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-65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept. of Econ. Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University More than thousand scientific papers have been published on Trichogramma and its use as biological control agents, making it one of the most researched natural enemies in the world (Liyng, 1994). Enhancement of these natural enemies and others includes crop management practices that protect and encourage locally occurring enemies and increase their impact on pests. Collection of endemic Trichogramma spp. The diversity of locally occurring egg parasitoid species in Africa has not been adequately assessed (Sithanatham et al., 2001). When selecting the species to be used, the naturally occurring interspecific diversity and the specialization should be considered. A local species is generally preferred on the basis that it is likely to be better adapted to the ecological conditions than an exotic species (Smith, 1996). The present objective is to establish an inventory of locally occurring egg parasitoids in Egypt. Field releases of mass-reared egg parasitoids In many situations, low levels of caterpillars can be maintained at economically acceptable levels by use of alternative method of control. One such method is the augmentative release of commercially available species of Trichogramma. That are already used effectively on a number of economic plantation in Egypt, T. cacociae, T. bourarachae, T. minutum, T. pretiosum, T. euproctidis, T. cordubensis, T. evanescens and T.brassicae against the key lepidopterous pests Augmentative biological control refers to actions taken to increase the populations or beneficial effects of natural enemies (Rabb et al., 1976). For example in cotton to controlling cotton bollworms and to control the corn borers in suger cane,maize and rice fields . In olive orchards to control jasmine moth and Prays oleae . In grape to
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Page 1: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Trichogramma from Research to Application

E. Agamy Dept. of Econ. Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture,

Cairo University

More than thousand scientific papers have been published on Trichogramma and its use as biological control agents, making it one of the most researched natural enemies in the world (Liyng, 1994). Enhancement of these natural enemies and others includes crop management practices that protect and encourage locally occurring enemies and increase their impact on pests.

Collection of endemic Trichogramma spp. The diversity of locally occurring egg parasitoid species in Africa has

not been adequately assessed (Sithanatham et al., 2001). When selecting the species to be used, the naturally occurring interspecific diversity and the specialization should be considered. A local species is generally preferred on the basis that it is likely to be better adapted to the ecological conditions than an exotic species (Smith, 1996). The present objective is to establish an inventory of locally occurring egg parasitoids in Egypt.

Field releases of mass-reared egg parasitoids In many situations, low levels of caterpillars can be maintained at

economically acceptable levels by use of alternative method of control. One such method is the augmentative release of commercially available species of Trichogramma. That are already used effectively on a number of economic plantation in Egypt, T. cacociae, T. bourarachae, T. minutum, T. pretiosum, T. euproctidis, T. cordubensis, T. evanescens and T.brassicae against the key lepidopterous pests Augmentative biological control refers to actions taken to increase the populations or beneficial effects of natural enemies (Rabb et al., 1976). For example in cotton to controlling cotton bollworms and to control the corn borers in suger cane,maize and rice fields . In olive orchards to control jasmine moth and Prays oleae . In grape to

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control Lobisia botrana . In Citrus orchards , Date palm , Strawberry….ect.

Key words: Trichogramma; Paresite; Biological Control Horticultural Crops; Commercial Use.

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Developing Simple and Sustainable Technologies for Biopesticides Mass Production as Safe Alternatives to

Chemicals used Against Pests of Exported Horticultural Crops in Egypt

M. M. Shamseldin

Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University

Accelerated concern over the excessive use of chemical pesticides has created markets for bio-pesticide products worldwide. Egypt has missed this opportunity for environmentally friendly economic growth. We have conceptualized a simple system appropriate for a localized bio-pesticide production in Egypt. Insecticidal nematodes have been developed globally (marketed now on four continents) as alternatives to toxic and expensive chemical pesticides. In most countries, small companies under cottage industry produce the majority of bio-pesticides. EASTECH-1 is a simple, inexpensive, largely automated insecticidal nematode mass production system. Prototypes will be developed, tested, optimized and scaled up to develop larger production units in Egypt. Our goal is to build simple and innovative technology which spark the development of a bio-pesticide industry in Egypt and suitable for other developing countries. As the only biological control agent available for many insects which live in cryptic habitats such as soil, entomopathogenic nematodes should be poised for wider use, as regulatory scrutiny in the world continues to restrict or ban important chemical insecticides. One component of nematode production in Egypt and developing countries is a cottage industry of low volume producers using in vivo technology. Based on a method devised in 1927 called the White trap. We are developing the first economic scalable system for in vivo nematode mass production. Unlike the White trap, there is no requirement for nematode migration to a water reservoir. The EASTECH-1 system of tools and procedures provide process technology for low-cost, high-efficiency mass production. This system consists of: (1) perforated holding trays to secure insect hosts during inoculation, conditioning

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(synchronizing nematode emergence), and harvesting, (2) an automated, self-cleaning harvester with misting nozzles that trigger infective juvenile emergence and rinse the nematodes through the holding trays to a central bulk storage tank, and (3) a continuous deflection separator for washing and concentrating nematodes. This rearing system offers an increase in efficiency relative to the conven¬tional White trap method with reduced labor and space. Meanwhile EASTECH-2, is the second inexpensive system of in vitro mass production. In this system an inexpensive media of local components will be developed to produce entomopathogenic nematodes inside 1 liter glass flasks instead of expensive bioreactors. The produced nematodes will be extracted, cleaned, and collected in mass numbers via inexpensive delivery system. The EASTECH-1 and EASTECH-2 systems will be developed in Cairo University (CU). Entomopathogenic nematodes produced by both systems will be used as biological control agents against agricultural insect pests of exported vegetables and fruit trees such as the strawberry beetle, Egyptian cotton leafworm, greasy (black) cutworm and tomato fruitworm on different vegetables of exporting importance such as fresh green beans and tomatoes and the leopard moth on olive trees. These biological control agents will be tested in Upper Egypt through the collaboration with the Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), They will also be tested in Giza, Fayoum and North Sinai governorates.

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Crop Protection Products: Sustainable and Organic Use in Europe

Bruno de Canson and Patrick Sachot Food Chain Manager, Dow Agroscience

Crop protection products help protect crops from the dangerous pests

and diseases that threaten the safety and quality of our food. They help ensure a sustainable supply of seasonal produce that is consistently available and affordable to all. They make a vital contribution to the fresh fruit and vegetables.

Today’s consumers rightly expect safe, high quality food. They also expect it to be consistently available and reasonably priced. The sustainable use of crop protection products offers the best long-term solution to these twin challenges. By enabling farmers to deliver abundant and affordable produce that is free of pests and diseases, the sustainable use of crop protection products helps the food chain meet the expectations of today’s consumers.

The European crop protection industry contributes to the sustainable use of its products in many ways. The industry develops products with improved environmental profiles, encourages integrated farming systems, engages in voluntary initiatives, builds dialogue throughout the food chain, and supports farmer training and education.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, organic farming has rapidly developed in almost all European countries. In the European Union (EU-27), almost 180’000 farms managed 6.8 million hectares organically, constituting four percent of the agricultural area.

In parallel, across Europe, the organic share of the total food market increases every year: it varies from approximately 4.5 percent of total food sales in Switzerland and Denmark, to 3 percent in Germany and approximately 2.5 percent in the UK. In several major European countries,

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the market for organic food grew substantially these last years, with a growth rate between 10 and 20 % in the main Northern Europe countries.

As a consequence, the specialist and conventional organic retailing sector in Europe profits from the positive organic food market developments.

Spinosad, discovered and developed by Dow AgroSciences, is a metabolite of the soil Actinomycete bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa Martz & Yao. It is a naturally occurring mixture of two actives (spinosyn A and D).

Spinosad was classified by EPA as a reduced risk product in 1979 and awarded the green chemical challenge award from the White House in the USA in 1999.

It possesses a very unique and positive profile for an insect control product. Since its introduction, spinosad has been proven as a very effective insecticide against key pest species in a wide range of food crops while being safe to many beneficial insects.

The availability of a novel chemical group for spinosad , with a new mode of action that is different from conventional insecticides in current use, is an asset to insecticide resistance management programs

Due its unique mode of action, spinosad is not easily affected by the existing resistance mechanisms for conventional insecticides.

Application of spinosad in conjunction with naturally occurring beneficial arthropods are an excellent example of a functional crop integrated pest management (IPM) program .

As of May 2008, the active ingredient spinosad has been included in the Annex II of the EU Organic Regulation 2092/91/EC. This regulation allows for phytoprotection products containing the active ingredient spinosad to be used in organic production in the European Union. For any export purpose, private organic associations also need to be closely consulted.

In addition to Europe, Spinosad is currently registered for use in organic production in many significant agricultural producing countries, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Guatemala, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Switzerland, Tunisia and the U.S.

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Spinosad is registered through three formulations in Egypt, Tracer 24SC on fruit and vegetables, Spintor on cotton and Conserve 0.24CB on citrus.

Key words: Crop Protection; Organic Agriculture; Sustainable Agriculture; Food quality; Spinosad; Organic regulations.

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Bio and Organic Potato Production

S.F. El-Sayed Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University

The tremendous use of chemicals in agricultural production since the

second half of the last century negatively affected the human health. Such effect was directly due to existence of toxic chemicals in water and food, especially in fresh vegetable and fruits or was indirectly through affecting ecosystem, which also negatively influenced on the life of all creatures on earth .Such condition led most the countries changing their strategy in agriculture production to return to the organic and bio-production. Due to such great change in the EU market demand to the organic production, the total value of Egyptian potato exports fell from a peak value of US$ 102.12 million in 1995 to $US 7.7 million in 2000. The Egyptian growers should also change their conventional method for potato production to the organic production to be able to export their crops. Great efforts should be also done through biological control to get off the brown rot, which hindered Egyptian exportation of potato. Moreover, the organic and bio-production of vegetable crops, included potato, will be reflected on the human health of the Egyptian citizen. So, the objectives of the present study are producing potato tubers with low nitrate content, producing potato tubers without pesticide, producing organic potato yield equal to or higher than obtained from using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improving sandy soil characters through increasing organic matter, water hold capacity, and reducing the population of harmful microorganisms, increasing exportable yield and increasing shelf life of potato tubers through preventing the infestation of tubers with different pathogens and insects. The present study included three experiments as follows: 1. Effect of bio- and organic fertilizers on potato production and storage, 2. Effect of some biotic and abiotic agents on the control of potato diseases, tuber yield, quality and storage ability and 3. Effect of using some predators and a parasitoid on insect control and potato production and storage ability.

Key words: Potato, Organic production, Sandy soil, Pest control, Yield,

Storage ability.

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Studies on Seedless Fruits (Stoneless) of Date Palm cv. Barhee (Effect of Spraying with some Natural

Materials on Pollinated Fruits, Unpollinated Fruits and Properties of the Fruit Set)

M. H. Abd El-Zaher

Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University

This trial was carried out during years of 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 on "Barhee" date palm trees grown at a private orchard located at ElWadi El-Faregh (REGWA Co.), Cairo/Alexandria desert road, Giza governorate, Egypt. The study was conducted to benefit with a large amount of uneconomical fruits "shees" or "sees" produced naturally in "Barhee", either in the fresh consumption or in the date industries by raising their quality using the treatments of individual glutamine, asparatic and glycine amino acids; and individual pollen grains boiling extracts of "Sewy", "Samany" and "Zaghlool" pollinators, for raising quality of a large amount of "seedless" fruits in "Barhee", compared to the pollinated fruits, to obtain on the regular annual economical crop in "Barhee".

The results indicated that, in general, "Barhee" studied trees did not showed any alternate bearing; the treatments of glutamine and "Sewy" pollen grains boiling extract, gave the highest percentages of the triple parthenocarpic fruits with a higher values in the most studied traits. "Barhee" parthenocarpic fruits delayed 14-18 days than the pollinated fruits; and the curly parthenocaroic fruits were noticed by "Zaghlool" pollen grains boiling extract treatment. There were a significant differences between the studied treatments in their effects. The treatment of "Sewy" pollen grains boiling extract recorded the highes significant values of the parthenocarpic fruit properties, viz., 9.5 g. of fruit weight (flesh), 3.1 cm of the fruit length, 2.2 cm of the fruit diameter, and 95.5% of the retained fruits; whilst, the treatment of "Zaghlool" pollen grains boiling extract recorded the highest significant values of weight of sobata, i.e., 51.5 kg and number of the parthenocarpic

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fruits per kilogram, viz., 240.6; 9 gram of the flesh weight, 83.7% of the retained fruits, and 12.9% of the unripe fruits compared to the pollinated fruits, where they gave 19.5 kg / sobata, 112.5 fruit / kg, 6.9 gram of the flesh weight, 53% of the retained fruits, and 22% of the unripefruits.

Besides, "Barhee" parthenocarpic fruits and pollinated fruits had a near chemical traits, where, the seedless fruits have 21.6% total soluble sugars, 20% total reducing sugars, 26.1% T.S.S., 6.7% pH, 50.7% moisture, 0.82 mg/100 mg F. W. total free amino acids, 2.2% N, 0.06% P, 0.71% K, 0.89% Ca, 43.1 ppm Fe, and 50.3 ppm Zn; compared with the seeded fruits that gave 23% total soluble sugars, 22% total reducing sugars, 28% T. S.S., 6.5% pH, 44% moisture, 90 mg/100 mg F. W. total free amino acids, 2.34% N, 0.06% P, 0.74% K, 0.90% Ca, 45.5 ppm Fe, and 51 ppm Zn. The enhanced previous physical and chemical traits of "Barhee" parthenocarpic fruits permit with using them in the fresh consumption and many dates industries. On the other hand, the treatment of "Zaghlool" pollen grains boiling extract gave the highest significant non-reducing sugars (3%) that pay the sweet taste to the fruits, hence this treatment produced the parthenocarpic fruits suited for the fresh dates consumption; the control recorded the highest significant moisture (53.5%); the treatment of "Sewy" pollen grains boiling extract showed the highest significant pH (7%); the treatment of "Samany" pollen grains boiling extract achieved the highest total soluble sugars (23%), besides the treatment of either "Sewy", "Samany" or "Zaghlool" pollen grains boiling extracts recorded the higher significant values of individual minerals %; and the treatment of 500 mg/L. glutamine gave the higher significant values of T. S. S. (36%), total reducing sugars (25%), and total free amino acids (0.87 mg/100 mg F. W.). Thus, "Barhee" parthenocarpic fruits with a good previous traits produced by the treatments of either different studied pollen grains boiling extracts or 500 mg / L. glutamine, considered a suitable fruits for the fresh consumption and industrialization of these parthenocarpic fruits, which compensate the decrease in the seeded fruits and raise the total crop of "Barhee" date palm trees.

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Environmentally Safe Solar Energy Conversion Based on the Silicon/Metal Oxide Heterojunctions

Waheed A. Badawy

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University

The considerable interest in the practical use of solar energy has increased the importance of photovoltaic and photo-electrochemical systems. Metal oxide films like tin dioxide (SnO2) or indium tin oxide (ITO) are known to form stable photovoltaic junction with semiconductors of practical relevance like silicon (Si) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) . The heterojunction i.e. the Si/oxide junction represent the main part of stable and efficient solar energy converter.

SnO2, TiO2 or ITO can be prepared easily and conveniently by the spray pyrolysis technique /1/. In the form of thin films on the surface of silicon wafers ITO or SnO2 gives one of the most stable photovoltaic junctions which can be used in the manufacturing of solar cells. The fabricated solar cells have an average open-circuit potential of 0.5-0.6 V and a short circuit current of 30-32 mA/cm2 at AM1 (100 mW/cm2illumination).

Beside its use in the fabrication of photovoltaic cells, the n-Si/oxide can be used in the preparation of photo-electrochemical energy converters based on the n-Si/oxide/electrolyte photo-anode. In these systems the junction photovoltaic i.e. the solid/solid junction (n-Si/oxide) is separated from the electrochemical process by the stable oxide film (SnO2 or ITO) which protect the conventional semiconductor from photo-corrosion. The characteristics of the oxide film can be subjected to a series of improvements either in the surface conductivity or the band-gap energy i.e. the position of the Fermi level of the semi-conducting oxide by incorporating foreign atoms like Ru, Ti, Sb etc. in the oxide film matrix during its preparation /2-4/. The incorporation of foreign atoms in the thin oxide film leads to the improvement of the solar conversion efficiency by improving the fill factor of the photovoltaic or photo-electrochemical cells /5,6,7/.

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The work is aimed at the manufacturing of stable solar panels based on the n-Si/oxide system and conducting a research program for the improvement of the solar cell performance. In these connections porous silicon of nano-structures will be produced on the silicon absorber surface to improve the efficiency of the solar cells/8,9/. It is also aimed at the preparation of a stable photo-electrochemical system which can be used in the electrolysis of water producing hydrogen as a fuel of the future using the energy of the sun.

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Bioethanol Production from Agricultural Wastes by Fungal Fermentation

Ismail Mohamed Kamel Ismail

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University

Bioethanol is a readily available, clean fuel additive that is used in combustion engines. It can be utilized in different ways: hydrous ethanol (95 percent by volume) contains some water. It is employed directly as a gasoline substitute in cars with modified engines. Anhydrous (or dehydrated) ethanol is nearly free of water and at least 99 percent pure. It can be used in modern engines without modification. Finally, bioethanol is also used to manufacture ETBE (ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether), a fuel additive for conventional gasoline. Bioethanol is considered as an important renewable energy source. It is the fuel of the future. Bioethanol promotion included not only energy security but also environmental benefits. Bioethanol produces considerably lower emissions on combustion and it only releases the same amount of carbon dioxide as plants bound while growing, which helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Energy policy targets meanwhile triggered a boom for bioethanol all around the world. Basically as alcohol, bioethanol is made from a variety of agricultural products that contain starch (grain, mostly corn, and tubers like cassava) or sugar (sugar beet, sugar cane); and - although large scale, still in the preliminary stages- from cellulose plants. Bioethanol is made through a biological process, which is fermentation and subsequent enrichment by distillation. Biologically produced alcohols, most commonly ethanol, and less commonly propanol and butanol, are produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes through fermentation of sugars.

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Merial FMD Vaccine. The Subject Could be: "A Better FMD Vaccine for Safe Use"

Lazare Tano

EMEA-RWD, Veterinary Public Health, France

In areas where preventive vaccination against FMD virus is applied, or in situations where emergency vaccination is necessary to confine an outbreak, differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals is needed. Conventional vaccination elicits antibodies to the virus capsid proteins and to a lesser extent to the polymerase 3D protein. Virus replication in cattle elicits additional antibodies directed against the non-structural proteins (NSP) irrespective of prior vaccination or whether the cattle exhibited symptoms of disease.

Merial vaccines prepared from purified antigens will not induce antibody to NSP that interfere with the interpretation of the serological surveys. Moreover, MERIAL now use industrial scale chromatography (patented process) to purify the antigens previously concentrated by ultrafiltration. Then, there is neither hypersensitivity triggering activity, nor sensitizing activity.

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Role of Biosecurity and Disinfection In FMD Crisis

Adel Soody

International Free Trade Company, Egypt.

Biosecurity now is very important tool in different fields to defend against any outbreaks of virus and bacteria what ever is it . And in our presentation we will elaborate the value of Biosecurity in case of food and mouth disease and we will show also the role of disinfectant (virkon s ) in livestock field to protect any herd during FMD crises.

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Foot and Mouth Disease in Egypt and Africa

Fakeryia EL-Bordyni

Director of Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Cairo

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Egypt since. Different types of FMD virus (SAT2, 0, A) were recorded from1953 to 1960. Type A and SAT2 were the main causes of outbreaks during 1953, 1958 and 1960. Over the last forty-five years (1960-2005), only serotype 0 had been isolated yearly. In Egypt, control of FMD relies predominantly on vaccination. A local monovalent vaccine incorporates strain 01/3/93 FMD virus was routinely used to vaccinate mainly dairy cattle, buffaloes, fattening bulls whereas sheep and goats could be vaccinated according to the status of the disease in field. Serotype A of FMD virus was not recorded in Egypt since 1956. Despite the ambitious Egyptian national plans to reach self-sufficiency in animal products, Egypt still imports a portion of its red meat requirements. Type AEGY/1/2006 virus antigenically related to serotype A FMD isolated from Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen and Saudi Arabia was confirmed in Egypt since March 2006 through live animals importation. By the end of the first type A outbreak, a new high quality and potency bivalent FMD vaccine contains strains 01/3/93 and A/1/Egypt/2006 was locally prepared in FMD department, Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia Cairo, Egypt. Since 2006, more than 26 millions cattle doses from J bivalent FMD vaccine were used to control both type A outbreak and the existed circulated serotype 01. National control programmer was implemented by General Organization of Veterinary Services (GOVS) to control FMD in different Egyptian governorates using local bivalent FMD vaccine produced in department of Foot and mouth disease, serum and vaccine research Institute. Foot and mouth disease was endemic in all countries of Africa. Types O. A, SAT1, SAT2, and SA T3 were the most prevalence types recorded in African countries. Global eradication of Foot and mouth disease from Egypt and Africa countries needs the offered of all governorates of these countries, FAO and OIE.

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Risk Assessment for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Egypt: Potential Application to the Importation of

Live Animals

Javier Guitian The Royal Veterinary College, London

Foot and mouth disease FMD is a highly contagious viral disease

affecting cloven-hoofed animals which is caused by a RNA-Picornavirus, genus Aphtovirus. It affects the epithelia and mucous membranes of hosts producing vesicles that lead to open lesions in the affected areas. It is a painful disease leading to rapid loss of condition and reduced production. In endemic areas FMD compromises livestock development by limiting production and farmers' access to markets. In FMD-free areas the incursion of the virus may result in vast economic loses to eliminate the disease, as the 2001 epidemic in UK has shown.

In this talk I use the recent outbreaks of FMD in Egypt, caused by a serotype closely related to virus isolates from East Africa, to illustrate the potential application of risk analysis methodologies to assess and manage FM Drelated risk associated with the importation of live animals.

Molecular typing of strains responsible for the 2006 FMD outbreaks in Egypt suggests that the origin of the epidemic could have been the introduction of infected animals from Ethiopia, where FMD is endemic and vaccination is very limited. Although accurate data on the seroprevalence of FMD in Ethiopia is lacking, a recent serological survey conducted in several regions demonstrate that the disease is widespread with particularly high prevalence

in pastoralist areas. In this scenario, trade in live animals implies a risk of incursion of new serotypes and risk assessment offers a valuable tool to help manage this risk.

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Risk analysis is a systematic approach to assessing and managing potential adverse effects. The assumption is that risk can be better managed if approached in an explicit, systematic and transparent way. Risk assessment is one of the elements of risk analysis. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) offers a framework for import risk assessment that could be applicable to the importation of live animals from areas which are not free from FMD. In this presentation, its potential application to the importation of live ruminants into Egypt is discussed.

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Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction

A.M. Ghallab Theriogenology Dept. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Cairo University

Egypt is suffered four insufficiencies of domestic beef and dairy production. It needs to produce the animals' breeds that have good production ability, good diseases and parasitic resistance which in turn will increase the production both quality and quantity Biotecnology in animal reproduction has been used as a tool to cope with these purposes such as Artificial Insemination and Cryopreservation of gametes or embryos, Embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization (IVF), sex determination of sperm or embryos, nuclear transfer and cloning.

Artificial Insemination: (AI) is the most important technique ever devised for genetic improvement of the animals. It has been used to obtain offsprings from genetically superior males for more than 200 years. Improvements in methods to freeze and store semen that have made AI accessible to more livestock producers. In dairy industry, where large numbers of dairy cows are managed intensely, (AI) is simple, economical and successful.

Embryo transfer is a technique by which embryos are collected from the reproductive tract of a female (donor) prior to nidation and transplanted into reproductive tract of other females (recipients) to complete their gestation and delivery.

Embryo transfer: technology allows producers to obtain multiple progeny from genetically superior females. Depending on the species, fertilized embryos can be recovered from females of superior genetic merit by surgical or nonsurgical techniques. The genetically superior embryos are then transferred to females of lesser genetic merit.

In vitro fertilization (IVF): As an alternative to collecting embryos from donor animals, methods have been developed recently to produce embryos

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in vitro (in the laboratory IVF techniques can be utilized widely and combined with those of embryo transfer.

Sex determination of sperm or embryos: In beef industry, producers prefer male calves. In contrast, the dairy industry prefers heifers' calves, which will ultimately produce offspring and milk for human consumption. Using a specific dye that binds to DNA and a flow hyetometer/cell sorter, the DNA content of individual sperm is measured. The ability to sex semen has a large potential for commercialization, thus, much of the research to develop and refine sperm sexing technology has been conducted in a private sector in USA.

Nuclear transfer or cloning: Technology has been developed to transfer the nucleus from either a blastomere or a somatic cell to an enucleated oocyte. This "nuclear transfer" produces multiple copies of animals that are themselves nearly identical copies of other animals. This process is also referred to as cloning.

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Principles of GLP in Drug Research and Development

Aziza Mahrous Mohamed Amer

Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Background Definitions

In vitro: techniques of experiment in a test tube, or, generally, in a controlled environment outside a living organism. In vitro fertilization is a well-known example of this. Also many experiments in cellular biology are conducted outside organisms or cells In vivo: experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism. Animal testing and clinical trials are forms of in vivo research. GLP Principles

Scope. Including non-clinical safety testing of test items contained in pharmaceutical, pesticide, cosmetic products, veterinary drugs as well as food additives, and industrial chemicals. Also including the frequently synthetic chemicals of natural or biological origin and organisms.

Definitions and Terms. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a QMS for the organization and conditions of non-clinical health and environmental safety studies to be planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported.

Terms for Organization of a Test Facility: Test facility, Test site, Test facility management, Test site management, Sponsor, Study Director, Principal Investigator,

Quality Assurance Program (QAP), Standard Operating Procedure (SOP,) Master schedule.

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Test Facility Organization and Personnel. Test Facility Management’s Responsibilities, Study Director’s Responsibilities Principal Investigator’s Responsibilities Study Personnel’s Responsibilities.

Quality Assurance Program: General, Responsibilities of the Quality Assurance Personnel Facilities. General,Test System Facilities,Facilities for Handling, Test and Reference Items, Archive Facilities, Waste Disposal.

Apparatus, Material, and Reagents: Test Systems, Physical/Chemical, Biological.

Test and Reference Items: Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage, Characterization.

Standard Operating Procedures: Written and approved by test facility Management (+revisions) Performance of the Study: Study Plan, Content of the Study Plan,

Conduct of the Study. Reporting of Study Results: General, Content of the Final Report Storage and Retention of Records and Materials: To be archived for

specified period by right authority.

Page 23: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Control of Poultry Diseases for Human Health

Manal Afifi Aly Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Cairo University

Many diseases that infect poultry species causes sever economic losses leading to fall the poultry industry. Some of these diseases can transmit to human as: Avian Influenza, Salmonellae Campylobacter Chlamydia E.Coli infection and others.

Salmonella infections are enteric diseases cause sever losses in baby chicks, growers and breeders. Salmonella paratyphoid infection can transmit to human causing typhoid disease.

Avian influenza (AI) is a disease of viral etiology that ranges from low pathogenic (LPAI) asymptomatic infection to Highly pathogenic(HPAI) an acute, fatal disease of chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, and other avian species, especially migratory waterfowl besides some mammals especially pigs and Humans. On rare occasions, AI viruses have exhibited interspecies transmissibility to humans (Sporadic cases of transmission of entire AI viruses to humans have been documented )

During 1997, an HP AI virus (H5N1) resulted in the hospitalization of 18 people and six deaths in Hong Kong (The patients had fever and symptoms of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal disease including vomiting, diarrhea, and pain. In Egypt, till first 2008 H5N1 resulted in the hospitalization of 36 people and sixteen deaths. Bird to human transmission- inefficient

Primary concern- co-infection in human with avian and human Influenza virus, hybridization and creation of new human strain.

Precautions: Vaccinate human contacts- current human influenza vaccines Treat- antiviral drugs reduce co-infection and re-assortment.

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Using of Non-Antibiotics Treatment is More Safer for Human Health

Aziza Mahrous Mohamed Amer

Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

- Adverse effect of antibiotic residues on human health: Immune system, Vital organs Fetal development, Male fertility

Carcinogenic Overall life cost Reduce productivity and economy Types of non-antibiotic supplementation

Probiotics, is a live microbial supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance.

Prebiotic, is a nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth, activity, or both of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the intestine.

Synbiotics, The live microbial additions (probiotics) may be used in conjunction with specific substrates (prebiotics) for growth.

- The feeding regime and factors influencing the ecosystem - Benefits of using non-antibiotic supplementation 1) Reduced gut pH through stimulation of the lactic acid–producing

microflora. 2) Direct antagonistic effects on pathogens. 3) Competition for binding and receptor sites that pathogens may

occupy either by probiotics or prebiotics. 4) Improved immune function and stimulation of appropriate

immunomodulatory cells. 5) Competition for available nutrients and other growth factors. - Importance of non-antibiotic supplementation.

Page 25: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 26: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 27: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 28: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Risk Assessment of Feeding Gamma Irradiated Beef to Albino Rat with Special Reference to

Clinicopathological Changes

Fathy Elnawawy Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Cairo University

One hundred and twenty adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups. The 1st group received diet containing non-irradiated beef. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups received diets containing beef irradiated at doses of 10, 20 and 30 kGy respectively. Feeding of rats continued for three successive months. Samples of blood, bone marrow, liver, kidney and brain were collected periodically for haematological, biochemical, cytogenitical and hostopathological studies. Significant leukopenia was observed in rats received 30 kGy irradiated beef on the 3rd month of feeding. The biochemical studies revealed significant elevation in the activities of serum enzymes and reduction in total protein concentration associated with hypoalbuminemia in rats received 20 kGy and 30 kGy irradiated beef. Moreover, a significant elevation in BUN and creatinine concentration was recorded with different doses of irradiated beef. The cytogenetical analysis showed a dose dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations. The most prominent alterations in liver were activation of kupffer cells, karyomegally of some nuclei of hepatocytes, infiltration of portal triads with mononuclear cells associated with hyperplasia and activation of epithelial lining the bile ducts. Kidneys showed interstitial nephritis associated with cystic dilatation of some renal tubules with intratubular accumulation of cellular casts, nephropathy with periglomerular fibrosis and distention of Bowman's space as well as hyalinosis of glomerular tufts. The examined brain revealed hemorrhage in the menengies, necrosis of purkinje cells together with neuronal edema and necrosis. From the data of our results, it could be concluded that irradiated beef at high doses (>10 kGy) may posses a mutagenic effect.

Key words: Hematological; Biochemical parameters; Chromosomal

aberrations; Histopathology; Irradiated beef; Rats.

Page 29: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 30: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 31: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Modern Technology and Food Safety

Nagah M. Hafiz Food Hygiene and Control Department,

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Food is an important part of our social and cultural lives as well as being a requirement for life. Whenever we select and consume food, we expect it to be safe to eat. This expectation places important responsibilities on the people who work with food- responsibilities that are enshrined in law. Generally speaking, the responsibilities including preventing contamination from getting into food, ensuring that food safety hazards are adequately controlled during food chain.

In every process of food production safeguards must be in place to ensure food safety. This paper, discuses possible contaminants that can enter the food supply and other food technologies such as food additives, food irradiation, and genetic modification; and how these methods contribute to our food’s safety.

Modern science and technology have given us a wide array of techniques to grow, produce, and preserve food. With these advances, there are also risks. Food safety remains a major public health issue world wide, as contamination can occur at any point from farm to table.

Page 32: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 33: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

-97-

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Page 34: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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3 / 5

Essential Bacterial Control Points in HACCP Certified Meat Processing Plant

Amal M. A. El- Sherif

Food Hygiene and Control Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Nowadays the application of many quality management systems in the

food processing plants has been an essential object for food safety. This study was done in a meat processing plant which is ISO9001/2000

and HACCP certified to assess the essential microbial control points in both beef burger and shish kofta processing lines .The detected points were improved by the suggestion and application of corrective actions, then evaluated bacteriological to detect their effectiveness.

The results and discussion revealed that the use of low quality raw materials, improper preparation and handling of meat and raw materials, frequent hand inference, irregular cleaning and disinfection of contact surfaces were the essential critical control points of concern. Bacteriological testing was required to verify and monitoring of the quality assurance systems and in controlling of food safety hazards especially in the meat processing plant.

Page 35: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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3 / 5

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Page 36: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 37: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 38: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Page 39: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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3 / 5

The Adverse Effects of New Technology Applied in

Dairy Industry on Human Health with Special Reference to Food Additives Used

Abeer A. Awad

Food Hygiene and Control Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of

female mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest other types of food. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby. The exact components of raw milk varies by species, but it contains significant amounts of saturated fat, protein and calcium as well as vitamin C.

We concentrate our interest about food contaminants, food additives and food preservatives. We are told that "organic" foods are better for us and also told that there is no nutritional difference in how foods are grown.

Internationally, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have interested in food safety issues.

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) there are six potential food safety concerns. We will talk a little about each of these:

- Food-borne infectious agents. -Food nutritional adequacy. -Environmental contaminants of food. -Natural toxicants. -Pesticide residues. -Food additives. -Different technological interferences

Page 40: Trichogramma from Research to Application - cugsrs.cu.edu.eg/Files/FRS_dep/Files/Conf4/Book con4/Essetial.pdf · -65- 3 / 1 Trichogramma from Research to Application E. Agamy Dept.

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Milk is as ancient as mankind itself, as it is the substance created to feed the mammalian infant. All species of mammals, from man to whales, produce milk for this purpose. Many centuries ago, perhaps as early as 6000-8000 BC, ancient man learned to domesticate species of animals for the provision of milk to be consumed by them. These included cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and camels, all of which are still used in various parts of the world for the production of milk for human consumption.

Fermented products such as cheeses were discovered by accident, but their history has also been documented for many centuries, as has the production of concentrated milks, butter, and even ice cream.

Technological advances have only come about very recently in the history of milk consumption, and our generations will be the ones credited for having turned milk processing from an art to a science. The availability and distribution of milk and milk products today in the modern world is a blend of the centuries old knowledge of traditional milk products with the application of modern science and technology.

The role of milk in the traditional diet has varied greatly in different regions of the world. The tropical countries have not been traditional milk consumers, whereas the more northern regions of the world, Europe (especially Scandinavia) and North America, have traditionally consumed far more milk and milk products in their diet. In tropical countries where high temperatures and lack of refrigeration has led to the inability to produce and store fresh milk, milk has traditionally been preserved through means other than refrigeration, including immediate consumption of warm milk after milking, by boiling milk, or by conversion into more stable products such as fermented milks.

Milk and milk products provide a wealth of nutrition benefits. But raw milk can harbour dangerous microorganisms that can pose serious health risks to you and your family. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 800 people in the United States have gotten sick from drinking raw milk or eating cheese made from raw milk since 1998.

Raw milk is milk from cows, sheep, or goats that has not been pasteurized to kill harmful bacteria. This raw, unpasteurized milk can carry dangerous bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, which are responsible for causing numerous foodborne illnesses.

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These harmful bacteria can seriously affect the health of anyone who drinks raw milk, or eats foods made from raw milk. However, the bacteria in raw milk can be especially dangerous to pregnant women, children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.

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Combinations of Nisin and Gamma Irradiation for Effective Control of Listeria Monocytogenes on Meat

Hussein M. Mohamed and Fathy A. Elnawawy

Food Hygiene and Control Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.

Ahmed E. Yousef Food Science and Technology Dept., The Ohio State University, USA

The goal of this study was to minimize the gamma irradiation dose

required to inactivate foodborne pathogens in meat by including nisin in the treatment combination, consequently to minimize the undesirable changes of irradiation on meat. Therefore, inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A inoculated onto meat by nisin and low doses of gamma irradiation was studied. Listeria-inoculated meat cubes were treated with nisin (103 IU/g) for 30 minutes, irradiation (0.25-1.5 kGy) or their combinations. Treated meat cubes were analyzed immediately for L. monocytogenes or stored at 4 ºC for 24 or 72 h before analysis. Nisin inactivated L. monocytogenes by 1.2 logs CFU/g. Irradiation caused dose-dependant inactivation of L. monocytogenes. Treating Listeria-inoculated meat with combinations of nisin (103 IU/g) and irradiation (0.25-1.5 kGy) resulted in an additive effect when tested during the first 24 hr, and a synergistic effect when tested after 72 hr of storage at 4 ºC. When L. monocytogenes was inoculated onto meat at low levels (4x103 CFU/g), treated with nisin (103IU/g) then gamma irradiation (1.5 kGy), and stored at 4°C for 72 hr, pathogen’s most probable number was < 0.03/g. In conclusion treatment of meat with combinations of nisin and low doses of gamma irradiation are effective in controlling L. monocytogenes.

Key wards: Listeria; monocytogenes; Nisin; Gamma irradiation