Trigonometric Functions The unit circle. Radians vs. Degrees Computing Trig Ratios Trig Identities Functions Definitions Effects Applications
Trigonometric Functions
The unit circle.Radians vs. DegreesComputing Trig Ratios
Trig IdentitiesFunctions
DefinitionsEffectsApplications
Review
hypotenuse
oppositesin
hypotenuse
adjacentcos
cos
sintan
adjacent
opposite
opposite
adjacent
hypotenuse
Starting with a right triangle, like the one pictured on the right, three basic trig ratios are defined as follows:
Review
opposite
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
hypotenuse
sin
1csc
adjacent
hypotenuse
cos
1sec
opposite
adjacent
tan
1cot
Three additional trig ratios are defined from the basic ratios as follows:
Table of Contents
The Unit Circle
360
2
deg
rees
radians
Consider the unit circle: a circle with a radius equal to one unit, centered at the origin.
The unit circle has a circumference: 2C
30°
2
2
23
43
6
45°
Radians relate directly to degrees:The distance around the unit
circle, starting at the point (1, 0)
equals the angle formed between
the x-axis and the radius drawn
from the origin to a point along
the unit circle.
60°
Distance around the unit circle is measured in radians.
The Unit CircleRadians vs. Degrees
180deg
rees
radiansThe conversion from radians to degrees or
the other way around uses the equation:
180120
x
Convert 120° to radians by solving the equation:
120180 x
180
120
180
180x
3
2x
Cross multiply to solve for x:
The Unit CircleRadians vs. Degrees
180deg
rees
radiansThe conversion from radians to degrees or
the other way around uses the equation:
Convert radians to degrees by solving the equation:4
5
1804
5
x
Cross multiply to solve for x:
x41805
x41805
x41805
x
4
4
4
1805
x455
225x
The Unit CircleComputing Trig Ratios
1
x
y
hypotenuse = 1x = cos y = sin tan = y/x
The trigonometric ratios can be computed using the unit circle.
To form the trig ratios, we need a right triangle inscribed in the unit circle, with one vertex placed at the origin so that the perpendicular sides are parallel to the x-axis & y-axis.
This triangle has the following relationships:
Notice that tan is the same as the slope of the line radiating out of the origin!
1
1
0
1/2
1/2
23
22
23
22
The Unit CircleComputing Trig RatiosUsing the newly defined relationship, the trig
ratios are determined by reading the x & y values off the graph.
x = cos y = sin tan = y/x
Note the pattern:Values increase
from 0 to 1 according to integral square roots.
angle sine
0 2
0
2
1 2
1
2
2 2
2
2
3 2
3
1 2
4
sin x cos x tan x
0 0 1 0
/6 2
1 2
3 3
1
/4 2
2 2
2 1
/3 2
3 2
1 3
/2 1 0
The Unit CircleComputing Trig Ratios
These trig ratios are summarized in the following table:
Table of Contents
Trig identities
In the first and forth quadrants x is positive while y changes sign.
As is swept up and down away from the positive x-axis, only its sign changes.
These characteristics lead to the following relationships:
x
cos (-) = cos ()sin (-) = -sin () tan (-) = -tan ()
Trig identities
cos (-) = -cos ()sin (-) = sin () tan (-) = -tan ()
y From the first to the second quadrants x changes sign while y remains positive.
As is swept up away from the positive and negative x-axis, equal angle sweeps are related as: : -.
These characteristics lead to the following relationships:
Trig identities - Examples:
6cos
6
7cos
6sin
6
5sin
4tan
4
7tan
a.) second quadrant:
b.) fourth quadrant:
c.) third quadrant:
6sin
2
3
4tan
1
6cos
6cos
6cos
2
3
Trig identities
sin2 + cos2 = 1
(1,0)x
y (cos ,sin )
1
Combining the Pythagorean Theorem with the properties of the right triangle inscribe in the unit circle we get the following trig identity, relating sine to cosine:
Note that when x = sin, 21cos x
(1,0)
(1 ,tan )
sec
1
Trig identities
sec2 = 1 + tan2Cosecant and Cotangent
are similarly related:
csc2 = 1 + cot2
A similar triangle combined with the Pythagorean Theorem produces the trig identity relating tangents to secants:
Trig identities
These other trig identities can also be derived from the unit circle:
cos(-) = coscos + sinsincos(+) = coscos - sinsincos(2) = cos2 - sin2sin(+) = sincos + cossinsin(-) = sincos - cossin
These trig identities are useful to solve problems such as:
43cos
12cos
4sin
3sin
4cos
3cos
Proof
Table of Contents
Functions
Consider the ratio expressed as a function:
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
xxfy sin:sin We can graph the function on the Cartesian
coordinates:
Functions - Definition
The function:
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
xxf sinhas the domain: ,
and range: 1,1
Functions - Definition
The function: xxf coshas the domain: ,
and range: 1,1
x
y
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Functions - Definition
The function: xxf tanhas the domain: ,...
2
3,
2,0
x
and range: ,
x
y
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
y = Asin (Bx-C)+DAmplitude (A):
Distance between minimum and maximum values.
Frequency (B): Number of intervals required for one complete cycle
Period (2/B): Length of interval containing one complete cycle
Phase Shift (C): Shift along horizontal axis.
Vertical Shift (D): Shift along vertical axis.
Functions - Effects
y = A(sin (Bx-C)
Examples:
Functions - Amplitude (A)
x
y
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3xy sin3
xy sin3
1
x
y
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x
y
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x
y
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
y = A(sin (Bx-C)
Examples:
Functions – Frequency/Period (B)
xy 3sin
xy
3
1sin
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Period = 2/3
Period = 6
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
y = A(sin (Bx-C)
Examples:
Functions – Phase (C)
3sin
xy
2sin
xy x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
y
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
xcos
What does the sine curve represent?Periodic Behavior:
SoundWaves, TidesSpringsCyclic growth and decay
Consider the waves in the ocean,The amplitude effect their heightChoppy water is caused a high frequencyFlat seas indicate that there is a low frequency
and amplitude
Functions - Applications
Low tide occurs in some port at 10:00 am on Monday and again at 10:24 pm that same night. At low tide the water level is 1 foot and at high tide it measures 7 feet. What is the sine function that represents the water level?
Functions - Applications
Amplitude:The difference between low and high tide is 7-1=6 feet.
The amplitude is half that difference: 6/2=3 feet
Vertical Shift:The average water level: .4
2
71ft
Frequency:Time between high tides: 12 hrs. 24 min. = 12.4 hrs.
Period : 507.04.12
2
ttf 507.0sin34
Practice:1. Express 135 in radians:
360
2
135
135180
180
135
4
3
2. Convert 4/3 radians to degrees:
1803
4
60
14
240
1803
4
Express the following trig ratios as multiples of a simple radical expression:
Practice:
3cos
2
3sin
4
3tan
12
sin2
sin
14
tan4
tan
2
1
3cos
Express the following trig ratios as multiples of a simple radical expression:
Practice:
3
2sin
3
2tan
4
3cos
2
3
3sin
3sin
2
2
4cos
4cos
33
tan3
tan3
2tan
4sin1
xy
42sin21
xy
xy 2sin32
Match the curve to the equation:
Practice:
x
y
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
A.
B.
C.
B
A
C