude, but I have to say that

Koreans hold him in high esteem, yet

they know less about how truly great

he was than us Japanese (from the

book titled Penetrating into the shells,

written by Kawada Isao)

The Battle of Salamis 31

- Inspire Korean

- Domestic Reputation

Chapter 2

His contribution

to Korea

Han sik(Korean Food)

Yi Sun-sin, the Man to InspireKoreans in the21st CenturyThe Great Admiral Yi Sun-sin is the man to inspire Koreans

in the 21st century. If a foreigner was to come to Korea and ask

any Korean on the street,

"Who is your greatest hero in Korean history,"

one out of three would answer "Admiral Yi Sun-sin."

He has been loved by men

and women of all ages for many years in Korea.

Few historical figures remain as influential in the life of Koreans today as Yi.

How does he exist in the mind of Koreans today?

Let me show you the different appearances of Yi that are integrated into

Korean society.

32 His contribution to Korea

A Statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin stands

at the Gwanghwamun Intersection on

Sejongno Boulevard in downtown

Seoul. On the way to the Blue House

where the Korean president resides and

conducts state affairs, Yi stands as if he

is still protecting the country. Every

year there appears a strange scene in

front of the statue. Marines, known as

Korea's elite troops, report to Yi on their

discharge from the military service, and

sing a martial song. A discharge

ceremony is a ritual where soldiers

make their final report to their

superiors, after finishing their national

defense duty. Present-day soldiers from

throughout the country come to

Gwanghwamun to give their discharge

report to the statue of a person who

died 500 years ago. Also, on the

birthday of Yi Sun-sin many people

from the government, private

companies, and voluntary communities

gather to clean the statue. Every year

this scene draws the attention of the

media and becomes the talk of the

country. It is not too much to say that

Koreans continue to be united under

Yi's leadership, even after so many

years.

Yi Sun-sin, the Everlasting Leader of the Korean People

Inspire Korean 33

Admiral Yi Sun-sin has been and

continues to be one of the most

respected people among Koreans of all

ages and both genders. The weekly

newsmagazine 'Sisa Journal' conducted

a 2007 survey of 1,000 leaders from

various areas of politics, business,

culture and civil society, including

government officials, corporate CEOs,

legal professionals, and journalists,

about the most honorable people that

inspire Korea.

Yi was ranked as the second most

respected person with 24.5 %, after

King Sejong with 28.2%. Yi is not just

the hero of influential opinion leaders.

Yi also came in third place in a 2001

survey by the popular Korean

Yi Sun-sin, the Most RespectedPerson in Korea of all time

Discharge ceremony for Korean marines in

front of the Yi Sun-sin statue

Ceremony of washing te Yi Sun-sin statue


broadcasting company SBS of the most

respected people in Korean history

among 4,500 average adults. Yi once

again took third place in a survey by

the Korean news agency 'Yonhap

News' of the most respected people in

Korean history among 1,500 adults

over the age of 20. He is also one of the

front-runners in online polls. He

ranked in fourth place when the

monthly newsmagazine 'Monthly

Chosun' asked 15,000 Internet users for

a month in January of 2002 for their

opinions of the best Koreans.

Above all, Admiral Yi has continued to

live in the hearts of Koreans across

time. The biography of Yi Sun-sin was

the most read biography among

children in a 1982 survey conducted by

the Samsung Life Insurance Company.

Over twenty years later, the list of

respected men has changed with time,

yet biographies of Yi remain on

bestseller lists among children and

youth.

In January of 2008, a TV commercial

was launched nationwide about Chung

Ju-Yung, the deceased founder of

Hyundai Group, growing his business

into a global company. In 1970 he flew

to London to find investors interested

in helping him enter the shipbuilding

industry. Initially, he had a difficult

time attracting investors. On his last

chance to secure an investor, he met

with Charles Brooke Longbottom, the

President of A&P Appledore

Shipbuilders. However, President

Longbottom refused any investment

outright, saying that Korea had no

financial ability to pay back money that

was invested. Chung didn't give up

and took a 500 won bill out of his

pocket. He showed Longbottom the

side of the bill that has a picture of the

Geobukseon battleship printed on it

and said "Koreans are the people who

invented this unique ship called the

Geobukseon and defeated the Japanese

in the 1500s ... Korea's shipbuilding

technology is 300 years ahead of

Britain's." This argument persuaded

Mr. Longbottom and he lent money to

Chung Ju-Yung to build ships. This

story about the Geobukseon was the

seed of a miracle 30 years later, in

which Korea's shipbuilding industry,

beginning in the war-battered country

after the Korean War, became number

one in the world.

Chung is not the only successful

Korean inspired by Yi. Many Korean

CEOs find the courage to overcome

their own challenges by reading Yi's

Yi Sun-sin, Role model of high-rankingofficials and corporate CEOs

Admiral Yi Sun-sin has been brought

back to life in numerous books, dramas,

movies and commercials. 'The Song of

the Sword', a novel about Yi written by

Kim Hun, had sold over one million

copies by December of 2007. This novel

portrays Yi's agony as a human being

during the Imjin War. It won the Dong-

In Literary Award, a prestigious award

in the Korean literary world, in 2001,

and was translated and distributed to

other Asian and European countries.

The author of the book said that he

wished to suggest moral principles for

leaders who are in positions of

responsibility in history, and life

philosophies for common individuals.

This novel succeeded in moving

Koreans to think of Yi's agony and

solutions in their own time of ordeal.

Former Korean President Roh Moo-

Hyun (reigned 2003-2008) referred to

Inspire Korean 35

Novel, The Song of the Sword(2001)

stories about defeating Japanese forces

under overwhelmingly disadvantaged

conditions. Jeong Un-Cheon, appointed

the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry,

Fisheries and Food in February of 2008,

is a well-known CEO who admires Yi

Sun-sin. He took Yi's saying "Those

who seek death shall live. Those who

seek life shall die" as his motto. He said

that he learned important lessons about

the entrepreneurial spirit from Yi Sun-

sin, such as Yi's creation of unique

value through the innovative

management of personnel and battle

strategies when Japan, with enormous

human and financial resources,

invaded Korea during the Imjin War.

Jeong used the same wisdom and

unyielding willpower of Yi to

overcome the economic crisis Korea

faced in the aftermath of the opening of

the Korean agricultural market in the

1990s. He also wrote a book titled

"Geobukseon-style Agriculture" to offer

suggestions on how to utilize Yi's spirit

in the management of agriculture in the

21st century, causing a sensation

among aspiring entrepreneurs. Finally,

Jeong was brought into the government

to lead the ministry. He now has the

great responsibility of managing

Korea's 21st century agricultural

policies under the rapidly changing

environment of the Korea-U.S. Free

Trade Agreement (FTA).

Similarly, President Hwang Chang-

Gyu of Samsung Electronics, a

worldwide semiconductor company,

has Yi's saying "Those who seek death

shall live. Those who seek life shall die"

as his motto. With this saying as his

business philosophy, he succeeded in

making Korea's semiconductor

industry number one in the world.

Also, KTF, Korea's leading

telecommunications company, teaches

its high-ranking executives about Yi's

dauntless venture spirit. Additionally,

the valuable characteristics of Yi's spirit

have been taught in many business

management seminars for prospective

CEOs to help them learn how to win a

competition with a relatively poor

resource base, especially when

compared to China and Japan. There

are even universities that offer Yi Sun-

sin leadership courses to help build

courage and confidence in students

who are seeking jobs. In Korea, Yi's

leadership serves as a lighthouse to

guide businessmen and university

students in finding their way into the

future.

Yi Sun-sin, the LegendaryHero in novels, dramasand movies

biographies of Yi as books that he often

read when encountering his own

political hardships, generating more

public interest in Yi's biography.

The most decisive event to revive

interest in Yi in the 21st century was the

production of the drama, 'The Immortal

Yi Sun-sin', which was broadcast in

2005 by KBS, Korea's state-run

broadcasting company. This drama

was based on the novel 'The Song of the

Sword'. The drama registered a solid 30

percent rating, successfully appealing

to the audience by showing his agony

and frustration over obstacles and

challenges as a human being, rather

than just his heroic accomplishments

that had been the focus of previous

dramas about Yi. Additionally, anti-

Japanese sentiment was rising due to

Japan's claim to the Dokdo Islet, the

continued distortion of history in

Japanese textbooks, and series of

inflammatory remarks by high-profile

Japanese right-wing politicians.

Koreans watching the drama derived vicarious satisfaction from Yi's victories

over the Japanese in at least 23 battles.

The success of the drama made the

unknown actor Kim Myeong-Min who

played Yi in the drama a national star,

and the small town of Buan where the

drama was located became a popular

tourist destination.

A movie about Yi was soon produced,

spurred by the popularity of the novel

and the drama. In July of 2005, the UK

magazine 'The Times' introduced the

movie 'Heaven's Soldiers' about Yi and

contemporary South and North

Koreans working together. The movie

is about South and North Korean

soldiers who accidentally go back in

time and help a 28 year old Yi Sun-sin

to protect Korea. The magazine quoted

the movie poster which read,

"Superman, Batman, get out of the way!

General Yi Sun-sin will save us," and

detailed its story about a combined

force of South and North Koreans

going back to the 16th century and

meeting Korea's greatest hero, Yi Sun-

sin. In many instances Admiral Yi has

been resurrected in the life of Koreans

much like the title of the drama 'The

Immortal Yi Sun-sin, through a

bestselling novel, a beloved national


Poster of the movie 'Heaven's Soldiers'(2005)

Admiral Yi Sun-sin has been brought back tolife in numerous books, dramas, movies andcommercials. 'The Song of the Sword', a novelabout Yi written by Kim Hun, had sold overone million copies by December of 2007. Thisnovel portrays Yi's agony as a human beingduring the Imjin War.

Snapshot of the drama 'The Immortal Yi Sun-sin'(2004)

Many festivals have been held

throughout Korea, in Seoul,

Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and

Gyeongsang-do, all to commemorate

Admiral Yi Sun-sin. First, the Korean

capital of Seoul, where Yi was born, is

promoting an ambitious project to

restore Yi's birth house, a memorial

hall, a museum, and the

Chungmugong shrine

(*Chungmugong: Yi's posthumous

title). It also holds events that float a

smaller sized model of the Geobukseon

battleship on both the Hangang River

and the Chenggyecheon Stream. Many

Seoul citizens gather at these events to

share in the pride of living in the place

of Yi's birth.

In the city of Asan in the

Chungcheongnam-do province, the

Great Admiral Yi Sun-sin Festival is

held every year. Designated as a

cultural tourism festival by the Korean

government, this annual festival had its

46th year in 2007. Various events are

scheduled to provide visitors with a

chance to experience Yi's life. Such

events include an essay contest for

children, archery, horseback riding, and

experience in military barracks. The

Hyeonchungsa Shrine, built to honor

Yi's accomplishments, is also in this

imageBattleships are commonly named

after a King, President, or war heroes in

most countries such as the US and the

UK. This practice is a widespread way

to signify that the named ships are the

most formidable battleships of the

country. Korea is no exception. The

Korean Navy uses the name of Korea's

greatest naval hero Admiral Yi Sun-sin

for one of its destroyers, ships known

as the fortresses of the sea. For the

name of a battleship, no one has a

greater reputation among Korean

historical figures and national heroes

than Yi. Also, Yi is still alive in the

hearts of Korean Navy cadets who

aspire to protect Korean seas in the 21st

century by following the path laid by Yi

500 years ago. The Korea Naval

Academy has taught its cadets about

Yi's spirit and leadership as a primary

course, and has established a museum

with the documentary records and

relics of Yi in order to inform the

general public about Yi's life and

accomplishments.

Inspire Korean 37

Admiral Yi Sun-sin,Reborn as the Name of aKorean Battleship

Nationwide Yi Sun-sin Festivals

The Yi Sun-sin festival in seoul


city. It displays many relics of Yi,

including Yi's war diary during the

Imjin War called 'Nanjung Ilgi'

(National Treasure No. 76). Over one

million Koreans visit this shrine every

year to learn about Yi's heroic life.

The city of Yeosu in the Jeollanam-do

province has held the Yeosu

Geobukseon Festival, also known as the

Jinnamje Memorial Festival, for the last

40 years. Yeosu is well known as the

place where the Geobukseon battleship

was constructed under the command of

Yi. To celebrate this accomplishment,

Yeosu citizens promote Yi's life and the

Geobukseon with many Geobukseon-

related things to see for visitors. Also,

the small town of Haenam in the same

province holds the Great battle of

Myeongnyang Festival to pay tribute to

the naval triumph in the Myeongnyang

Strait, where Admiral Yi defeated 133

Japanese ships with only a small fleet of

13 ships. In Haenam, the Usuyong

Tourist Resort was established to

commemorate Yi. The resort covers an

area of about 200,000 square meters and

encompasses an exhibition hall of the

victory in Myeongnyang, a statue of Yi,

and a monument inscribed with Yi's

sayings.

The Gyeongsangnam-do province

holds several festivals, including the

Great Battle of Hansan Festival in

Tongyeong, the Great Battle of

Danghangpo Festival in Goseong, the

Okpo Sea Battle Festival in Geoje, the

Victory of Noryang Festival in

Namhae, and the Gunhang Festival in

Jinhae. The Gunhang Festival, held

annually to acknowledge Yi's

patriotism, is growing as a nationally

popular festival. About two hundred

thousand visitors come to Jinhae

during the 10 days of the festival. Many

different parts of Korea hold various

festivals to commemorate Admiral Yi

Sun-sin's naval victories,

accomplishments, and his birth.

Through these cultural festivals, Yi's

spirit is instilled into the life of present-

day Korea.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin protected Korea

against the invading forces of Japan by

achieving tremendous victories during

the Imjin War, despite a lack of military

personnel, warships, weapons, and

government support. However, this is

not the only reason why Koreans still

remember him as their national hero.

Koreans keep him in their heart not

because he is one of the world's greatest

naval commanders, never defeated in

at least 23 battles under his command,

but more importantly, because he

devotedly loved the people and the

community to which he belonged, and

served them even at the cost of his own

life. He showed the true spirit of

transcending the fear of death to work

for the people. His noble life provides a

moral compass for the lives of today's

Koreans. Even today, 500 years after his

death, Koreans everywhere still cherish

his spirit, his statements, his brave

accomplishments and the history he

created. He guides Koreans to look to

their future with bravery and a love for

people. Admiral Yi Sun-sin, he was, is,

and always will be the Immortal Hero

of all Koreans.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin, the ImmortalHero of every Korean

Many festivals have been held throughout Korea,in Seoul, Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, andGyeongsang-do, all to commemorate Admiral YiSun-sin. First, the Korean capital of Seoul, whereYi was born, is promoting an ambitious project torestore Yi's birth house, a memorial hall, amuseum, and the Chungmugong shrine(*Chungmugong: Yi's posthumous title).

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Domestic Reputation of

Yi Sun-sin

Domestic Reputation 39

Yi Sik (1584-1647,

renowned scholar under

King Injo, served as a

high-ranked academician

[Daejehak], inspector-

general [Daesaheon] and

minister [Panseo in

Korean])

In our history, there have been many

generals who defeated small enemies

in ordinary times and gained a

reputation, but nobody among them

can match Yi Sun-sin. While the

country was weakened and trying to

avoid war, Yi Sun-sin defeated

formidable enemies in all his battles

and cut off ways of passing the

western sea of Korea, and thereby

prevented enemies who were trying to

attack from the sea and land. His

victories ware the foundation for

recovering our country. Additionally,

there is nobody, even among the

renowned generals of the past who

have been celebrated as the few great

heroes to appear in a century, that can

excel Yi in his aspects of unyielding

integrity, loyalty to willingly lay down

his own life in national crisis, ability in

managing soldiers, and wisdom for

dealing with complex affairs.

King Seonjo (1552-

1608; reigned 1567-1608)

I turned my back on you, but you

didn't turn your back on me.

Although I finally awarded you as the

first-rank meritorious subject, this

reward is not enough for your

contributions.

King Sukjong (1661-

1720; reigned 1674-1720)

I've heard of the phrase 'dying for

loyalty', but the first person I learned

of who actually sacrificed his own life

and saved a country was Yi Sun-sin.

Choe Yu-hae (1587-

1641, royal secretary

[Seungji in Korean] under

King Injo, also the author

of Haengjang, biography

of Yi Sun-sin)

Yi Sun-sin was strict, serious and

dignified. But he also loved others and

behaved modestly to scholars, had

gratitude, faith and generosity, and

always tried not to show his

happiness or anger. He had said, "If

born as a man and given a chance to

serve a country, he should be loyal

until death. Otherwise, it will be

enough to live in the fields as a

farmer. If I pursue honor by flattering

people in power, it will be a

tremendous shame."

King Jeongjo (1752-

1800; reigned 1776-1800)

The foundation stone for my ancestors

to recover our country was only the

power of Chungmugong (Yi's

posthumous title), that was it. Who

else would I compose an epitaph for,

besides a special one for

Chungmugong? He is the

combination of Li Sheng, who

stabilized the nation during the Tang

Dynasty, and Zhuge Liang, who

recovered the royal family during the

Han Dynasty.

Yu Seong-ryong (1542-

1607, Younguijeong,

prime minister during the

Imjin war period)

Yi Sun-sin was like a solemn scholar,

who didn't speak or smile much. He

had many abilities and the potential

contribution of his abilities was

limited only by his short life

- Yu Seong-ryong (1542-1607,

Younguijeong, prime minister during

the Imjin war period)

- Timeline

- Life

- Keywords

- Quotes and Poems

- Historical Sites

- People

- Major Battles

- Arsenal

Chapter 3

Who is he?

Timeline of Admiral

Yi Sun-sin's Life and the Imjin War

1545 1

1572 28

1576 32

1580 36

1582 38

■Born in Geoncheon-dong (present-day Inhyeon-dong), Seoul on March 8

■Applied for a military officer examination(Byeolgwa

❹) in August hosted by the military

training command (Hullyeonwon❹), but failed to

pass the examination.

❹ Byeolgwa: Examinations held on specialoccasions, besides the regular state examinationsto hire officials.

❹ Hullyeonwon: Office in charge of selecting,educating and training soldiers during the JoseonDynasty.

■ Passed a military officer examination(Singnyeonmugwa

❹) in February and placed in

the third rank group (Byeonggwa❹)

❹ Singnyeonmugwa: Examination held everythree years to hire military officers. Successfulcandidates were divided into three groups,Gapgwa, Eulgwa, and Byeonggwa, dependingon their rank in the examination.

■Appointed naval officer titled Manho❹

in Balpoin July; the beginning of his career in the navy

❹ Manho: Government post as a military navalofficer that belonged to the 8th ranking ('Jong4-pum') out of a total of 18 in the governmenthierarchy during the Joseon Dynasty, which issimilar to the rank of commander in the present

■Dismissed from the post of Manho in January,trapped in the false accusation of inspector Seo Ik

Year Age Yi Sun-sin's Life Imjin war

42 Who is he?

1587 43

1589 45

1591 47

1592 48

■Appointed officer titled Manho in the bordertown Josanbo in January■Concurrently appointed officer titled

Dunjeongwan in charge of managing reservedland called Dunjeonin Nokdundo near Josanboin August; this experience managing Dunjeon

❹

helped him manage the navy later■Demoted to and served as a commoner (Baegui

Jonggun❹) in August, trapped in the false

accusation of his superior Yi Il

❹ Dunjeon: Government-reserved land to secureprovisions for the army during the JoseonDynasty. Soldiers, petty officials (Seori),commoners, and slaves were made to cultivatevirgin land and produce crops to fund the localgovernment or military provisions.

❹ Baegui Jonggun: Punishment of depriving asolider of his rank and forcing him to go to battleas a commoner in a commoner's white clothes.

■Appointed officer titled Hyeongam❹

in Jeongeup,Jeollado province, in December

❹ Hyeongam: Head of Hyeon, the smallestadministrative division of Korea during theJoseon Dynasty. It belonged to the 10th ranking('Jong 5-pum') out of a total of 18 in thegovernment hierarchy.

■ Promoted to naval commander, titled SugunJeoldosa

❹of the western part of Jeollado

province on February 13

❹ Sugun Jeoldosa: Government post as a navalmilitary officer that belonged to the 5th ranking('Jeong 3-pum') out of a total of 18 in thegovernment hierarchy during the JoseonDynasty, which is similar to the rank of realadmiral in the present military ranking system.

■Completed building the Geobukseonon❹

April 12■Defeated the Japanese at the battles of Okpo

and Happo on May 7, as well as at the battle ofJeokjinpo on May 8■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Sacheon

on May 29; the Geobukseon was first used. YiSun-sin was shot in the left shoulder, and hisLieutenant Na Dae-yong was also wounded■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Dangpo

on June 2, at the first battle of Danghangpo onJune 5, and at the battle of Yulpo on June 7■ Triumphed over the Japanese at the battle of

Hansando on July 8; Yi's tactic of the crane-wingformation (Hagikjin

❹) was adopted

■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Angolpoon July 10 and at the battle of Jangrimpo onAugust 29■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of

■ The Imjin War❹

broke out on April 13■General Yi Il was defeated in Sangju on April 24■General Sin Rip was defeated in Chungju on

April 28■King Seonjo retreated to the northwest on April

30■Militias (Uibyeong)

❹were formed by General

Gwak Jae-u and others in April■ Japanese troops seized Hanseong (present-day

Seoul) on May 2■ Japanese troops seized Pyongyang on June 14■King Seonjo retreated to Uiju in June■Go Gyeong-myeong, a militia leader, fought

against the Japanese in Geumsan in July anddied in battle■General Kim Si-min defeated the Japanese at

the first battle of Jinju on October 6■A large Ming Chinese relief army under General


Timeline 43

1593 49

1594 50

1595 51

1596 52

1592 48 Hwajungumi, Dadaepo, Seopyeongpo,Jeoryeong and Busan on September 1; Yi'sLieutenant Jeong Un (Manho in the NokdoIsland) died in battle.

❹ Geobukseon: Geobukseon literally means turtleship, derived from its shape of a turtle. Thesewarships were built by Lieutenant Na Dae-yongunder the command of General Yi Sun-sin, andprimarily employed as the spearhead of KoreanNavy ships during the Imjin War.

❹ Hagikjin: Naval tactic that surrounds the enemyfleet in a semicircle and bombards it all at once.The name was derived from its shape of acrane spreading its wings. It requires perfectorder and discipline among soldiers.

Li Rusong arrived across the Amnokgang Riverin December

❹ Imjin War: Japanese invasions of Korea and thesubsequent wars (1592-1598)

❹ Uibyeong: Uibyeong literally means a righteousarmy. They were formed voluntarily, usually bycommoners to protect the country underforeign invasion.

■Commanded at the battle of Ungcheonpo(February 6 to March 8)■Blocked the Strait of Gyeonnaeryang to stop

Japanese forces from going to the west in May■Moved his headquarters from Yeosu to

Hansando on July 14■ Invented an innovative firearm (Jeongcheol

Chongtong❹) on August 10

■Appointed Commander-in-Chief of the NavalForces of the South on August 15, and receivedan official warrant of appointment on October 9

❹ Jeongcheol Chongtong: Innovative firearms,made out of iron, created by Lieutenant JeongSa-jun under the command of Yi Sun-sin. Itcombined the strengths of both Korean andJapanese firearms of the time.

■Defeated the Japanese at the second battle ofDanghangpo on March 4■ Protested against Chinese General Tan

Zongren's order (Geumtopaemun❹) on March 6

■Attacked the Japanese at the first battle ofJangmunpo on September 29 and the secondbattle of Jangmunpo on October 4

❹ Geumtopaemun: Warrant sent by ChineseGeneral Tan Zongren not to attack theJapanese.

■Managed Dunjeon, and inspected theheadquarters of the naval forces of westernJeolla in February■ Produced salt to fund the navy in May

■Ming China and Japan had a peace talk inUngcheon (January to February)■Ming Emperor's envoy arrived in Hanseong in

April■ Japan asked for Korean emissaries to Japan in

December

■Managed Dunjeon in February■ Performed a sacrificial rite in May for soldiers

who had died of infectious disease

■ Japanese forces withdrew from Gimhae, Geojeand Angolpo (January to February)■ Toyotomi Hideyoshi broke a truce in September,

opposing China's offer to install Hideyoshi asKing of Japan■ Japan declared a resumption of the war against

Korea in October

■A combined force of Korean and Chinese troopsdefeated the Japanese at the battle ofPyongyang on January 8■General Li Rusong's Chinese army was defeated

at the battle of Byeokjegwan on January 25■General Gwon Yul triumphed over the Japanese

on February 12■ Japanese forces retreated from Hanseong in

April■Korean forces were defeated at the second

battle of Jinju on June 22■ Japanese and Chinese forces began

withdrawing from Korea in August■King Seonjo returned to Hanseong on October 1

■Ming China and Japan held a peace talk inSeosaengpo in April■ Japanese General Konishi Yukinaga asked for

amity in August■Ming China decided to dispatch an envoy to

Japan in December


44 Who is he?

1597 53

1598 54 ■Moved the naval base from Gohado Island toGogeumdo Island on February 17■ Formed a combined force of Korean and

Chinese navies on July 16■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Noryang

(the final battle of the Imjin War), and killed by abullet on a ship along with ten other Koreangenerals on November 19

■ Toyotomi Hideyoshi died on August 18, and afterhis death, Japanese forces received the orderfor complete withdrawal from Korea■Remaining Japanese forces completely

withdrew from Busan on November 25


Timeline 45

■Arrested and taken to Hanseong on February 26■ Imprisoned on March 4■Released from prison on April 1 and served as a

commoner under General Gwon Yul■His mother died on April 13■Reinstated Commander-in-Chief of the Naval

Forces of the South on July 23, and received anofficial warrant of appointment on August 3■Defeated the Japanese at the battle of Eoranjin

on August 28 and at the battle of Byeokpajin onSeptember 7■ Triumphed over the Japanese at the battle of

Myeongnyang on September 16■Heard the news of his son Myeon's death in

battle on October 14 ■ Established a naval base in Gohado Island on

October 29

■ Japan initiated its second invasion of Korea withabout 200,000 soldiers on January 14■General Won Gyun replaced Yi Sun-sin as

Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of theSouth on January 27■General Won's navy was defeated at the battle

of Chilcheollyang in July, and he himself died inbattle■ Japanese forces invaded Jeollado province, and

seized the Namwon Fortress in August■Chinese forces defeated the Japanese at the

battle of Jiksan in September■Chinese forces were defeated at the battle of the

Ulsan Fortress (December 23, 1597~January 3,1598)

46 Who is he?

Becoming a WarriorAdmiral Yi Sun-sin prepared for

the invasion of Japanese.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin, also transliterated Yi Sun-

sin, was born in Geoncheon-dong, Seoul, on

March 8, 1545. Due to the poverty of his

family, he moved to and grew up in his

mother's hometown, Asan, in the

Chungcheongnam-do province. In August of

1572 at the age of 28, he applied for a military

officer examination, but failed the

examination after falling off his horse. Four

years later, in February of 1576, he finally

passed the examination. At the late age of 32,

he began his career as a defense solider at the

bottom rank in the northern frontier region.

Yi Sun-sin would face many challenges

during his military career. Since he lacked

political and economic power, and was

rigidly stuck to principles, he often had

tensions with and thus faced false accusations

by his superiors. Nevertheless, in February of

1591, he was promoted to naval commander

of the western part of Jeolla-do province, as

recommended by Yu Seong-ryong, a high-

profile official and renowned scholar during

the Joseon Dynasty.

Upon his arrival, he set out to build up the

fighting strength of the navy because he

foresaw the inevitability of war against Japan.

He tightened discipline among the troops,

expanded armaments, and produced

powerful defensive weapons, including the

Geobukseon and Panokseon battleships as

well as the Jija and Hyeonja Chongtong

firearms. The Geobukseon battleship was

especially important as the spearhead of the

Life of AdmiralYi Sun-sin

Life 47

Korean Navy. It was a mighty warship able

to fire cannons in any direction with a

rounded roof covered with spikes to

effectively prevent Japanese soldiers from

boarding. Yi wrote in his war diary

(Nanjung Ilgi in Korean) that his

Lieutenant Na Dae-yong completed the

construction of the Geobukseon battleship

and test-fired the Jija and Hyeonja

Chongtong firearms on April 12, 1592, one

day prior to the outbreak of the Imjin War

(1592-1598).

The outbreak of Imjin warJoseon fleet blockaded Japanese

invasion force.

On April 13, 1592, the Imjin War broke out

just as Yi had foreseen. Hundreds of

thousands of Japanese troops attacked

Korea while it was not prepared for war. Yi

analyzed the war situation thoroughly

upon the outbreak of the war, and went to

battle on May 4, 1592, with full preparation.

He defeated the Japanese forces by

destroying 42 Japanese ships in the naval

battles of Okpo, Happo and Jeokjinpo. He

continued to have successive victories in

the battles of Dangpo and Danghangpo in

June, the battles of Hansando and Angolpo

in July and throughout the battles of Busan

in September. The overwhelming victories

of Yi's naval fleet boosted the morale of

the Korean Navy, and led to Korean

control of the south coast of Korea. Yi

outmaneuvered the Japanese forces that

had previously advanced northward

through Seoul and Pyongyang attacking

from the sea and land.

As a result, Yi's naval victories turned the

tide of the war against Japan. Among all his

victories, the Great Battle of Hansando is

considered not only one of Yi's greatest

battles, but also one of the world's four

greatest naval battles along with the Battle

of Salamis (480 B.C.), the Battle of Calais

(1588) and the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).

The victory at Hansando proved the

superiority of Korean firearms and

battleships as well as Yi's brilliance as a

naval commander in his use of his creative

naval tactic called 'Hagikjin' or crane-wing

formation. On August 15, 1593, Yi was

appointed to Commander-in-Chief of the

Naval Force of the South (Samdo Sugun

Tongjesa in Korean) in recognition of his

outstanding wartime service. By this time,

Japanese forces were stuck in a quagmire

due to the successive victories of the

Korean Navy, the appearance of Korean

militias (Uibyeong in Korean), and the

intervention of the Chinese Army. Japan

had no choice but to initiate tedious peace

talks with Ming China that lasted for 45

months. The peace talks did not include

Korea because of Korean opposition to

peace negotiations with the invading forces

of Japan.

During this period, Yi continued his best

efforts to increase the fighting power of the

Korean Navy by recruiting and training

soldiers, building arms and battleships,

reserving gunpowder, and securing

provisions. At the same time, he conducted

naval operations under the unfavorable

On April 13,1592, theImjin Warbroke outjust as Yihadforeseen.Hundreds ofthousands ofJapanesetroopsattackedKorea whileit was notprepared forwar. Yianalyzed thewar situationthoroughlyupon theoutbreak ofthe war, andwent tobattle onMay 4, 1592,with fullpreparation.He defeatedtheJapaneseforces bydestroying42 Japaneseships in thenaval battlesof Okpo,Happo andJeokjinpo.

48 Who is he?

conditions of infectious disease and a

shortage of provisions. According to his war

diary entries for March of 1594, he himself

suffered from a disease. Yi commanded the

war despite his ailing body. Additionally, he

was able to successfully procure large

amounts of food for the war by managing

land called Dunjeon, fishing, and producing

salt, which proved his notable management

ability.

The years of hardshipHe could restore Joseon

fleet by decisive victory at the battle

of Myeongryang..

Unfortunately, despite all of his efforts and

accomplishments, he became entangled in

domestic political strife and was eventually

deprived of his rank as Commander-in-Chief

and escorted to Seoul as a criminal in February

of 1597. He faced the threat of the death

Life 49

penalty after suffering from brutal torture,

but was eventually released from prison

thanks to the efforts of many people to

spare his life. However, he was forced to

serve in war as a commoner, which is

referred to as the punishment of 'Baegui

Jonggun' in Korean. What was worse, he

lost his beloved mother at this time.

However, the General who took the place

of Yi as Commander-in-Chief, General

Won Gyun, was utterly defeated and died at

the battle of Chilcheollyang in July of 1597.

Immediately upon the news of the

disastrous defeat, Yi undertook a patrol

through Korean coastal areas with his

subordinates for a month in order to find

solutions to recover the Korean Navy. He

also reorganized the scattered soldiers and

gathered weapons and supplies. On

August 3, 1597, he was brought back to

lead the navy upon receiving an official

warrant of reappointment as Commander-

in-Chief of the Naval Forces of the South.

By this time there were only 13 Panokseon

battleships left under his command. With

this small fleet, Yi faced 133 enemy ships at

the battle of Myeongnyang. Despite being

overwhelmingly outnumbered, he

triumphed over the Japanese with his

distinguished leadership, outstanding

tactics, and knowledge of the geographical

features of the region. This victory stopped

Japan's attempt to advance into the west

sea that was spurred by its victory at the

battle of Chilcheollyang. Sadly, Yi lost his

third son due to his victory at

Myeongnyang because the defeated

Japanese forces raided his home in Asan

and retaliated against his family.

Afterwards, Yi concentrated all his efforts

on rebuilding the navy, while moving his

naval base to Gohado, and later to

Gogeumdo Island. Jingbirok, a chronicle of

the Imjin War by Yu Seong-ryong,

recorded that Yi moved his base to

Gogeumdo on February 17, 1598, with

8,000 soldiers and 53 battleships.

His last battle, the battle of NoryangHe was a true hero whose name

would be immortal.

When the Japanese warlord Toyotomi

Hideyoshi died on August 18, 1598,

Japanese forces rushed to withdraw from

Korea. The combined Korean-Chinese fleet

chased after the retreating Japanese army

and had the last battle of the war off

Noryang in November of 1598. Yi was

killed by enemy fire during this battle.

Mortally wounded and dying, he asked

that no one be told about his death,

concerned about its impact on the morale

of his troops. The battle of Noryang was

one of the biggest triumphs and most

decisive battles that proved the patriotism

and supremacy of the Korean Navy.

Throughout the Imjin War, Admiral Yi

Sun-sin was a preeminent warrior who was

never defeated in at least 23 battles under

his command for seven years. However, he

was not just a brilliant commander, he was

also a true leader who wholeheartedly

loved his country and its people, and

sacrificed himself to protect them. Hence,

Koreans regard him as one of the greatest

heroes of Korean history.

When theJapanesewarlordToyotomiHideyoshi diedon August 18,1598,Japaneseforces rushedto withdrawfrom Korea.The combinedKorean-Chinese fleetchased afterthe retreatingJapanesearmy and hadthe last battleof the war offNoryang inNovember of1598. Yi waskilled byenemy fireduring thisbattle. Mortallywounded anddying, heasked that noone be toldabout hisdeath,concernedabout itsimpact on themorale of histroops.

50 Who is he?

The practice of justice

Admiral Yi Sun-sin practiced justice without any

compromise of his integrity throughout his life. As a military

officer, he always strictly distinguished between public and

private affairs, and had no hesitation in speaking plainly to

superiors or those in power about injustice. Such

uprightness caused him to go through several hardships

during his lifetime, but despite all of those challenges, he

remained faithful to his principle of justice. In practicing

justice, he was stricter on himself than on others. The

following excerpt is from his report to the King, asking for

his own punishment after his navy lost a ship at the battle of

Ungcheonpo in 1593. In fact, the cause of the ship's capsize

was his subordinate generals not following his orders, yet he

took full responsibility as a commander.

"A ship capsized and many were drowned.

This is because I failed to adequately lead the soldiers, and

my command was ineffective. I am waiting for punishment,

prostrating myself on the ground."

(Tongseonilcheokgyeongbokhudaejoejang, April 6, 1593; Yi's

report to the King)

Also, he provided many subordinate generals with chances

to make a distinguished contribution to naval battles. He

Keywords about Yi Sun-sin

"Song of Hansando"

by Admiral Yi in the watch tower

In the Hansando Island, under the bright moon

While standing alone on the watchtower over the water

With a big sword held tightly in my hand

I am falling into a deep pit of agony

The melody of a flute from somewhere adds more concern.

Keywords 51

strictly evaluated their operations to

be recorded in his report to the King,

so that they could be rewarded

accordingly. Additionally, he hired

engineers from various practical areas

who were often treated

contemptuously at the time, yet

highly valued them and their work.

"My Lieutenant Jeong Sa-jun

discovered a unique technology to

make firearms, and developed some

firearms with Yi Pil-jong (a marine in

Nagan who used to be a blacksmith),

An Seong (a private slave in

Suncheon), Dong Ji (a temple slave in

Gimhae), and Eonbok (a temple slave

in Geoje) and others. The firearms,

which they made by striking iron,

have well-constructed gun barrels

and are as powerful as Japanese

firearms." (Bongjinhwapojang,

August 10, 1593; Yi's report to the

King)

While reporting to the King about the

production of the innovative firearms

called 'Jeongcheol chongtong' in August of 1593, he wrote

down the names of all the people who had contributed to

the innovation, not only the name of his lieutenant but also

the names of lowly slaves.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin lived all his life practicing justice by

strictly adhering to his principles. He always led by example

before he came to judge others. This attitude served as the

foundation of his great achievements in saving the nation,

highlighting his greatness.

Creativity

Creativity is a primary value in the 21st century. Great

leaders of all eras and countries are

often well known to have had

brilliant and creative minds. Yi Sun-

sin in the 16th century was also a

leader with excellent creativity. Yi's

creativity was reflected in his

development of various innovative

weapons including the Geobukseon

battleship, outstanding naval tactics

that became a part of world naval

history, and effective ways to

manage an army.

The first documentary record about

the Geobukseon battleship

appeared in 1413 under King

Taejong (reigned 1400-1418).

However, the Geobukseon at the

time was very different in its

structure and capability from the

Geobukseon Yi redesigned 180

years later in the face of the Imjin

War. The following is a

documentary appearance of Yi's

Geobukseon, which was described

in his report to the King about the

battle of Dangpo on June 2, 1592.

"We put a dragon's head on the front of the ship, and we can

fire our cannons through its mouth. We stuck iron spikes on

the shell (top), and designed it so that we could see outside

from our position inside the battleship, but enemies cannot

see us inside from their position outside the battleship. This

battleship can rampage through hundreds of enemy ships in

order to fire cannons. In this battle, I ordered an assault

commander to lead the ship into the enemy fleet and

bombard the fleet with cannons (Dangpopawaebyeongjang,

June 14, 1592; Yi's report to the King).

The Geobukseon as an assault battleship was designed by

reforming the Panokseon battleship. The Panokseon was

Korea's primary battleship, designed with an upper deck

When the Japanesewarlord ToyotomiHideyoshi died onAugust 18, 1598,Japanese forces

rushed to withdrawfrom Korea. The

combined Korean-Chinese fleet chasedafter the retreatingJapanese army andhad the last battle ofthe war off Noryang

in November of1598. Yi was killed

by enemy fire duringthis battle. Mortallywounded and dying,he asked that no one

be told about hisdeath, concerned

about its impact onthe morale of his

troops.

52 Who is he?

that was shielded with a layer of

wooden panels to be suitable for

battles against Japan. Japanese naval

forces preferred hand-to-hand combat

after boarding enemy ships. The

Geobukseon rammed into the enemy,

broke the formation of the fleet, and

bombarded the enemy fleet with

cannons. It fatally damaged the

Japanese fleet. Japanese forces were

very afraid of the Geobukseon, calling

it the blind ship.

Even during the continuous naval

battles, Yi never neglected to develop

new weapons. In August of 1593, he

invented the Jeongcheol Chongtong,

innovative firearms that combined the

strengths of both Korean and Japanese

firearms of the time. Yi's creativity was

also utilized in his management of the

navy during the Imjin War. For all

seven years of the war and almost

single-handedly, he had to procure all

the means necessary for the maintenance of the navy,

including provisions and funds for the production of

weapons and military training.

For this purpose, he engaged in creative administration

initiatives, including fishing, producing and selling salt,

managing land called Dunjeon, and issuing certificates that

charged a fee for the passage of coastal waters around the

three provinces of Gyeongsang-do, Jeolla-do and

Chungcheong-do. Using his experience as a Dunjeongwan,

the officer in charge of managing Dunjeon, he gathered

wandering people in Dunjeon to supplement the military

personnel, and effectively procured provisions for the army.

The following is Yi's report to the King, stressing the need

and benefit of managing Dunjeon.

"Provisions for the army are the most urgent need ...

[omitted] ... Whether the government administers or lets

tenants farm, there is a need to

cultivate the reserved land. Or, you

may use the defense soldiers in

Suncheon and Heungyang to farm

during peacetime and go on to

battle during wartime. Then there

will be no interference in their

defense duty and it will be beneficial

for procuring provisions"

(Jojinsuryukjeonsajang, September

10, 1593; Yi's report to the King).

Creativity provides the power to

change weakness into strength,

crisis into chance, and nothing into

something. With his creativity,

Admiral Yi Sun-sin constantly

endeavored to stand up to

numerous challenges in order to

protect Korea against Japanese

invasion and to maintain peace in

East Asia. This made him a

memorable hero who changed

world history.

Undefeated naval record

Admiral Yi Sun-sin is a naval commander who was

undefeated in at least 23 battles for 7 years during the Imjin

War, starting from the battle of Okpo through the battle of

Noryang. This is a great record rarely found in Eastern or

Western history.

How was this legendary record possible?

1. Thorough preparedness

Upon his appointment as naval commander of the western

part of Jeolla-do province, Yi Sun-sin thoroughly prepared

for a war against Japan since he already foresaw its

inevitability. He developed effective training strategies for

the navy and produced powerful weapons based on his

Admiral Yi Sun-sinis a naval

commander whowas undefeated inat least 23 battlesfor 7 years during

the Imjin War,starting from thebattle of Okpo

through the battleof Noryang. This is

a great recordrarely found in

Eastern orWestern history.

Keywords 53

assessment of the strengths and

weaknesses of enemies. The invention

of the Jija and Hyeonja Chongtong

firearms and the Geobukseon and

Panokseon battleships were all in this

context. Such comprehensive

preparedness led him to victories in

all of his naval battles. Also, the

number of Korean casualties was

significantly smaller than that of

Japanese casualties.

2. Outstanding tactics

The battle of Hansando on July 8,

1592, is a famous naval battle that

turned the tide of the Imjin War

against Japan, and is considered as

one of the world's four greatest naval

battles. The Strait of Gyeonnaeryang,

where about 70 Japanese ships were

anchored, was too narrow and

unfavorable to the Korean Navy. Yi

saw through these disadvantages and

enticed the Japanese fleet into the

wider sea. He then attacked the unwary enemies using his

creative tactic called 'Hagikjin' or crane-wing formation. This

battle concluded with the Korean Navy's triumph. The

battle of Hansando proved Yi's ability as a brilliant

strategist. He always studied and discussed strategies and

tactics with his subordinate generals. Naval researchers in

the East and the West have long praised and studied Yi's

distinguished naval tactics.

3. Distinguished war service

After establishing strategies on the basis of thorough

preparations, he acted more bravely than anyone else in

battle. The record is well known that he defeated 133 enemy

ships with only 13 ships at the battle of Myeongnyang.

When Korean Naval generals lost their fighting spirit and

held back in going on to battle, Yi rebuked them and went

forward to spearhead the battle. Encouraged by his brave

initiative, the Korean Navy desperately fought against the

Japanese at the risk of their lives,

and triumphed despite being

overwhelmingly outnumbered. Yi

always led by example to encourage

subordinates to do their best in

battle.

Before every battle, he prepared

thoroughly and devised effective

strategies by using his remarkable

insight in battle conditions. Yi's

glorious record of all victories and

no defeats was possible because he

always took the lead in battle with

distinguished bravery, despite the

danger that would await him.

Diligent record-keeping

A documentary record not only

delivers the past to the present, but

serves as a milestone to look back

upon the past and plan for the

future. People who leave accurate records of what happened

at their time provide an invaluable gift to future generations.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin is one of them, even though he was a

military officer and not a professional scholar. He wrote a

war diary (Nanjung Ilgi in Korean) for 7 years from 1592

until he died at the battle of Noryang in 1598. His war diary

and the rough drafts of his war reports to the King (Imjin

Jangcho in Korean) are celebrated as one of the three

documentary classics of the Imjin War, along with Yu Seong-

ryong's Jingbirok, a chronicle of the Imjin War, and the

Seonjo Sillok, the veritable records of King Seonjo. It must

have been difficult for a soldier to maintain daily diary

entries while engaged in life-or-death battles. Nevertheless,

Admiral Yi Sun-sin diligently kept records of all the events

during the Imjin War.

In the Nanjung Ilgi, Yi recorded the barracks life of his naval

headquarters, naval tactics and situations in many naval

Before everybattle, he prepared

thoroughly anddevised effective

strategies by usinghis remarkableinsight in battleconditions. Yi's

glorious record ofall victories and no

defeats waspossible becausehe always took thelead in battle with

distinguishedbravery, despitethe danger that

would await him.

54 Who is he?

battles, and various features of the lives of people in the

Joseon Dynasty. He also straightforwardly wrote down his

emotions and thoughts, making the diary the best resource to

learn about him as a person. The diary was written in seven

volumes, each volume completed every year from 1592 to

1598. The Nanjung Ilgi, designated as National Treasure No.

76, is kept in the Hyeonchungsa Shrine in Asan along with a

collection of his letters (Seogancheop in Korean). Collections

of Admiral Yi Sun-sin's works have been published in many

different editions, and are constantly read by researchers of

Yi and by the general public.

Devoted love for the countryand the people

Beginning his military career at age 32, Admiral Yi Sun-sin

devoted his entire life to protect the country that he

belonged to and loved. Regardless of his military rank, he

did his best in his duty. After the breakout of the Imjin War,

he protected the territorial waters of Korea as the head of the

Korean Navy at the cost of his life. He faced many

challenges in serving his country as a military officer.

Trapped in false accusations by his superiors, he was

demoted several times and served as a commoner in battle

(the punishment of Baegui Jonggun) in 1587 and in 1597.

Despite his outstanding accomplishments in naval battles,

he even faced the threat of the death penalty as a criminal.

However, these ordeals never affected his patriotism. Until

his death on a ship during the battle of Noryang in

November of 1598, he was firmly determined to serve his

beloved homeland.

His love for the country was consistent with his love for the

people. Even dangerous and precarious situations, his first

priority was always for the safety of the people. He sincerely

cared about people suffering hardships and tried to comfort

them. Such humanitarian efforts were specifically described

in several documentary records, including his war diary.

"If we burned all the Japanese ships and cornered them into

a deadlock, they might slaughter our people. Hence, I

decided to temporarily hold back at a distance of 1-ri away

from them at night" (Gyeonnaeryangpawaebyeongjang ,

July 17, 1592; Yi's report to the King)

In July of 1592, he triumphed over the Japanese at the

historic battle of Hansando and at the battle of Angolpo.

However, he allowed two remaining enemy ships to retreat.

This was because he was afraid that the Japanese soldiers

might kill ordinary people around the area for revenge. This

choice of his was consistently observed in many later

occasions. The following excerpt shows that he evacuated

people in the urgent situation before the battle of

Myeongnyang.

"I sent a messenger boat to the headquarters of the naval

forces of western Jeolla so as to urge people to go up to the

land quickly" (Nanjung Ilgi, September 13, 1597; Yi's war

diary).

Three days later, the Korean Navy faced 133 enemy ships

with only a small fleet of 13 ships in the Strait of

Myeongnyang. This naval battle was critical in deciding the

recovery of the Korean Navy and the existence of the

country. Before such a decisive battle, he still thought of the

people first. Without a heartfelt love for the people, this

attitude would not have been possible at such a critical

moment. Throughout his life, he took care of people who

had lost their homes, helping them make their living

through fishing and farming while under the protection of

the army.

The life of Admiral Yi Sun-sin had many challenges and

obstacles in serving the country and the people of Korea.

Despite all the hardships, however, he protected the country

and looked after the people as always.

Quotes and Poemsby Admiral Yi Sun-sin

Don't make a hasty movement.

Be like a mountain. Move silently

and cautiously.Yi's statement to his generals before the battle of Okpo, stressing

that they be calm and cautious in battle: The battle of Okpo was the

first victory of the Korean Navy and Korean Army since the

outbreak of the Imjin War (Okpopawaebyeongjang, May 10, 1592;

Yi's report to the King).

Your Highness, I still have twelve battleships.King Seonjo sent a royal edict to Yi after the Korean Navy under

General Won Gyun was nearly annihilated at the battle of

Chilcheonllyang, saying "Close the navy. Concentrate on land

warfare". However, Yi strongly insisted that the Korean Navy should

be maintained because he knew the importance of the navy better

than anyone else. He later added one more ship. The Korean Navy

under Yi's leadership faced hundreds of enemy ships with a force of

only thirteen ships, yet triumphed at the battle of Myeongnyang (Yi

Chungmugong Haengnok ; Biography of Yi Sun-sin).

Those who seek death shall live.

Those who seek life shall die.Yi's statement to his generals on the eve of the battle of

Myeongnyang, stressing that they be mentally strong in battle: On

the next day, Yi and his generals desperately fought against

overwhelming odds, 13-133 (number of battleships), and triumphed

(Nanjung Ilgi, September 15, 1597; Yi's war diary).

We are at the height of battle. Don't let

anybody know about my death!Yi's last words: Yi Sun-sin was shot by an enemy bullet in the battle

of Noryang against retreating Japanese forces on November 19,

1598. Even in the last moment of his life he was concerned about

the war situation. In order to not discourage his soldiers, he said the

famous phrase to his oldest son Hoe and his nephew Wan who were

at his side. The battle concluded with a Korean victory (Yi

Chungmugong Haengnok; Biography of Yi Sun-sin).

Song of Hansando (Nanjung Ilgi, August 15,

1597)In the Hansando Island, under the bright moon,

While standing alone on the watchtower over the water,

With a big sword held tightly in my hand,

I am falling into a deep pit of agony,

The melody of a flute from somewhere adds more concern.

A Night in Hansando

The Sun falls into the vast sea in autumn,

A flock of wild geese, startled by coldness, flies high up into the sky,

During a restless night in agony,

The dawn moon, aloof, sheds light on bows and swords.

Quotes and Poems 55

Hyeonchungsa Shrine in Asan

The Hyeonchungsa Shrine was built

in 1706 to commemorate Admiral Yi

Sun-sin. It displays many relics of Yi,

including Nanjung Ilgi (Yi's war

diary) and Imjin Jangcho (Yi's war

report). The old house where Yi spent

his childhood and youth is preserved

within this shrine. It is located in

Yeomchi-eup, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-

do. His grave is also located in Eumbong-

myeon in the same city of Asan.

Yeosu Jinnamgwan

The Yeosu Jinnamgwan was a

guesthouse (official residence) that

belonged to the naval headquarters of

the eastern part of Jeollado province

during the Joseon Dynasty. At the

time that General Yi Sun-sin used this

site as his headquarters there was a

watchtower called Jinhaeru. Later in

1718, the watchtower was renovated

by General Yi Je-myeon because the

original building was burned down

during the Imjin War. It was

designated as National Treasure No.

304 in 2001. It is located in Gunja-

dong, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do.

Historical Site ofYeocheon Seonso inYeosuThe Yeocheon Seonso was a dockyard

where General Yi Sun-sin hired the

shipbuilding engineer Na Dae-yong

as his lieutenant, and constructed the

Geobukseon or turtle ship. The

remains of Gulgang (a pond used to

hide the Geobukseon) still exist. It was

designated as Historical Site No. 392

in 1995. It is located in Sijeon-dong,

Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do..

Okpo Great VictoryCommemorative Park

56 Who is he?

Historical Sitesfollowing the tracesof Yi Sun-sin

The Okpo Great Victory

Commemorative Park was opened in

1996 to celebrate Korea's first victory

over Japan during the Imjin War and

to commemorate the spirit of the

leading commander Yi Sun-sin. It

displays a map of the Okpo battle and

other remains. It is located in Okpo 2-

dong, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do.

Danghangpo NationalTourist Resort Complex

The Danghangpo National Tourist

Resort Complex was opened in 1987

to commemorate Yi's two naval

victories at Danghangpo in 1592 and

1594. Within the complex are the

Songchungsa shrine that houses the

portrait of Yi, the Monument of the

Danghangpo Victory, and other

remains. It is located in Danghang-ri,

Hoehwa-myeon, Goseong-gun,

Gyeongsangnam-do.

Korea Naval AcademyMuseumThe Korea Naval Academy Museum

was established in 1976 to educate

naval cadets, naval officers, and other

visitors about the history and

traditions of the Korean Navy. Its

exhibitions include documentary

records and other relics of Yi, and a

replica of the original Geobukseon

battleship. The replica of the

Geobukseon was constructed in 1980

by the Korean Navy following

historical evidence. Visitors are

allowed to enter and see the inside of

the Geobukseon. It is located within

the R.O.K. Naval Academy, Aenggok-

dong, Jinhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do.

Hallyeohaesang MarineNational ParkThe Hallyeohaesang Marine National

Park consists of a waterway between

Yeosu and Tongyeong as well as parts

of the southern coastal regions

including Namhaedo and Geojedo.

This area encompasses many

historical sites of Yi Sun-sin. Among

these are Hansando (the location of

Yi's naval headquarters), Odongdo

(the location of the drilling ground of

Historical Sites 57

Admiral Yi Sun-sin's People

Eo Yeong-dam (魚泳潭 : 1532-1594)Eo Yeong-dam served as an officer titled Hyeongam in the city of Gwangyang, an area within Yi Sun-sin's jurisdiction,

when the Imjin War broke out in 1592. Since he grew up by the water, he had considerable skills in the operation of ships.

He was also particularly knowledgeable of the tides and currents of the seas around the Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do

provinces, and so served as a tide expert. This ability made a significant contribution to the victories of the Korean Navy

during the Imjin War. Eo Yeong-dam engaged in the operations of many great naval battles, including the battles of Okpo,

Hansando, and Busan, until he died of infectious disease in the naval base in Hansando in April, 1594. On April 9, 1594,

Admiral Yi Sun-sin wrote in his war diary (Nanjung Ilgi in Korean) that "My defense soldier Eo Yeong-dam died. How can I

say how sad I am?" Eo Yeong-dam was an outstanding soldier whom Yi loved and trusted very much.

Yu Seong-ryong (柳成龍 : 1542-1607)Yu Seong-ryong served as second state councilor. Upon the outbreak of the Imjin War in

1592, he also took the lead in general military affairs as the minister of war. For all seven

years of the war, he played a crucial role in bringing the war to victory by leading all state

affairs, including military affairs, administration and diplomacy. Also, he recognized the ability

of General Yi Sun-sin and General Gwon Yul, and raised them to high positions by

recommending them to the King before the Imjin War. As he expected, these two generals

thoroughly prepared for war, and performed distinguished service during the war in naval

and land combat respectively. He had known Yi Sin-sin from childhood, and appreciated his

noble character. Whenever Yi went through hardship in his life, Yu would give him special

assistance. As a prominent scholar, Yu Seong-ryong left many writings. Among them, Jingbirok (懲毖錄) is famed as a

remarkable documentary record of the Imjin War, and was designated in 1969 as National Treasure No. 132. In the

opening of the book, he stressed the need to be wary of possible wars by learning from the lessons of the Imjin War.

People 59

Na Dae-yong (羅大用 : 1556-1612)Na Dae-yong was born in 1556 in the city of Naju in the Jeolla-do province. He and his cousin Na Chi-yong began

serving under Yi Sun-sin in 1591, one year prior to the outbreak of the Imjin War. As a lieutenant, and with Yi's complete

confidence, he was given the responsibility of constructing the Geobukseon and other battleships. The Geobukseon

was built by remodeling the Panokseon battleship, then Korea's primary battleship. These battleships were specifically

designed for naval battles against Japan, whose navy excelled in on board hand-to-hand combat. The Geobukseon

was shielded by a roof covered with iron spikes to prevent enemies from boarding the ship. It played a decisive role in

breaking the enemy's formation by spearheading attacks. The Geobukseon could rampage through the enemy fleet and

fire cannons from every direction of the ship. Needless to say, the Geobukseon made an enormous contribution to the

Korean Navy's victories during the Imjin War. Na Dae-yong was not only an excellent shipbuilding engineer, but also a

courageous soldier who carried out remarkable operations in many naval battles, including the battles of Okpo, Dangpo

and Sacheon. He was wounded by enemy fire at the battle of Sacheon along with Yi Sun-sin. After the war, he continued

to study battleships, and developed another ironclad battleship called Changseon, which was densely covered with

swords and spears.

60

60 Who is he?

His MajorBattles

❹ The Battle of Okpo (May 7, 1592)

❹ The Battle of Habpo (May 7, 1592)

❹ The Battle of Jeokjinpo (May 8, 1592)

❹ The Battle of Sacheonpo (May 29, 1592)

❹ The Battle of Dangpo (June 2, 1592)

❹ The first battle of Danghangpo (June 5, 1592)

❹ The battle of Yulpo (June 7, 1592)

❹ The battle of Hansando (June 8, 1592)

❹ The battle of Angolpo (June 10, 1592)

❹ The battle of Jangrimpo (August 29, 1592)

❹The battle of Busanpo (September 1, 1592)

❹ The second battle of Danghangpo (March 4~5, 1594)

❹ The battle of Myeongryang (September 16, 1597)

❹ The battle of Noryang (November 19, 1598)

❽

❽❽

❽ ❽❽❽❽❽❽❽ ❽

❽❽

Major Battles 61

1. The Battle of Okpo (May 7, 1592)

Joseon fleet Japanese fleet

Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Won gyun Dodo Dakadora

Strength 24 panokships and 57 small vessels 30 ships

Casualties and losses None 26 ships destroyed, about 4000 dead

It was the first his battle against Japanese fleet during Imjin war period. He sent spy ships to eastern sea off Busan

port. He didn't depart his naval base until he confirmed Japanese fleet's scale and tactics. On May 7, his fleet and

Won gyun's fleet departed together and sailed to okpo port. Japanese fleet disembarked from their ships and was

plundering villages near by okpo port. Japanese embarked quickly after they found Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi

waited until all Japanese boarded and ordered to discharge guns. His fleet was in a formation of Iljajin which ships

position a line east-to-west. He didn't use boarding tactics, which were very common at that time. He ordered to

bombard guns against Japanese ships. This battle became first victory of Joseon while Joseon army couldn't

attain in land.

2. The Battle of Habpo (May 7, 1592)


Commander Commander Commander-in-chief : Admiral Yi Dodo Dakadora

Strength Strength 24 panokships and 57 small vessels 5 ships

Casualties and losses Casualties and losses Unknown 5 ships destroyed

After Battle of Okpo, Admiral Yi’s fleet was supposed to anchor at youngdeungpo, which is situated in Geojedo,

but they headed to Happo off Ungcheon, present-day Jinhae, because spy ship sent message that Japanese

ships were passing through near sea. Immediately, his fleet chased them and attacked them. Soon, they

abandoned their ships and fled to the land. After Joseon fleet destroyed all ships, they sailed to Nampo in

Changwon.

3. The Battle of Jeokjinpo (May 8, 1592)


Commander Commander Commander-in-chief : Admiral Yi Unknown

Strength Strength 24 panokships and 57 small vessels 13 ships

Casualties and losses Unknown 13 ships destroyed

It was the first his battle against Japanese fleet during Imjin war period. He sent spy ships to eastern sea off Busan

port. He didn't depart his naval base until he confirmed Japanese fleet's scale and tactics. On May 7, his fleet and

Won gyun's fleet departed together and sailed to okpo port. Japanese fleet disembarked from their ships and was

plundering villages near by okpo port. Japanese embarked quickly after they found Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi

waited until all Japanese boarded and ordered to discharge guns. His fleet was in a formation of Iljajin which ships

position a line east-to-west. He didn't use boarding tactics, which were very common at that time. He ordered to

bombard guns against Japanese ships. This battle became first victory of Joseon while Joseon army couldn't

attain in land.

62

62 Who is he?

4. The Battle of Sacheonpo (May 29, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Won gyun Unknown


Casualties and losses None 13 ships destroyed

Admiral Yi discussed next tactics with his subordinate officers and decided to combine his fleet with Jeolla eastern

fleet. He sent message and was supposed to meet them on June 3. On May 27, Won gyun sent message that his

fleet was under attack of Japanese, he had to leave before Jeolla eastern fleet joined his fleet on May 29. After

Won gyun’s fleet joined his fleet, they chased one Japanese warship and found more ships which were anchoring

in Sacheon port. Admiral Yi ordered to make the formation, Jansajin, which ships station a line north-to-south and

tried to reach this port, because the sea off port was shallow and the tide was ebbing. He tried to entice Japanese

from the port, but about 200 Japanese counterattacked by matchlock in the port. Opportunely, tide changed and

his fleet could reach port. He employed Geobukseon at this battle for the first time. Geobukseon led fleet and

rushed to Japanese. Soon, Japanese abandoned ships and fled to the land. His fleet destroyed all ships. Admiral

Yi was wounded his left shoulder by matchlock.

5. The Battle of Dangpo (June 2, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Won gyun Gamei Korenori



On June 1, he drove his fleet and anchored at Saryangdo in Goseong. Around 8 am, he departed there after he

got a message that Japanese warships are anchoring at Dangpo port. He arrived off Dangpo around 10 and

attacked Japanese ships. Japanese counterattacked from the land and ships. He sent Geobukseon first, and it

destroyed Adakebune, flagship. Soon, his subordinate officer, Gwon jun cut the head of Japanese commander.

Joseon fleet destroyed Japanese ships while Japanese were perplexed after their commander°Øs death. Shortly

after he triumphed, spy ship sent the message that Japanese fleet was sailing from Geojedo. His fleet tried to

search them, but they lost Japanese fleet.

6. The first battle of Danghangpo (June 5, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Gato giyomasha



On June 4, Jeolla eastern fleet joined Admiral Yi’s fleet. It doubled strength of Joseon fleet. One citizen informed

Joseon fleet that Japanese ships were anchoring at Danghangpo in Goseong. Admiral Yi discussed tactic with

other commanders and decided to entice Japanese ships out of port. Joseon fleet divided into two columns and

first column sailed into port. Second column followed them after first column sent message to enter the port.

Geobukseon destroyed Adakabune first again and all Japanese ships were destroyed

Major Battles 63

7. The battle of Yulpo (June 7, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Gurushima Michiyuki



Combined Joseon fleet departed at dawn again and reached Jeungdo island. They searched traces of Japanese

fleet and reached youngdeungpo at around noon. They found small fleet and chased them. Soon, Japanese

abandoned their ships and ran away in land after this battle. According to Japanese records, Gurushima

Michiyuki reached near land and committed suicide after this battle. On June 10, Combined Joseon fleet

scattered and returned to their naval bases.

8. The battle of Hansando (June 8, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Wakisaka Yasuharu



Although, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered their navy to be united and attack Joseon navy together, Wakisaka

Yasuharu decided to defeat Yi°Øs fleet by himself. On July 7, his fleet was departed from the Japanese

headquarter in Jinhae. When Wakisaka’s fleet arrived near by Geojedo island, his fleet anchored off

Gyeonnaeryang. On the other hand, a shepherd reported that Japanese fleet was anchoring at Gyeonnaeryang to

Joseon fleet. Joseon fleet decided to entice Japanese fleet from there to the open sea, because that sea is shallow

and it was hard to change body of main warship, Panokseon. Furthermore, Japanese tended to abandon ships

and retreat to the island if they reach an impasse in the middle of battle.

On July 8, 5~6 ships went to Gyeonnaeryang while remaining ships were poised to attack off Hansando island.

Joseon squadron enticed Japanese and poised to retreat from there, Japanese followed them. Squadron arrived

at the open sea and joined Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi ordered to make his famous tactic, Hakikjin, crane wing

formation. Joseon warships discharged guns and 2~3 Japanese warships in front line were sunken by this attack.

Joseon fleet attacked flagship first and surrounded them. Wakisaka drove 14 ships and retreated.

64

64 Who is he?

9. The battle of Angolpo (June 10, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Guki yoshitaka, Gato yoshiyaki


Casualties and losses None About 20 ships destroyed

On July 9, spy ship sent the message that they found 40 Japanese warships in Angolpo port while Joseon fleet

took a rest in Gyeonnaeryang. The Japanese fleet at Angolpo was combined Guki yoshitaka and Gato yoshiyaki

fleet. On July 7, they drove their fleets and followed trace of Wakisaka’s fleet. On July 10, Joseon fleet sailed to

Angolpo and faced Japanese fleet. Joseon fleet tried to entice them again, because the sea level is low and

therefore Panokship couldn’t reach port. However, Japanese fleet didn’t sail out of the port. They counterattacked

at port only, because Toyotomi banned naval battle with Joseon fleet after the Battle of Hansando. Admiral Yi sent

squadron and they destroyed Japanese ships by guns. Thousands of Japanese died and survivors fled to land.

After an half of Japanese warships were destroyed, Joseon fleet left battle field due to they worried the safety of

Joseon civilians who hid near by mountains. Admiral Yi°Øs fleet returned to their base on July 13.

10. The battle of Jangrimpo (August 29, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Unknown

Strength 74 panokships and other small vessels 6 ships


He built 22 warships more during about a month and maneuvered tactics with Jeolla eastern fleet. They departed

on August 24 shortly after officer of Gyeongsang eastern fleet sent a message that Japanese are sailing down

from Gimhae. They sailed toward Busan and searched Japanese warships till August 28. On August 29, they

found Japanese warships off Janglimpo port in Dongrae and destroyed all.

11. The battle of Busanpo (September 1, 1592)


Commander Admiral Yi sun-sin, Yi eok-gi, Won gyun Most Japanese generals


Casualties and losses Admiral Yi’s subordinate officer Jeong Un dead, 130 ships destroyed

6 dead, 25 wounded

After the battle of Jeolyoungdo, Admiral Yi sent spy ship to Busanpo port. Spy ships found about 470 warships at

that port and came back to Joseon fleet. Joseon fleet headed to Busan port and destroyed Japanese squadron, 4

warships and they made the formation, Jangsajin and rushed into Japanese fleet. Japanese army joined their fleet

and attacked Joseon fleet from the near hills. Joseon fleet decisively defeated Japanese fleet and returned to

base, because they had to fix warships and ran out of foods. On September 2, Admiral Yi’s fleet arrived at their

naval base.

Major Battles 65

12. The second battle of Danghangpo (March 4~5, 1594)


Commander Commander-in-chief : Admiral Yi, Eo young-dam Unknown

Strength 30 panokships Unknown


Admiral Yi drove his fleet and headed to Jeungdo shortly after his spy reported that Japanese fleet was sailing to

Oriryang and Jeodo. He divided his fleet into two columns. His subordinate officer, Eo young-dam led first column,

which was consist of 30 warships and attacked about 30 Japanese ships. Admiral Yi’s column secured sea off

Jeungdo. Eo young-dam destroyed about 30 Japanese warships off Danghangpo port. He returned to base on

March 7.

13. The battle of Myeongryang (September 16, 1597)


Commander Commander-in-chief : Gurujima Michihusa, Wakisaka yasuharu,

Admiral Yi sun-sin DoDo akidora

Strength 13 warships and 32 small vessels, About 300 ships, About 120,000 soldiers

About 1500 soldiers

Casualties and losses Unknown Casualties unknown, 31 warships destryoed

On July 16, 1597, Admiral won gyun was defeated at

Chilcheonryang and dead after this battle. About 160

Joseon fleet’s warships were destroyed during this battle. A

naval officer, Bae-seol retreated with 12 warships out of

battle field. Joseon government reappointed Admiral Yi sun-

sin as a commander-in-chief. Before he arrived at naval

base, Admiral Yi collected his navy officers and sailors. On

August 19, he took over Bae-sol’s warships at Hoiryeongpo

port and collected foods, arrows, bows. Although the King,

seonjo ordered to combine his navy with army, Admiral Yi

sent report to king. In this report he wrote his famous quote,

“Your highness, I still have twelve battleships.” He moved his

base to the west and west.

On September 16, his spy reported that hundreds of Japanese warships were sailing to his base at around 7 am.

He drove his fleet and waited Japanese fleet in front of his base, present-day Haenamgun. 133 Japanese

warships had to sail into the Uldolmok, sea between Jindo and hwawon peninsula, it is narrow sea which lowest

sea level is about 1.9m and flow speed is 11.5 note. Japanese had to separate their warships. Most big warship,

Adakabune stationed in front of this sea. Only 133 middle warships, Sekebune could pass the sea. Admiral Yi

ordered to make a formation, Iljajin which ships position end-to-end. At first, Admiral Yi°Øs ship fought against

Japanese warships with guns in the front battle line, while other generals ships were hesitated to attack. He called

other ships and rushed into Japanese battle line first. Soon, tide changed and his all warships followed him. They

destroyed about 31 warships in a flash. After this attack, Japanese retreated at around sunset. He never gave up

and gained glorious victory.

66

66 Who is he?

14. The battle of Noryang (November 19, 1598)


Commander Commander-in-chief : Jin lin Admiral Yi Gonishi Yukinaga, Shimazu Yoshihiro,

So yoshitoshi, Dachibana Muneshige,

Derajawa masanari, Takahashi

munemashu

Strength About 400 Ming’s warships, 500 warships

80 Joseon’s warships

Casualties and losses Admiral Yi dead, 10 Joseon officers dead,

navy casualties Unknown

After the Battle of Myeongryang Japanese fleet evacuated to

Ungcheon, far away from Admiral Yi’s naval base. He collected

foods, ships, soldiers and ammunition and moved his base to east

and east. He settled in Goguemdo on February 17, 1598 to reinforce

his army and secure seas from Gonishi Yukinaga’s army. He could

attain other benefits that he saved foods for the next battle, because

there were many farms. His glorious victory was spread throughout

southern provinces of Korean peninsula and, many civilians gathered

to this island. Admiral Yi could reinforce his fleet with them. According

to Jingbirok, records of Yu seong-yong, Admiral Yi trained about

8,000 and then he worried about shortage of provisions when his fleet

was stationed in this island.

In early 1598, Ming began to send their army to prevent invasion of

Japanese through sea. Ming fleet joined Admiral Yi’s fleet on July 16.

Combined Joseon-Ming army had small and big battles in land and

sea. On August 18, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died and his councilors

ordered Japanese army in Joseon to retreat until November. Gonishi

Yukinaga sent his fleet’s squadrons and tried to retreat, but combined Joseon-Ming fleet blockaded his fleet.

Gonishi bribed Jin lin and then sent his ships to other Japanese fleet bases. Admiral Yi’s officers realized and

reported this to him. He had council of war with his officers and decided to sail to Noryang. His fleet stationed off

Noryang and waited Shimazu’s fleet on November 18. Jin lin’s fleet joined Yi’s fleet because he couldn’t reach

agreement with Gonishi yukinaga. His fleet would receive attack from Shimazu°Øs fleet.

The wind blew from northwest and combined fleet enjoyed benefit from it. They attacked Japanese fleet with fire.

Soon, Japanese warships were in flame and retreated. They locked in port on their way to retreat. Japanese

strongly confronted combined fleet to escape from the port. Middle of battle, Admiral Yi was dead by bullet wound

around gwaneumpo port in presence of his son Yi hoe. Before he died, he said his famous will, “We are at the

height of battle. Don’t let anybody know about my death!”

Arsenal 67

His Arsenal

Battleships 1

Panokseon shipPanokseon ship was main warship of Joseon fleet. Its name

means literally wood warship having panok, loft on it.

Commander boarded on this loft while oarsmen and

soldiers boarded in gun deck. Koreans added tall wood

plates in both side of a ship above upper deck because

Japanese main naval tactic was boarding tactic which navy

board enemy's ship and fight on their ship's deck by

sword.

It was also designed to sail in southeastern coast of Korea

which has wide mudflats and many large and small islands.

Hence this ship had flat keel. Its structure was sturdy than

Japanese warships, because Koreans used wooden nail to

fix planks when they build this ship and it was made of sturdy pine wood plates. Therefore it was able to absorb

reaction which occurred after the gun was pushed backward by the force of the blow. On the contrary, Japanese

ships couldn't absorb reaction, because they fixed planks with iron nails and their ships were made of Japanese

cedar. This wood was less solidity than pine tree. Hence it couldn't carry guns on it.

Admiral Yi's fleet was composed of this ship in most battle. It followed Geobukseon and bombard Japanese

fleet. He built 24 ships before the Imjin war broke out and built more ships during war period. His famous

formation, Hakikjin, was able to position due to this ship. Furthermore, he could defeat Japanese fleet far away by

guns. It was one of reasons why he could gain continue victories till the Imjin war ended.

Battleships 2

Geobukseon shipIt is also known as turtle ship.

Geobukseon means literally turtle

shaped warship in Korean. It was

similar as floating turtle. According to

Lee Chungmugong Jeonseo,

Biographies of Yi Sun-sin, the

Geobukseon ship which was used

during the imjin war period was

designed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and

built by his subordinate naval officer,

Na Dae-yong. According to

T'aejongsillok, Annals of King T'aejong,

Joseon scientists already invented

turtle warship and had launch it in

Hangang river. This test launch

occurred during T'aejong's reign,

1401~1418. But, modern Korean

historians inferred that this ship was quite different as the Geobukseon ship which used by Admiral Yi's fleet.

Sailors inside of this ship could see the enemy, but enemy couldn't see its inside. It made Japanese to confuse

where they shall attack. It was double-deck ship and propelled by sails and oars. There were cabin and

warehouse in the first deck. It carried four series of guns in the second deck and Soldiers and oarsmen boarded

on it. Its figurehead was dragon's head to frustrate Japanese because they scared dragon the most. There was

a wooden crest which rammed enemy ships below the dragon's head.

It could discharge fires from the four directions. Inside of the

Dragon's head, it carried Hyeonjachontong and fired when it rushed

to Japanese battle line. It carried 6 Chenjachongtong or

Jijachongtong in broadside and approximately 1 gun in stern.

Admiral Yi built 3 Geobukseon ship before the Imjin war broke out. It

was employed in the Battle of Sacheonpo for the first time. In battle, it

led whole fleet and attacked Japanese ships first. After it dispersed

Japanese battle line, remaining warships followed it. The main target

of this ship was Adakebune, flagship which Japanese commander

boarded.

68 Who is he?

Arsenal 69

FirearmsFirearms were first introduced to Goryeo, medieval state of Korea in 1104, but these weapons were extensively

developed after Choi mu-seon developed method to produce gunpowder and established special government

agency, Hwatongdogam in 1377. Joseon people also had developed various guns, muskets and shots. This

development became one of reasons why Joseon fleet could defeat Japanese.

GunsFour series of guns, Cheonja, Jija, Hyeonja and Hwangja were used during Imjin war period. Ancient Koreans

gave different names for this four series of guns to separate their capability according to maximum range, number

of balls and length. These guns mounted on Geobukseon ship and Panokseon ship. According to Nanjungilgi,

war diary of Admiral Yi, he inspected naval bases when they test fire the guns in February 1592. He also drove his

fleet and tested these guns of Geobukseon in the middle of south sea.

Guns comparison

Cheonjachongtong Jijachongtong Hyeonjachongtong Hwangjachongtong

Range 1,125m 1,000m 1,000m or 1,875m 1,378m

Calibre 118~130mm 105mm 60~75mm 40mm

Length 130~136cm 89~89.5cm 79~83.8cm 50.4cm

Cheonjachongtong : Cheon literally means sky in Korean. It

was the largest gun and fired mostly Daejanggunjeon, cannon

arrow to make a hole in the body of Japanese warships. It also

could fire cannon ball and 400 Joranhwan, kind of shrapnel.

Jijachongtong : Ji literally means earth in Korean. It was the

second largest gun and fired mostly Janggunjeon and 200

Joranhwan.

Hyeonjachongtong : Hyeon literally means black in Korean. It

was the third largest gun and fired mostly Chadaejeon and 100

Joranhwan.

Hwangjachongtong : Hwang literally means yellow in Korean.

It is the smallest gun and fired mostly Piryeongchajungjeon and

40 Joranhwan. The actual gun which was produced by gun artisan, Bu Gwi was designated Treasure Number

886, and preserved in the National Museum of Korea.

MusketJeongcheolchongtong : According to Nanjungilgi, , it was invented by the officer, Jeong Sa-jun under the

admiral Yi. He compared Joseon's matchlock, sungjachong with Japanese matchlock and invented it. It was

made of refined iron.

Friendly KoreaV@NK is making a steady progress toward its goal to build a bridge between Koreans and

foreigners.17,000 V@NK members are keeping in touch with their international friends and building

friendships.

Our international members gave us many interesting stories about their experiences with Korean friends

that helped them learn about Korean culture, history and the daily life of the people. Most impressive

stories are presented to you in this magazine, Friendly Korea. You can also read letters that have been

exchanged between foreigners all over the world and their Korean friends, and find answers to a lot of

questions about Korea that you may have.

Moreover, you can grasp the essence of Korean culture through ‘Han-style’ that consists of Hangeul

(Korean language), Hansik (Korean food), Hanbok (Korean clothing), Hanok (Korean traditional

housing) and more, which will deepen your understanding of Korea. Also, five regions in Korea send

their special invitations for you through this magazine. Experience what they want to show you in their

regions.

Friendly Korea is ready for you to read at http://times.prkorea.com

- Looking for Truth

- Truths and Falses

- Letter writing campaign

Chapter 4

The truth about

him

72 The truth about him

Looking for TruthYi Sun-sin and the Imjin War

in foreign textbooks and websites

Analysis of descriptions about Yi Sun-sin

and the Imjin War in foreign textbooks and websites

A major issue we found in analyzing descriptions of Yi Sun-sin and the Imjin War in foreign resources is that

often these descriptions are simply neglected in foreign history textbooks, encyclopedias and popular websites.

Although Yi's leadership and bravery are useful educational contents to inspire youth in the world beyond

Korea, they are not even mentioned in reference books and websites that foreign students use for studying

purposes.

Another significant issue we found is that even those few foreign resources with limited content about Yi often

provide incorrect information. For example, Yi's last battle in the Noryang Strait is described as an illegitimate

attack on Japanese retreating forces because it broke an armistice agreement. However, there was no armistice

agreement between Korea and Japan, and so this description gives readers the wrong impression that Yi won the

battle by resorting to foul play. The dissemination of such misinformation gives some cover to Japan that had

engaged in an aggressive war of invasion against Korea, and degrades Yi's character and accomplishments

during the Imjin War.

The way the Imjin War is described is also problematic. Foreign history textbooks and websites represent the

Imjin War only from the historical perspectives of China and Japan. This absence of a Korean perspective is

consistent with the common fallacy that Korea is only a shrimp caught between the two whales of China and

Japan. An example of a description of the Imjin war from a Chinese perspective is the mistaken belief that Korea

was only able to escape from the threat of Japanese occupation due to the arrival of Chinese relief forces because

Korea had no modern weapons to defend against the Japanese forces. This perspective reduces the conditions of

the Korean victories during the Imjin War to the presence of Chinese assistance, downplaying the

accomplishments of the Korean Navy under the command of Yi Sun-sin.

An example from a Japanese perspective is that the Japanese invasion of Korea was only to use Korea as a

stepping stone or passage to China. This perspective assumes that the Imjin War was a conflict between China

and Japan for hegemony in Asia, ignoring Korea's stance and role as a regional player in Asian geopolitics.

Truths and Falses 73

Truths and FalsesYi Sun-sin and the Imjin War in foreign textbooks and websites

Errors in the descriptions of Yi Sun-sin

and the Imjin War in foreign textbooks, websites and corrections

of those descriptions based on accurate information

Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to Korea, a vassal of China, and

invaded several towns on the coast in 1592 ... Japan's attack on

Seoul caused the conflict between China and Japan. In 1597,

Japan again sent large forces to China to strike a blow to the

Chinese Army.

Korea was not a vasssal state of China in 1592. The Imjin War

(1592~1598) consisted of Japanese invasions of Korea as an

independent state, not a part of China. Japanese forces landed

on the shore in the southern port city of Busan in April, 1592, and

successfully advanced through Korea's northernmost area of the

Tumen River. However, Yi's successive naval victories, the

resistance movements of Korean militias throughout the country,

and Ming China's intervention turned the tide of the war against

Japan. Eventually in 1598, Japanese forces completely withdrew

from Korea, due to their continuous defeats in naval battles and

the death of Hideyoshi, the Japanese warlord who had waged

the Imjin War.

Error Correction

History of World Civilizations (Ongot Khevel et al., 2005):Mongolian textbook

Holt World History: The Human Journey (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2003):American textbook

In 1598, the Korean Navy invented the iron-clad battleship called

the Geoubukseon.

It was in 1592 when Admiral Yi Sun-sin built the Geobukseon

battleship in preparation for Japanese invasion. Its name was

given because its shape was similar to a turtle (Geobuk in

Korean). Yi developed this battleship by reforming the

Panokseon battleship, then Korea's primary battleship. The

Geobukseon was a mighty battleship that could fire cannons in

any direction for offense and was covered with iron spikes for

effective defense. In battle, it struck fatal blows to enemy ships

by disturbing the formation of their fleet.

Error Correction

Kato Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga led the invasion of Korea

under the command of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Although Konishi

successfully occupied Busan in 1592, the Japanese Army

became isolated after the Ming Navy forces nearly wiped out the

Japanese fleet.

It was Admiral Yi Sun-sin's Korean Navy that nearly annihilated

the Japanese fleet. Kato Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga were

the spearhead of Japanese invasion forces. They arrived at

Busan in April, 1592, and advanced northward. The Japanese

Army had victory after victory and marched through Korea's

northernmost area of the Tumen River. However, the Japanese

Army became isolated after they were cut off from their

communication and supply lines by Yi's Korean Navy. The Ming

Chinese Navy did intervene in the war, but it didn't take the

leading role in naval battles.

The Cassell Atlas of World History (John Haywood et al., 2001):British textbook

China also gave Korea military aid. With this help, Koreans

resisted the Japanese forces that had invaded their country from

1592 to 1598.

The intervention of Ming China assisted Korea in repelling the

Japanese invasion forces. However, Chinese aid was not the

primary factor of Korea's victory. Rather, the Korean Navy under

Yi's leadership and Korean militias raised throughout the country

both played a crucial role from the beginning of the war to the

end.

Global Studies: Civilization of the Past and Present (Henry Brun, 1998):American textbook

On November 19, 1598, Admiral Yi was shot during the final

battle of the war when he broke an armistice agreement and

attacked Japanese remnants at Noryang.

Correction: In the Noryang Strait, Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated the

Japanese forces that invaded Korea and had inflicted immense

suffering on a number of innocent civilians. During this operation,

he was shot and died. At the time, he said his famous words;

"We are at the height of battle. Don't let anybody know about my

death!" He faithfully stuck to his role of protecting the country

even on the verge of his death.

Knowledge Rush Encyclopediahttp://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Yi_Sun-sin

Factional strife worsened in the Yi-Dynasty ... Hideyoshi's

invasion dealt a more serious blow to Korea in 1590.

Hideyoshi invaded Korea in 1592, not in 1590.

The History of Asia (Serafin D.Quiason, Fe B.Mangahas, et al., 1998):Philippine textbook


Error Correction

On September 16, 1597, he led 12 turtle ships against 133

Japanese ships in the Myongnyang Strait. The Koreans sank 31

enemy ships and sent the others fleeing in this victory.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated 31 Japanese ships with 13

battleships and patriotic soldiers at the battle of Myeongnyang.

Through this victory, Korea took control over the Korean seas.

Jade Dragon Onlinehttp://www.jadedragon.com/archives/history/yisunshin.html

A Korean fleet of only twelve kobuksan was able to defeat 133

Japanese ships in 1597, preventing enemy troops from

occupying Korea at that time.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin's Korean Navy faced a Japanese fleet of 133

ships with only their 13 battleships in the Myongnyang Strait.

Despite being overwhelmingly outnumbered, they desperately

fought to protect their country and triumphed by sinking 31

enemy ships.

American Airlineshttp://americanairlines.wcities.com/en/record/,256325/81/record.html

He was killed in one of the final battles of the war, at Kogum-do. Admiral Yi Sun-sin was killed on a ship during his last battle off

Noryang, and his corpse was temporarily moved to the

Gogeumdo Island where his naval base was located.

Free Dictionary by Farlexhttp://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Yi,+Sun-sin

Truths and Falses 75

Dear sir or madam

(Textbook publishing company person in charge)

Hello. I express my sincere respect for you to manage the

website inspiring and challenging the young people around the

world. I am living in South Korea, and a member of a

nongovernmental organization called VANK. VANK is an

abbreviation for Voluntary Agency Network of Korea and

consists of Korean students from elementary to senior school

and other adult volunteers. We are promoting Korea to the

world through pen-pal activities with foreign friends from all

over the world. Also, we are learning different countries'

culture, history, and a leadership of national heroes as a part of

an education for world citizenship. As I have contacted with

students in many other countries via emails, I became interested

especially in the naval battles and the leadership of national

heroes who saved their country from a crisis, often introduced

in world history textbooks.

Especially when I studied the naval battles to be a turning point

of world naval battles' history and shift the stream of human

history such as the battle of Salamis, the battle of Gravelines,

and the battle of Trafalgar, counted as the World 3 Naval

Battles, I could learn how should I live on the global stage and

what should I prepare now to change my own country and the

world.

While I read the stories of world naval battles and the

biographies of the world heroes introduced in major textbooks,

websites, and encyclopedias, I was encouraged to let you know

that there is a missing point in your website and your

publication. There is affluent and detailed introduction about

the battle of Salamis, the battle of Gravelines, and the battle of

Trafalgar with a great deal of weight, but there is little

reference on a Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the battle of

Hansando.

Admiral Yi Sun-sin is a Korean hero in the 16 century who

fought against Japanese invasion upon Joseon for seven and a

half years, and won the unprecedented 23 complete victories

among the 23 naval battles. It is the unique record in the history

of world naval battles as well.

He is not only a national hero who's been selected as the most

respected hero for the Korean people during the 5,000 years of

Korean history, but also the one who played a role of the

bulwark of peace of East Asia at that time, driving a wedge in

Japanese plan to expand their territory to the East Asian

countries including China, using South Korea as a stepping-

stone. Furthermore, the battle of Hansan regarded as his

representative battle has a historical value and meaning with its

innovative strategy and the applicative competence of the fleet.

Some experts in naval battles and the Naval Academy

appreciated the significance of the battle of Hansan.

You can get the well-organized information about the battle of

Hansan, one of the world 4 naval battles, by visiting our website

below.

http://www.prkorea.com/yisunsin

The reason why I especially promote Admiral Yi Sun-sin and the

battle of Hansan to you is that many people in the world

introduce heroes on the point of western history only.

The world 3 naval battles also exclude the East. In Asia, there are

many stories of hidden heroes and leadership having changed

the world history.

Your company is standing on the significant position as like a

hatchway delivering the right historical facts and truth to the

students all around the world.

Thus, it would be mostly appreciated if you introduce Admiral

Yi Sun-sin and the battle of Hansan for the balance of the

perspective toward the West and the East. If you ask any

materials related to Admiral Yi Sun-sin or the battle of Hansan,

we will help you as much as we can.

Our wish is to promote the great but hidden Asian heroes to

the people in the world through our voluntary effort. And also,

we sincerely hope to promote the Korean national image, the

peace maker in 21 century in Asia as Admiral Yi Sun-sin was in

the past. We'll look forward to your kind cooperation for our

dream to come true.

Faithfully yours,

http://www.prkorea.org

http://www.prkorea.com


Letter writing campaign

Chapter 5

VANKY

introduces him

- VANKY introduces

him to the world

Hey! It’s Seonghwa here.

How are you? You know I’m really interested in politics and my ambition is to become either a politician or a diplomat right? Well,

speaking of politics, there’s something I want to tell you about. You know Korea was once colonized by Japan like Indonesia,

right? Well, the attack of Japanese in Korean peninsular did not just happen once at that time but was an issue for a long period

of time since about even before Joseon Dynasty, the last dynasty in Korea before it became a democratic country. Japan wanted

to take over Korea as one of their expansionism and colonialism plan. During over hundreds of Japanese attack of Korea, lots of

Korean fought. What I want to talk about now is the most praised hero from 16th century Korea(Joseon Dynasty), Yi Sun-sin. You

may know some famous Korean figures like King Sejong, who created Korean language. But unfortunately, Yi is not as world-wide

famous as King Sejong despite his achievement in protecting Korea, well at that time, Joseon Dynasty.

Yi Sun-sin was born in 1545 and later he became the admiral in Joseon fleet at the age of 47. His great achievement ties with the

Japanese invasion in 1592. The background of this Japanese invasion was the political instability due to the recent unification of

the government in Japan by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After Hideyoshi has united Japan by seizing power, there was a lot of opposition

and domestic conflicts so he started to attack Joseon in order to draw the Japanese attention to this war. This war has lasted for 7

years, leaving huge loss of soldiers and so on. This war was over with Joseon’s victory due to Yi Sun-sin’s military tactics and

bravery despite the disadvantages his army had such as small number of ships and ill-equipped soldiers. Saying that Japanese

soldiers possessed the gun and Joseon soldiers had to fight against them with traditional arrows, guess how many difficulties

Joseon soldiers encountered? Nevertheless, Yi did not complaint on any disadvantages he had, he fought with his best effort and

lead to Joseon’s victory.

According to the sources, Chungmugong, Yi Sun-sin’s nick name meaning patriotic hero (I think), has always emphasized on

keeping soldier’s morale. Like in WWI, one of the reasons why central powers lost was the decreased morale of the soldiers due

to the entry of USA in 1917. Well, now you see how important it is to keep soldiers morale. He focused on keeping soldiers mind

strong, as in like, always think they will win. He said If you fight like you will die, you will live. But when you try to survive in the

battle, you will get killed., in a Battle of Myeongryang. This was said to remind the soldiers that no matter what happens, they

should fight with their best effort so they don’t show any excuse for the Japanese soldiers for the sudden attack. To set up the

tactics for the wars at sea, he was fully prepared for the tactics those are suitable for the geographical condition. He also did not

forget to prepare for the food supply, home front and minimize the loss of civilians life.

Yi has invented a very interesting Ship called Geobukseon which means the Turtle Ship. Sounds fun? But you should not

underestimate it. The ship was designed by Yi to scare the Japanese. As you see in the photo (I’ve attached it for you!), it is made

up of metals with spike on the top. This was used to lead the group of ship. Under the metal spike, the wooden part, soldiers

would hide and shoot the arrows. No matter how much Japanese soldiers would fire at Geobukseon the metal deck was strong

enough to protect the ship and the soldiers. It is said that this ship, Geobukseon played a very crucial role in the defeating the

Japanese. It seems like Yi was really talented in both military tactics and designing devices for military tactics. He surely had a

capability of becoming a great admiral and the national hero.

Is there any famous Indonesian general who fought against the Dutch government during colonization or any revolutionary forces

against Dutch and Japanese forces? I’ve heard the man in the 1,000 Rupiah (money paper) is a famous civil revolutionary man

78 VANKY introduces him

with a sword? Ah, speaking of which, I’ve got an interesting thing to tell you! In a memorial museum, there’s a 2m long sword

owned by Yi Sun-sin. So people were wondering, “How tall was Yi to be able to use such long and heavy sword?” And they also

had an interesting discussion about his height. Haha. But at the end, it was proved that he didn’t actually used the sword in the battle

but was just used as a symbol of his power as a admiral.

Even though Yi is not a world-wide figure yet, there were some testimonials praising his achievements made by western historians

and even Japanese. One Japanese admiral, Sato Tetsutaro was once a professor in Japanese navy university in 1908. In his book, he

wrote “If you would mention a great sea admiral, there’s Yi Sun-sin from Korea in Eastern country and Nelson from the UK in Western.

Yi Sun-sin surely is a greatest naval hero. Unfortunately, he was born in Joseon which limited his fame to spread to all around the

world. However, if documents about Japanese Invasion were read, one will realize he surely was a great sea admiral.” Japan was

the one who attacked Joseon and might have biased idea due to its defeat but the fact that even a Japanese General was praising

Yi Sun-sin admiral’s greatness, he must have been a great person. Furthermore, he also has said that even a great British admiral,

Nelson, cannot be compare to Yi Sun-sin’s personality.

His patriotism is still remembered by Koreans for about 500 years. To remember his achievements, his status are build in different

places and his museum as well. Also, a computer game based on his wars was created and his life and war story has been made

as a drama series. There’s a famous saying by Yi which all the Koreans know. “Do not tell anyone about my death.” He didn’t

want to tell his followers- soldiers about his death because they might be in panic, so he chose to spend his final moment alone. I

always thought he was a brave and strong figure but he might have been lonely. He was poor so he was raised up by

grandparents, he became admiral at the age of almost 50 and lost his son from the battle.

He surely is one of the greatest hero who protected Korea. If he wasn’t there, Joseon would’ve lose in the Japanese invasion attack

and Korea might have been colonized by Japan since then. Or even worse, today’s Korea wouldn’t exist. I want to learn his strong

mind which didn’t give up in any situation, and hope other people around the world will do the same. We’re still young, so if we try

our best I’m sure we will be able to become a great people as well. We live in a global world as one of the Global citizen.

Apparently, each of us will represent our country Indonesia and Korea. Therefore, we have to be patriotic as Yi was, be

sympathetic and kind like he look after his soldiers, be creative like how he invented Geobukseon( these days, creativity is really

important than before!), and have a strong mind to not to give up easily. (Yi was born in a poor family, he went to the battle field

just with 10 old ships and he was even imprisoned for several times.) And most importantly, believe in yourself.

Oh boy.. my letter is so long! I’ve been talking so much. Hehe. Well, what do you think about Admiral Yi and his achievements? If I

could give a nickname for him, I would call him ‘Invincible Admiral Yi’ Next time, tell me about Indonesian general or revolutionary.

Just like Yi , I don’t think there is any world-wide famous Indonesian general, right? I think we, as patriotic citizens, have to put our

effort in spreading our cultures and history. There’s no one who just knows about their own culture today. Everyone has fertile

knowledge about other country’s history and international issues. Everyone tries to become a true global citizen. Since we go to an

international school, I think we should be their role model. Our graduation is really soon and after the graduation we’re going to

become a real adult. I hope both us can be the great leader of the world by remembering Yi Sun-sin’s will as you become an

architect and myself as a politician or a diplomat.

Thank you for being patient and reading all my endless long-essay like letter. :P Take care!

-Seonghwa, Lee -

VANKY introduces him to the world 79

Hey Seonghwa!

I’m sorry for the late reply. I’ve been struggling with lots of stuff these days. Hehehe. Well, anyway, yes I’ve read your letter

and gosh, it’s so long. :P

First of all, I would like to say that the history about Admiral Yi you wrote is very interesting and I could see that you got an

excellent view in politics. He fought the Japanese as hard as he could to protect Korea and reach his achievements. In my

opinion, I could agree with you that without him, today’s Korea might not even exist. The story about Geobukseon( is this how

you spell?) sounds interesting. Perhaps maybe it is the only unique ship in the history of the world! You forgot to attach the

photo but I looked it up myself in google. It was hard to find because in google, they spelled it as Geobukseon.. But it’s okay

because two of them sound similar. I think Yi was really smart! I mean, who would ever think about making a ship that looks like

a turtle? It’s hilarious. Don’t get me wrong, I think it’s really creative. I wish I was there to see how it worked but I’m too scared.

:P Besides the story about Tortoise Ship, the 2meter long sword was pretty interesting too. It seems like one’s status was really

important long time ago. You said you also wanted to know about the general or revolutionary from Indonesia right. Well,

apparently i don't know much detail about it You mentioned the picture of a man on the Rp 1000,- right? I'll tell you, he is one of

the patriotic hero from Maluku (small islands between Sulawesi and Irian). His name is Pattimura. The reason he strikes back is

because the Dutch ma de some nonsense rule about monopolying in trading which is unfair. It took me a little bit of research to

find what happen and this is what I got. So, for example, the Indonesians had to plant spices and the Dutch took it when it

grows so they could sell it for their own benefits. But, if the price of the spices goes down, we had to destroy those we had

plant. Pattimura took action in strikes them back and the Dutch were starting to lose. The Dutch were asking for backups

because the Pattimura troops were hard to defeat. However, at the end they had to fall back because their force was

unbalance to defeat the Dutch. Some of them were captured and it was found that there were traitors in Maluku. So then

Pattimura was sentenced to death. Imagine how sad is that. To be honest, I'm lucky enough that I wasn't born on that period.

Even though there are no more colonization, war is still not over. You may heard an issue in Maluku that there was a struggle

between Christian and Muslim. In my perspective, I don't see a point in war of religion. I mean they can't fight over on other

people's faith, it's just.... unethical or something. I think I have the same opinion as you. Without those patriotic heroes, I don't

think Indonesia would look like this today. It is good to know that such different countries Korea and Indonesia had similar heroic

figure. Anyway, I don't think I could write more cause if I do, it would be so long and you'd loose you patience in reading it~

LOL! Thank you for reading my reply and I hope it helped you to learn a little bit of the background of the colonization in

Indonesia. It is a shame that our hero, both Yi Sun-sin and Pattimura are not world wide hero like they should be. Hope there

will be a time when people know them like King Sejong or any other western heroes. (I still remember a bit about Korean

language history from the Korean language club you had at school!) Time and the amount of efforts we put will tell. Be success

and be a great diplomat. See you!

From Amanda



Never Dying Admiral Yi Sun-sin who lives in the past, present and future.

Thank you for your E-mail about Alfred Novel. People all over the world know about Novel Prize and I°Øm quite sure that you're

really proud of him. Now, I want to tell you about a great admiral who saved my country from Japanese attack. All Koreans

respect the great admiral Yi Sun-sin because he was the one who sacrificed himself for Korea with no reward. To make a short

summary, he was born in 1545, and became admiral in 1591. During that time, he built ships including Geobukseon, turtle

shaped battleship to prepare for the Imjin war. Accordingly, he was able to win all the battles, and that eventually lead our

country to win the war. What's more is that admiral Yi Sun-sin wrote a diary during the war which helps researchers to know the

accurate situation during the war.

Nowadays, we can see a bronze statue of him on the street of Gwanghwamun in Korea and it's really famous among Koreans.

This tells us the fact that all Koreans admire and love Yi Sun-sin. Please don't forget that there is admiral Yi Sun-sin in Korea as

there is Novel in Sweden!

Bye!!

From yours,

Lee sue jung from Korea

Dear. sue jung

Thank you for telling me about the admiral. I've been looking forward to hearing a famous person of Korea from you. Admiral Yi

Sun-sin is a great person that I have never imagined before. I found more information about him after reading your E-mail.

Thanks to that, I was able to know Korea's history and I feel that I can go even closer to Korea. You know what? One of my best

friend is going to visit Korea this summer. I recommended her to visit Gwanghwamun and see his bronze statue. She may take

some pictures of it and maybe I can see it through pictures. If I have opportunity to visit Korea, I will go there too. Thank you

again for your good information.

Bye!

p.s. I'm going to make a presentation about the admiral.

I'm planning to announce it to all my classmates during the sociology class.

From Joakim

I feel so grateful to you for letting me write this.

I began this writing for the contest, which gets me to know a lot of great things about Admiral Yi Sun-sin.

The Joseon Dynasty was the last Empire of Korea. Imjin War was so horrible, and had affected the Dynasty a lot so that it

divided the Dynasty into the former term and the latter one. Admiral Yi Sun-sin was at that time. From his first battle, battle of

Okpo, to his last, battle of Noryang, he achieved great honor. But the king and other retainers didn't acknowledge that. Let me

quote an abbreviation of him by a professor. It's like the below:

Don't put blame on being of no special family. I was born in family of ruined rebel, and was raised by relatives on my mother's

side due to poverty. Don't tell me that you are not intelligent. I had failed in the first examination, and barely passed it when 32

years old, in my late years. Don't complain of not holding a high position. I went on my rounds as a minor guard officer in the

border areas for 14 years. Don't tell me it's inevitable just because it's the order of your boss. I got dismissed and disadvantaged

for many times due to the discord with my immoral bosses.

Don't be worried about your fragility. I suffered from chronic stomach troubles and infectious diseases all in my lifetime.

Don't be discontented with having no chances. I became an admiral in the age of 47 after my country was in danger by the

invasion of the enemy.

Don't be disappointed with not being supported by the organization. I supplied the sinews of war all by myself by cultivating the

soil to fight 23 times and win 23 times.

Don't be dissatisfied with not being admitted by your boss. I had to remain imprisoned, deprived of all my credit due to endless

misconception and mistrust of my King.

Don't feel desperate having no capital. Returning empty-handed, I kept off the enemy of 133 vessels with 12 old vessels.

Don't say that you love your own family in wrong way. I lost my 20 year-old son by the blade of the enemy, but went to the

front with other sons.

Don't be afraid of death. I chose death by myself in the last war of the enemy receding. And his story is written in novel, and

filmed as soap-opera.

Please visit this website

http://www.prkorea.com/yisunsin/

Then, you can know more about him.

I think this website can explain about him better than me. ^.^;

Jisu Lee


Hello jisu,

I have searched information on internet about him and read. Honestly I’m impressed by his life, struggle, character and morale. I

should confess that his story was really touching. When I read, I remembered heroic characters of Ottoman and Muslim history.

(As a Korean you know your own history and bring instances from your historical legacy, so too I know about my historical

legacy most) I don’t know if you had in your history many instances of figures of similar personality, but I can say about our

history that there were many heroes of similar attributes. The distinguishing property of Lee Sun-sin was that many good

attributes were gathered in his spirit. In addition to his being a martial genius, he was thoughtful towards his soldiers and

people. In history we see some talented genius figures; however they use people for their own fame and benefit. They couldn’t

be beloved of their nations. Having a good character and talent at the same time as a leader is not seen in every historical

figures. Surely he (admiral Yi) was a humble patriot, after having tortured because of false accusations; he consented to start

again from the beginning as a plain soldier in order to serve his nation; although being demoted to such a plain degree from

admiralship was worse than death for Korean generals at that time. I think he refused king’s command to lay an ambush in

dangerous shores (that command was given on the false information given by a japanese spy) because he afraid to harm his

fleet. Although he knew that refusing king°Øs command will lead him to troubles and punishment (as happened) he sacrificed

himself for benefit of his people, his soldiers. (I mean the event on which he was arrested and punished in 1597).

He was very brave; his fighting amongst his soldier proves this. Similarly in Ottomans time, Sultans were fighting in battles with

soldiers. (This tradition continued until the great Suleiman). Surely this keeps up morale of his soldiers. Moreover he was very

innovative person, designing such a two or three decked armored ship, that is the turtle ship, is outstanding in comparison with

his time. But the strange point is that; he was not an educated person to be a commander. There was no naval training facility

in Joseon times. So being successful in war tactics and planning good fighting strategy to such a degree is unusual. If there was

no admiral Yi, perhaps map of the world might have been different than today’s Well, he was a gift to Koreans from God.

Because neither generals of his time, nor his successors achieved what he accomplished. This is also strange. The general Won

Gyun couldn’t be successful against Japanese navy as admiral Yi could. And after his death, his ! reforms disappeared soon. If

Japan was successful in its invasion of Korea, perhaps they may have reached to even Russia of today. Anyway, he was victim

of some selfish and jealous people.

Well, that’s all for now. If you want me to write more, or something specific, tell me.

I hope I could assist you.

Take care and have a nice day.

Nurullah > From red land.



Dear my friend, Heiko!

Hello~~ Wie geht es dir? 잘지내니? Hi, how are you my friend, heiko?? How long do you sleep nowadays? I hope you have a good

sleep like a Marmot. The sun stays longer in the sky. Summer is coming. You know we’ve had good friiendship since summer in 2005.

Wow, it’s almost 3 years. So we should have some celebration together. For our celebration, I would like to talk to you... about cool

and exciting story!! I would like to introduce a coooool and handsome guy in Old Korean History.

Can U remember that I said to you Korea has very sad and tragic history in early 1900.

My country was a colony of japan. Before that period, Korea was attacked by other countries. Because Korean territory is a

“peninsula”. I know you are a smart boy. And you are much better than me about war stuffs. So I can guess you know this fact.

Originally sea was one of the most important parts in old age. Korea has 3 sides of sea and it is linked with Chinese continent. The

local position of Korea was important in old days. There wasn’t only airplane at all, as eveyrbody knows. So Korean peninsula was

easy to be attacked by the other countries. However, in an old proverb, there appread surely a great man in the most difficult

situation. Korea had a very smart and cool general in middle of 1500. His name was Ysun sin.

There is his picture. Does he look brave and powerful?? I brought them from my friend linked my blog.

We can’t know his face. But famous pointers drew his portrait, after he was dead. Which one do you like, my friend?

Who is Yi Sun-sin?

Yi Sun-sin(이순신) was one of the most famous and greatest generals in Joseon dynasty(july 1392-August 1910).He was a Korean

naval leader and he made his victories against the Japanese navy during 1592-1598. We call it Imjin war(임진왜란). It was the time

of Japan invasion. - I searched it from wikipedia, my friend I added my own explanation for you:)

Here is a map of his battle during his life.

Today I would like to introduce you. “1. The battle of okpo” and “8. The battle of Hansando”. I brought some information and the

map from VANK website. Http://yisunsin.prkorea.com If you would like to know more information, Visit the site whenever U want.

There is a good explanation for you. This paragraph is also from VANK. But I also added my own explanation for you in detail.

“1. The battle of Okpo”

It was the first his(Yi Sun-sin) battle against Japanese fleet during Imjin war period. He sent spy ships to eastern sea off Busan port.

He didn’t depart his naval base until he confirmed Japanese fleet’s scale and tactics. On May 7, his fleet and Won gyun’s fleet

departed together and sailed to okpo port. Japanese fleet disembarked from their ships and was plundering villages near by okpo

port. Japanese embarked quickly after they found Joseon fleet. Admiral Yi waited until all Japanese boarded and ordered to

discharge guns. His fleet was in a formation of Iljajin which ships position a line east-to-west. He didn’t use boarding tactics, which

were very common at that time. He ordered to bombard guns against Japanese ships. This battle became first victory of Joseon

while Joseon army couldn’t attain in land.

I thought his strategy was very clever. The story is like a Fantasy novel, isn’t it? it’s dramatic and exciting!! My favorite one is “8.The

battle of hansando”. There was the most dramatic and cool strategy of Yi.

I also added my own detail for you in this paragraph.


Although, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered their navy to be united and attack Joseon navy together, Wakisaka Yasuharu decided to

defeat Yi’s fleet by himself. On July 7, his fleet was departed from the Japanese headquarter in Jinhae. When Wakisaka’s fleet

arrived near by Geojedo island, his fleet anchored off Gyeonnaeryang. On the other hand, a shepherd reported that Japanese

fleet was anchoring at Gyeonnaeryang to Joseon fleet. Joseon fleet decided to entice Japanese fleet from there to the open sea,

because that sea is shallow and it was hard to change body of main warship, Panokseon. Furthermore, Japanese tended to

abandon ships and retreat to the island if they reach an impasse in the middle of battle.

On July 8, 5~6 ships went to Gyeonnaeryang while remaining ships were poised to attack off Hansando island. Joseon squadron

enticed Japanese and poised to retreat from there, Japanese followed them. Squadron arrived at the open sea and joined Joseon

fleet. Admiral Yi ordered to make his famous tactic, Hakikjin, crane wing formation. Joseon warships discharged guns and 2~3

Japanese warships in front line were sunken by this attack. Joseon fleet attacked flagship first and surrounded them. Wakisaka

drove 14 ships and retreated.

This is “Hakikjin”, crane wing formation. I love this clever idea. You can see Hansando island,too.... in this map. Cranes are very good

birds in Korea. They are white, it means never-changed and pure mind. Sometimes I think about Old people’s wisdom. They were

very genius. They made the first from nothing!! It’s so wonderful. I respect them.

“Panokseon and Turtle ship(Geobukseon)”

Above all I love turtle ship he made. Here is the turtle ship he invented. I brought following paragraph from this site. You can visit

here, if you want more about this. Panokseon was the import ship with turtle ship. It assisted the turtle ships. I searched the pics on

the internet encyclopedia for you. Does the turtleship look like a turtle? I downloaded more informations from the website I told U

right now! And I added my explanation because I wanna help your understanding.:)

The turtle ship first appeared in 1413(King Taejong reign, 13th Joseon Dynasty King) according to the record of history and was

rebuilt as a armed warship by Yi in 1592. Turtle ship was equipped with Dragon’s head and Turtle’s body. The roof of the Turtle

ship was covered with sharp iron spikes which prevented enemy soldiers from boarding and the part holes were designed in order

for the crew to look outside.(Personally I love the design of roof. It looks interesting.) But the enemy could not see inside of the

Turtle ship. The ship rowed 16 oars and made two sails, and the dragon-shaped head sent out smoke of burning sulfur powder in

order to hide itself and confuse enemy fleet. The Turtle ship was 37m long, 6.8m wide and weighted 150 tons. The Turtle ship was

a product of the brilliant creativity of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who defeated the Japanese fleet during Imjin war. I am sure that “Necessity

is the mother of invention”.

Famous people remain famous words.

This is my words ^^;;;;; It’s just my opinion. Do not care about this title, Heiko

“Those who seek death shall live. Those who seek life shall die.”

Yi’s statement to his generals on the eve of the battle of Myeongryang, stressing that they be mentally strong in battle:On the next

day, Yi and his generals desperately fought against overwhelming odds, 13-133(number of battleships), and triumphed(Nanjung

Ilgi, September 15, 1597;Yi’s war diary).

from Choi Eun-young


Dear Eun-young

how are you? 잘지내? I'm very fine. 잘지내. :) I also hope you are ok

and healthy as well. 네가건강하고잘되기를바래. :)

It's fantastic we are friends since nearly three years. 우리가친구라서행복해요! :)

So I'm very happy you introduce me more famous Korean stories and persons for our celebration. :)

Thank you very very much for your explanations about Yi Sun-sin. :) It was very interesting to read and I learnt a lot from your

text. While I read it I felt very excited and fascinated. The pictures in the text were also very helpful for a better understanding. :)

Yi Sun-sin was really a great general and naval commander with very good tactic skills. His victories were very spectacular and

dramatic for me. He was a great hero in this time. His pictures really looks brave and powerful. Especially the second and third

one. On the first picture he looks like a very wise man for me.

The two famous phrases of him you showed me sounds very brave and powerful as well. Both are very interesting for me.

Especially the second one is very exciting and impressive, because he didn't want to demotivate others because of his death.

I'm very glad you introduced me his story and interesting facts about him. Thank you very much. :)

I also learnt very much about the turtle ship. I think I heard the name "turtle ship" before but didn't know informations about that.

So thanks a lot for the introduction Young. :) After watching the pictures I also understood why it got that name. :) The

construction of that ship looks very interesting for me.

Thanks a lot as well for the website links you told me. They were very helpful for me and I bookmarked all.

I also want to introduce you more culture about Germany. It's always a pleasure for me to tell you cultural things about my

country. :) Same like you from Korea.^^ Thank you so much my friend. :)

Nice greetings to Korea.

From your German friend,

Heiko

Publisher VANK, Voluntary Agency Network of Korea is non-profit, non-governmental

organization founded in Korea. VANK has been dedicated to developing friendships

between Koreans and foreigners and promoting Korea’s national image to the world.

Our organization’s vision for Korea is Hub of Asia, Gateway to Northeast Asia, a country

where you can share friendships and dreams. VANK’s Korean members are cyber

diplomats who introduce various information about Korea to the world. International

members also join VANK’s website. VANK welcomes all of you, especially who want to

know more about Korea through true friendship with Koreans.

Website : http://www.prkorea.org Email : [email protected]

TEL. +82-2-921-3591 FAX. +82-2-921-3593

Sponsor Gyeonsangnamdo Province is located in southernmost of Korean peninsula.

Its area is 10,521km2 and it possesses 10.6% territory of South Korea. The population

of our province is about 3,172,000 and it enjoys beautiful sea scenery of south sea.

Gyeonsangnamdo Province has successfully preserved many heavenly-blessed natural

treasures such as the Hallyeosudo National Marine Park, three major national mountain

parks (i.e., Jirisan, Deogyusan and Gayasan), temples (e.g., Haeinsa and Tongdosa)

with internationally acclaimed reputations and other historic relics handed down over

the centuries. For instance, there are historical sites where the admiral Yi Sun-sin had

his last naval battle which ended with his army's victory from the invasion war of

Japanese, Imjin war about 410 years ago.

Furthermore, Gyeonsangnamdo Province has a potential to become a maritime hub of

logistics, industries, and tourism in northeast Asia as it now opens to the pacific with

strong industrial bases and abundant natural resources.

Website : http://www.gsnd.net E-mail : [email protected]

TEL. +82-55-211-4882 FAX. +82-2-211-4859

True Korean hero, Admiral Yi Sun-sin

Documents

sin chapter

outbreak of war

battle of trafalgar

tragic war

international reputation

victorious battles

japanese attempts

japanese navy