Trilingual Education in Friesland: a ‘cool’ example of multilingualism Alex M.J. Riemersma Lector Frisian & Multilingualism in Education Researcher at Fryske Akademy / Mercator [email protected][email protected]FORUM Instituut voor Multiculturele Vraagstukken (Utrecht, 6 juni 2012)
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Trilingual Education in Friesland: a ‘ cool’ example of multilingualism
Trilingual Education in Friesland: a ‘ cool’ example of multilingualism. Alex M.J. Riemersma Lector Frisian & Multilingualism in Education Researcher at Fryske Akademy / Mercator [email protected][email protected] - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Trilingual Education in Friesland: a ‘cool’ example of multilingualism
Alex M.J. Riemersma Lector Frisian & Multilingualism in Education
Frisian is spoken in one province (of 12) of the Netherlands: Fryslân
Frisian in Fryslân (Netherlands)• Autochthonous minority language• Western Germanic language• Fryslân has 640,000 inhabitants • 55% has Frisian as mother tongue (= 350.000 speakers)
• BUT: Frisian is successful as second language:• 65% can read Frisian; • 74% can speak Frisian; • 94% comprehends Frisian.
Characteristics of Frisian• Frysk English Dutch German• Tsiis Cheese Kaas Käse• Tsjerke Church Kerk Kirche• Kaai Key Sleutel Schlüssel
• twa skiep two sheep twee schapen zwei Schafe
• Ik haw west / I have beenIk ben geweest / Ich bin gewesen
“Mother tongue” definition & thinking
• EU policy: M + 2: each pupil / student / adult shall acquire two languages alongside the mother tongue.
• Implicit EU ideology:“mother tongue” = national language
• “Mother tongue” thinking process:either – or >>> and - and
6
Old theory / ferâldere ideeën
7
New theory / nij ynsjoch
Common sense / Prejudices
• The minority / migrant mother tongue prevents the pupils form acquiring the national language well enough.
• The minority / migrant language and dialects are for oral use only; they should not be taught for reading and writing purposes.
Iceberg by Jim Cummins – 2 peaks
Iceberg of Jim Cummins – 3 peaks
Why multilingual education?• Real Mother tongue development• Cognitive development - flexibility• Easier third language acquisition• Social participation• Cultural heritage maintenance• Language maintenance & transmission
European Policies• EU (27 member states / 23 languages):
M + 2: mother tongue + 2 other languages• Multilingualism as an “asset” • Mother tongue / father tongue• “Linguistic Diversity” ideology:
* includes minority and migrant languages* but member states are responsible (due to “subsidiarity”-principle)
Actors for multilingual education
Inside actors:• Educational authorities
(national, regional, local school board)• School principals & class room teachersActors from outside:• Parents & activists • Social and cultural environment
Goals of bilingual education• Transitional bilingualism, aiming at
> better command of national language;
• Sustainable bi- / multilingual education > full bilingualism, biliteracy (in mother tongue and national language)
Reality of migrant languages:• Neglect of (real) mother tongue =
submersion > subtractive bilingualism
Frisian in Education: transitional > …
• 1907: outside the curriculum• 1937: optional subject in primary school• 1955: optional medium of instruction• 1980: compulsory subject in primary school• 1993: compulsory subject in secondary
education• 1970: optional exam subject
Multilingual Primary Education in Friesland
• Main stream primary education (500 schools): mainly Dutch; Frisian + English as a subject.
• 100 schools: limited use of Frisian as a medium (one day / half day; + school television ).
• Trilingual primary education (about 45 schools): - Dutch, Frisian and English as subject and medium - aiming at integrated language learning.
Reitze Jonkman en Alex Riemersma
Trilingual education in Fryslân
· Model: Frisian, Dutch and English as subject & medium of instruction- Grade 1-6: 50 % Frisian, 50 % Dutch- Grade 7-8: 40 % Frisian, 40 % Dutch, 20% English
· Early start English
· Consciously separated use of languages: person / time / themes
Trilingual education in Fryslân
· Expected (& proved) results:
- Good quality of Frisian
- Results of Dutch at the same level at the end of grade 8 as all other pupils - Results for English slightly better
- Self consciousness in English better, but not significantly
Trilingual education in Fryslân
• Developments:(a) 2012: 50 primary trilingual schools (=10%) (b) 100 schools: semi-multilingual education: mainly Dutch + English as a subject; Frisian medium for (half) school day
• Continuity to secondary education:2012: 3 pilot schools with the concept of multilingual clil (= medium of instruction)
•
Some recommendations
• Güven = Vertrouwen tussen school + thuis: Onderwijsondersteunend gedrag:
• J. Nortier, Nederland meertalenland (2009), hoofdstuk 7 – 8 - 9
1.Adults and kids: reading & listening:www.tomke.nl (in Fries en Nederlands)
2.Buddy’s and kids: (double) enculturisationwww.aktion-zusammen-wachsen.de