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Producing each of its creations ... nature

intermingled the harmony of beauty and

the harmony ofexpediency and shaped itinto the unique form which is perfect from

the point of view of an engineer.

(M. Tupolev)

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Tribology of

biomineralised structuresIlle C. Gebeshuber

Institut fr Allgemeine Physik & TU BIONIK, Vienna University of

Technology, AustriaAC2T research GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria

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Outline

Introduction to tribology

MEMS

Examples for tribology in biology Diatom tribology

Adhesives

Lubrication

Hinges & interlocking devices

Conclusions and outlook

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Tribology

WSW Bearings, China

Tribology is the branch of engineering that deals with the

interaction of surfaces in relative motion (as in bearingsor gears):

theirdesign

friction

adhesion

lubrication

and wear.

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Micro- and NanotribologyMicro- and nanotribology deals with tribology on

length scales of functional elements from 100micrometers down to a few nanometers.

The boom of microsystem technology (silicon

technology, MEMS) and the development of novelnano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) calls fordetailed understanding of tribological phenomena

also at this scale.

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BiotribologyThe aim of biotribology is to gather information about

friction, adhesion, lubrication and wear of biologicalsystems and to apply this knowledge to technologicalinnovation as well as to development of environmentally

sound products.

This new interdisciplinary field of research combinesmethods and knowledge of physics, chemistry,

mechanics and biology.

Nature 2000 Nature 2000 University of Cape Town

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Why biomicroand-nanotribology ?

Continuous miniaturization of technologicaldevices like hard disk drives and biosensors

increases the necessity for the fundamental

understanding of tribological phenomena at themicro- and nanoscale.

Biological systems excel also at this scale andtherefore their strategies can serve as templates for

new engineering devices.Gebeshuber I.C. et al. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. (2005) 5(1), 79-87

Gebeshuber I.C. et al. (2005) Tribol. Interf. Eng. Ser. 48, 365-370

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Stanford University Mount Allison University, Canada

man-made natural

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Digital Micromirror Devices

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Aulacoseira granulata(?), Scale bar 100 nm

200nm wide linking structures

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Examples for tribologyin biology

Tribology is omnipresent in biology.

Surfaces in relative motion occur e.g. in

joints, in the blinking with the eye, in thefoetus moving in the mothers womb.

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Examples for tribologyin biology

Systems with reduced friction

joints and articular cartilage

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Examples for tribologyin biology

Systems with reduced friction

shark skin

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Examples for tribologyin biology

Systems with increased friction

bird feather interlocking devices

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Examples for tribologyin biology

Systems with increased friction

friction in fish spines

Scherge M. and Gorb S. (2001) Biological

Micro- and Nanotribology - Nature s solutions,Nanoscience and Technology Series, Springer

Verlag.

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Examples for tribologyin biology

Systems with increased adhesion

sticking in tree frogs

adhesion pads in insects

stable, strong and self-healing underwater

adhesives

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JNN Special issue on DIATOM NANOTECHNOLOGY vol 5 no 1 January 2005

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JNN Special issue on DIATOM NANOTECHNOLOGY, vol 5, no 1, January 2005

Diatomics: Toward Diatom Functional Genomics Nanostructures in Diatom Frustules: Functional Morphology of Valvocopulae in Cocconeidacean

Monoraphid Taxa

Nature's Batik: A ComputerEvolution Model of Diatom Valve Morphogenesis Potential Roles for Diatomists in Nanotechnology

Biosynthesis of Silicon-Germanium Oxide Nanocomposites by the Marine Diatom Nitzschiafrustulum

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Diatom Frustules Using Nanoindentation Comments on Recent Progress Toward Reconstructing the Diatom Phylogeny

Ceramic Nanoparticle Assemblies with Tailored Shapes and Tailored Chemistries viaBiosculpting and Shape-Preserving Inorganic Conversion

Controlled Silica Synthesis Inspired by Diatom Silicon Biomineralization Diatom Bionanotribology-Biological Surfaces in Relative Motion: Their Design, Friction,

Adhesion, Lubrication and Wear Engineering and Medical Applications of Diatoms

Zeolitisation of Diatoms

Frustules to Fragments, Diatoms to Dust: How Degradation of Microfossil Shape andMicrostructures Can Teach Us How Ice Sheets Work

Crystal Palaces - Diatoms for Engineers

The Evolution ofAdvanced Mechanical Defenses and Potential Technological Applications ofDiatom Shells

Geometry and Topology of Diatom Shape and Surface Morphogenesis for Use in Applications ofNanotechnology

Diatom Auxospore Scales and Early Stages in Diatom Frustule Morphogenesis: Their Potential forUse in Nanotechnology

Valve Morphogenesis in the Diatom Genus Pleurosigma W. Smith (Bacillariophyceae): Nature'sAlternative Sandwich

Prospects of Manipulating Diatom Silica Nanostructure

...

Di t

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Diatoms

single cellular organisms

size some micrometers

10 000s different species reproduce via cell division

under ideal conditions, within ten days the offspring of

one single cell number one billion cells (Flieband,

i.e. assembly line production of nanostructures !)

nanostructured surfaces made from amorphous

silicates

W. Oschmann

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Top: Tricaeratium favus, bottom left: Roperia tessellata,

bottom right: Achnathes brevipes Gebeshuberet al., J. Mat. Sci. 2002

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Diatom biotribologyEllerbeckia arenariathe rubberband diatoms:

1mm

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Diatom biotribologyBacillaria paxillifer the moving diatoms:

Wim van Egmond

www.micropolitan.org

Protist information server

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/

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Diatom biotribologyBacillaria paxillifer the moving diatoms:

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Teethof snails

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Radulae

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Scanning Probe Microscopy

Investigation ofmechanical,electrical,optical,

chemical andmagneticproperties.

In air, vacuumand in fluids.

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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

The AFM measures

the force betweenthe probe tip and

the sample.

P. Hansma, UCSB

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AFM of living diatoms I:Navicula seminulum

Gebeshuber I.C. et al. (2003) "Atomic force microscopy study of living

diatoms in ambient conditions", J. Microsc. Oxf. 212, pp. 292-299.

AFM

8.8 mm2

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Diatom biotribology

Ballbearings? Solid lubricants? In a protist ?!An unidentified diatom visualised in vivowith an

atomic force microscope:

Gebeshuberet al., J. Microsc.-Oxf. 2003

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AFM of living diatoms II

Gebeshuber I.C. et al. (2003) "Atomic force microscopy study of living

diatoms in ambient conditions", J. Microsc. Oxf. 212, pp. 292-299.

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Biogenic adhesives

Gebeshuber I.C. et al. (2003) "Atomic force

microscopy study of living diatoms in ambient

conditions", J. Microsc. Oxf. 212, pp. 292-299.

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Mechanical stability

C.E. Hamm et al. (2003) "Architecture and

material properties of diatom shells provide

effective mechanical protection", Nature 421,pp. 841-843.

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Hinges and linking devices

Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)

Harmonyof beauty and expediency", Science First

Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.

Gebeshuber I.C. and Crawford R.M. Micro-

mechanics in biogenic hydrated silica - hinges and

interlocking devices in diatoms, J. Eng. Tribol.

220(J8), 787-796.

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Cell division

Gebeshuber I.C. and Crawford R.M. Micro-

mechanics in biogenic hydrated silica - hinges

and interlocking devices in diatoms, J. Eng.Trib., to appear 12/2006.

Forces and moments

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Forces and momentsacting on the diatom chain

Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)

Harmony of beauty and expediency", ScienceFirst Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.

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Ellerbeckia sp.

Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)

Harmony of beauty and expediency", Science

First Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.

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Cymatoseira belgicaGrunow

Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)

Harmony of beauty and expediency", ScienceFirst Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.

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Aulacoseira sp.

Crawford R.M. and Gebeshuber I.C. (2006)

Harmony of beauty and expediency", ScienceFirst Hand 5(10), pp. 30-34.

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Briggera sp.

Spatulate shaped spines in

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www.ille.comAulacoseria italica. RM Crawford, AWI Bremerhaven

Spatulate shaped spines inAulacoseira

Cameo and intaglio linking

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Cameo and intaglio linkingstructures

20m

Gebeshuber I.C. and Crawford R.M. Micro-

mechanics in biogenic hydrated silica - hinges

and interlocking devices in diatoms, J. Eng.Trib., to appear 12/2006.

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Ellerbeckiasp.with end valve

scale bar 25 mm

Gebeshuber I.C. and Crawford R.M. Micro-

mechanics in biogenic hydrated silica - hinges

and interlocking devices in diatoms, J. Eng.

Trib., to appear 12/2006.

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Corethron

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Corethron

10m

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Corethron

scale bar 50 mm

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Corethron

scale bar 10 mm Gebeshuber I.C. and Crawford R.M. Micro-mechanics in biogenic hydrated silica - hinges

and interlocking devices in diatoms, J. Eng.Trib., to appear 12/2006.

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Ellerbeckia

5m

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Gayatri mantra,

written in Sanskrit

Ellerbeckia arenaria,

the rubberband diatom

C l i

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Conclusions Current man-made adhesives and lubricants are not

perfect. Man has only done research in this field for some

hundreds of years. Nature has been producinglubricants and adhesives formillions of years.

Biomicro- and -nanotribology, the investigation ofmicro- and nanoscale tribological principles in

biological systems, may be a path for realizing

simultaneously "smart", dynamic, complex,environmentally friendly, self-healing, andmultifunctional lubricants and adhesives.

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Cooperation partners

Paul Hansma Lab (Paul Hansma,Johannes Kindt, James Thompson, MarioViani, Lia Pietrasanta, Ami Chand), GalenStucky, Dan Morse, UC Santa Barbara,

California Dick Crawford, AWI Bremerhaven,Germany

Dick Gordon, University of Manitoba,

Canada