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The 1960’s Jost Report estimated that for many countries, around 10% of the Gross National Product (GNP) is spent overcoming friction and wear (for the UK GNP was approx $2250 billion in 2007)
The Jost Report also found that savings of 1.3 to 1.6% of GNP could reasonably be made by application of good tribological principles (use of correct lubricant, energy savings, proactive servicing/maintenance etc)
Nowadays, as well as calculations of financial savings that are achievable, CO2 savings may also be possible
An average European car emits around 3 tonnes of CO2 per year (assumes CO2 emissions of 190 g/km and 16,000 km per year)
The benefits of reducing fuel consumption by 5% would be:
Total CO2 savings of almost 4 million tonnes per year for the UK (assumes the 5% saving applies to all cars, and that there are 25 million cars in the UK)
Annual cost savings across UK fleet of almost 2 billion Euros (assumes 5% saving applies to all 25 million cars in UK)
For UK, annual electricity consumption (for industrial use) is approx 100 billion kWh For Germany, annual electricity consumption (for industrial use) is approx 200 billion kWh Cost of electricity varies by country but is approx 0.06 Euros/kWh
A 1% reduction in electricity usage would mean, for the UK: Annual savings of 1 billion kWh of electricity Annual cost saving of approx 60 million Euros Annual reduction in CO2 emissions of 430,000 tonnes*
* Assumes official UK Govt figures of 0.43 kg CO2 per kWh
ZDTP anti-wear additives: ZDTP forms an effective anti-wear film, which is a high friction film It is also a “smart” additive – as contact pressures increase, it becomes harder and better resists the increased pressure
Friction modifiers are additives that form easily sheared layers at surfaces (substances such as MoS2, graphite, BN, esters, etc make effective FMs), causing reduced friction in the mixed/boundary lubrication regime
Shown below are typical FMs such as MoDTC (which reacts in the lubricant to form MoS2 at surfaces), and a triglyceride, which would be an organic FM
In hydraulic circuits, it is often found that the majority of friction losses are in the pipes. The pressure drop in the pipe is directly proportional to the dynamic viscosity of the lubricant
Reducing the lubricant dynamic viscosity will reduce the pressure drop across the pipes, and will require lower pressures to be delivered by the pump – which will result in energy savings
Ref: RI Taylor et al, STLE Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, 2005
motorvalvespipespump pppp
4R
LQppipe
= dynamic viscosity
L = pipe lengthQ = flow rateR = pipe radius+ see talk B2-212 by David Green
Industrial Lubricants: Benefits of Synthetic Base Fluids
Pressures in many industrial machine elements can be very high (up to GPa in components such as gears, or rolling element bearings)
Lubricant viscosity increases almost exponentially with pressure: = o.exp(P): where is the lubricant pressure-viscosity coefficient,
and P is the pressure Under very high pressure, the lubricant effectively solidifies, and causes
the metal surfaces to deform elastically
Under these conditions, the precise way in which lubricant viscosity varies with temperature and pressure is critical to determining the friction in the contact
In general, synthetic lubricants, based on XHVI™, PAO, PAGs etc will give lower friction than lubricants that use mineral base oils
Ref: RI Taylor et al, STLE Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, 2005
Other factors that can affect friction in lubricated contacts include:
Increasing use of materials such as DLC Surface texturing Interaction of the lubricant with the fuel Chemical constraints being put on lubricant formulation
By optimizing lubricant viscosity, lubricant viscosity-pressure coefficient, and the surface active additives in the formulation, it is possible to design Energy Efficient Lubricants which show real energy savings in the field, in both automotive and industrial applications
These products save energy, and save customers money too We are also carrying out R&D to find out what are the
optimum low SAPS lubricants which will work with DLC coatings, textured surfaces, and which will cope with increased fuel loads