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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 1
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fireCoordinates: 404348N 735943W
[1]
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Date March 25, 1911
Time 4:40 PM (local time)
Location Asch BuildingManhattan, New York City, U.S.
Deaths 146
Injuries 71
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Manhattan, New York City
on March 25, 1911 was one of the deadliestindustrial disasters in
the history of the city, and resulted in the fourth highest loss of
life from an industrial accidentin U.S. history. It was also one of
the deadliest disasters that occurred in New York City after the
burning of theGeneral Slocum on June 15, 1904 until the destruction
of the World Trade Center 90 years later. The fire causedthe deaths
of 146 garment workers 123 women and 23 men [2] who died from the
fire, smoke inhalation, orfalling or jumping to their deaths. Most
of the victims were recent Jewish and Italian immigrant women aged
sixteento twenty-three;[3][4][5] of the victims whose ages are
known, the oldest victim was Providenza Panno at 43, and
theyoungest were 14-year-olds Kate Leone and "Sara" Rosaria
Maltese.Because the owners had locked the doors to the stairwells
and exits a common practice at the time to preventpilferage and
unauthorized breaks[6] many of the workers who could not escape the
burning building jumped fromthe eighth, ninth, and tenth floors to
the streets below. The fire led to legislation requiring improved
factory safetystandards and helped spur the growth of the
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for
betterworking conditions for sweatshop workers.The factory was
located in the Asch Building, at 2329 Washington Place in the
Greenwich Village neighborhood ofManhattan, now known as the Brown
Building and part of New York University. The building has been
designated aNational Historic Landmark and a New York City
landmark.[7]
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 2
Fire
A horse-drawn fire engine en route to the burning factory
The Triangle Waist Company factoryoccupied the eighth, ninth,
and tenthfloors of the 10-story Asch Building onthe northwest
corner of Greene Streetand Washington Place, just east ofWashington
Square Park, in theGreenwich Village area of New YorkCity. Under
the ownership of MaxBlanck and Isaac Harris, the factoryproduced
women's blouses, known as"shirtwaists." The factory
normallyemployed about 500 workers, mostlyyoung immigrant women,
who workednine hours a day on weekdays plusseven hours on
Saturdays,[8] earning
for their 52 hours of work between $7 and $12 a week, the 2014
equivalent of $166 to $285 a week, or $3.20 to$5.50 per
hour.[9]
As the workday was ending on the afternoon of Saturday, March
25, 1911, a fire flared up at approximately 4:40 PMin a scrap bin
under one of the cutter's tables at the northeast corner of the
eighth floor.[10] The first fire alarm wassent at 4:45 PM by a
passerby on Washington Place who saw smoke coming from the eighth
floor.[11] Both ownersof the factory were in attendance and had
invited their children to the factory on that afternoon. The Fire
Marshalconcluded that the likely cause of the fire was the disposal
of an unextinguished match or cigarette butt in the scrapbin, which
held two months' worth of accumulated cuttings by the time of the
fire.[12] Beneath the table in thewooden bin were hundreds of
pounds of scraps which were left over from the several thousand
shirtwaists that hadbeen cut at that table. The scraps piled up
from the last time the bin was emptied, coupled with the hanging
fabricsthat surrounded it; the steel trim was the only thing that
was not highly flammable.[13] Although smoking wasbanned in the
factory, cutters were known to sneak cigarettes, exhaling the smoke
through their lapels to avoiddetection.[14] A New York Times
article suggested that the fire may have been started by the
engines running thesewing machines, while The Insurance Monitor, a
leading industry journal, suggested that the epidemic of firesamong
shirtwaist manufacturers was "fairly saturated with moral
hazard."[] No one suggested arson.[citation needed]
The building's south side, with windows marked X from which
fiftywomen jumped
The building's east side, with 40 bodies on the sidewalk. Two of
thevictims were found alive an hour after the photo was taken.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 3
"The Washington Place Fire"An eyewitness account
00:08:09
Problems playing this file? See media help.
A bookkeeper on the eighth floor was able to warn employees on
the tenth floor via telephone, but there was noaudible alarm and no
way to contact staff on the ninth floor.[15] According to survivor
Yetta Lubitz, the first warningof the fire on the ninth floor
arrived at the same time as the fire itself.[16] Although the floor
had a number of exits,including two freight elevators, a fire
escape, and stairways down to Greene Street and Washington Place,
flamesprevented workers from descending the Greene Street stairway,
and the door to the Washington Place stairway waslocked to prevent
theft by the workers; the locked doors allowed managers to check
the women's purses.[17] Theforeman who held the stairway door key
had already escaped by another route.[18] Dozens of employees
escaped thefire by going up the Greene Street stairway to the roof.
Other survivors were able to jam themselves into theelevators while
they continued to operate.[citation needed]
Within three minutes, the Greene Street stairway became unusable
in both directions.[19] Terrified employeescrowded onto the single
exterior fire escape, which city officials had allowed Asch to
erect instead of the requiredthird staircase. It was a flimsy and
poorly anchored iron structure which may have been broken before
the fire. Itsoon twisted and collapsed from the heat and overload,
spilling about 20 victims nearly 100 feet (30m) to theirdeaths on
the concrete pavement below. Elevator operators Joseph Zito[20] and
Gaspar Mortillalo saved many livesby traveling three times up to
the ninth floor for passengers, but Mortillalo was eventually
forced to give up when therails of his elevator buckled under the
heat. Some victims pried the elevator doors open and jumped into
the emptyshaft, trying to slide down the cables or to land on top
of the car. The weight and impacts of these bodies warped
theelevator car and made it impossible for Zito to make another
attempt. William Gunn Shepard, a reporter at thetragedy, would say
that I learned a new sound that day a sound more horrible than
description can picture -- the thudof a speeding living body on a
stone sidewalk ".[21]
A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street, witnessing
62 people jumping or falling to their deaths from theburning
building. Louis Waldman, later a New York Socialist state
assemblyman, described the scene years later:[22]
One Saturday afternoon in March of that year March 25, to be
precise I was sitting at one of the readingtables in the old Astor
Library... It was a raw, unpleasant day and the comfortable reading
room seemed adelightful place to spend the remaining few hours
until the library closed. I was deeply engrossed in my bookwhen I
became aware of fire engines racing past the building. By this time
I was sufficiently Americanized tobe fascinated by the sound of
fire engines. Along with several others in the library, I ran out
to see what washappening, and followed crowds of people to the
scene of the fire.A few blocks away, the Asch Building at the
corner of Washington Place and Greene Street was ablaze. Whenwe
arrived at the scene, the police had thrown up a cordon around the
area and the firemen were helplesslyfighting the blaze. The eighth,
ninth, and tenth stories of the building were now an enormous
roaring corniceof flames.Word had spread through the East Side, by
some magic of terror, that the plant of the Triangle Waist
Companywas on fire and that several hundred workers were trapped.
Horrified and helpless, the crowds I amongthem looked up at the
burning building, saw girl after girl appear at the reddened
windows, pause for aterrified moment, and then leap to the pavement
below, to land as mangled, bloody pulp. This went on forwhat seemed
a ghastly eternity. Occasionally a girl who had hesitated too long
was licked by pursuing flamesand, screaming with clothing and hair
ablaze, plunged like a living torch to the street. Life nets held
by thefiremen were torn by the impact of the falling bodies.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 4
The emotions of the crowd were indescribable. Women were
hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, inparoxysms of frenzy,
they hurled themselves against the police lines.
The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them. The
fire department arrived quickly but was unable tostop the flames,
as there were no ladders available that could reach beyond the
sixth floor. The fallen bodies andfalling victims also made it
difficult for the fire department to approach the building.
Bodies of the victims being placed in coffins on the
sidewalk
People and horses draped in black walk in procession in memory
of the victims
Aftermath
Although early references of the death tollranged from 141[23]
to 148, almost allmodern references agree that 146 peopledied as a
result of the fire: 123 women and23 men.[24][25][26][27][28][29]
Most victimsdied of burns, asphyxiation, blunt impactinjuries, or a
combination of the three.[30]
The first person to jump was a man, andanother man was seen
kissing a youngwoman at the window before they bothjumped to their
deaths.[31]
Bodies of the victims were taken toCharities Pier (also called
Misery Lane),located at 26th street and the East River,
foridentification by friends and relatives.[citationneeded] Victims
were interred in sixteendifferent cemeteries. Twenty-two victims
ofthe fire were buried by the Hebrew FreeBurial Association in a
special section atMount Richmond Cemetery. In someinstances, their
tombstones refer to the fire.Six victims remained unidentified
until2011. The six victims who remainedunidentified were buried
together in theCemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn.Originally
interred elsewhere on thegrounds, their remains now lie beneath
amonument to the tragedy, a large marble
slab featuring a kneeling woman.[32] The six unknown victims
were finally identified in February 2011 and a gravemarker placed
in their memory.[33]
Consequences and legacyThe company's owners, Max Blanck and
Isaac Harris, who survived the fire by fleeing to the building's
roof when the fire began, were indicted on charges of first- and
second-degree manslaughter in mid-April; the pair's trial began on
December 4, 1911.[34] Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants,
managed to destroy the credibility of one of the survivors, Kate
Alterman, by asking her to repeat her testimony a number of times,
which she did without altering key phrases. Steuer argued to the
jury that Alterman and possibly other witnesses had memorized their
statements, and might even have been told what to say by the
prosecutors. The prosecution charged that the owners knew the
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 5
exit doors were locked at the time in question. The
investigation found that the locks were intended to be lockedduring
working hours based on the findings from the fire,[35] but the
defense stressed that the prosecution failed toprove that the
owners knew that. The jury acquitted the two men, but they lost a
subsequent civil suit in 1913 inwhich plaintiffs won compensation
in the amount of $75 per deceased victim. The insurance company
paid Blanckand Harris about $60,000 more than the reported losses,
or about $400 per casualty. In 1913, Blanck was once againarrested
for locking the door in his factory during working hours. He was
fined $20.[36]
Rose Schneiderman, a prominent socialist and union activist,
gave a speech at the memorial meeting held in theMetropolitan Opera
House on April 2, 1911, to an audience largely made up of the
members of the Women's TradeUnion League. She used the fire as an
argument for factory workers to organize:
Tombstone of fire victim at the Hebrew Free BurialAssociation's
Mount Richmond Cemetery
I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came
hereto talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of
thepublic and we have found you wanting.... We have tried
youcitizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple ofdollars
for the sorrowing mothers, brothers and sisters by wayof a charity
gift. But every time the workers come out in theonly way they know
to protest against conditions which areunbearable, the strong hand
of the law is allowed to press downheavily upon us.Public officials
have only words of warning to uswarningthat we must be intensely
peaceable, and they have theworkhouse just back of all their
warnings. The strong hand ofthe law beats us back, when we rise,
into the conditions thatmake life unbearable.
I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too
muchblood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up
tothe working people to save themselves. The only way they cansave
themselves is by a strong working-class movement.Others in the
community, and in particular in the ILGWU, drew a different lesson
from events. In New YorkCity, a Committee on Public Safety was
formed, headed by Frances Perkins, a noted social worker, to
identifyspecific problems and lobby for new legislation, such as
the bill to grant workers shorter hours in a work week,known as the
"54-hour Bill". The committee's representatives in Albany obtained
the backing of TammanyHall's Al Smith, the Majority Leader of the
Assembly, and Robert F. Wagner, the Majority Leader of theSenate,
and this collaboration of machine politicians and reformers also
known as "do-gooders" or"goo-goos" got results, especially since
Tammany's chief, Charles F. Murphy, realized the advantage to behad
from being on the side of the angels. The New York State
Legislature then created the FactoryInvestigating Commission to
"investigate factory conditions in this and other cities and to
report remedialmeasures of legislation to prevent hazard or loss of
life among employees through fire, unsanitary conditions,and
occupational diseases."[37] The Commission, which became Al Smith's
priority, held public hearings in themajor cities of the state,
distributed questionnaires to a wide variety of people, and hired
field agents to doon-site inspections of factories.[38] New York
City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that
hisdepartment had identified more than 200 factories where
conditions made a fire like that at the TriangleFactory
possible.[39] The State Commissions's reports helped modernize the
state's labor laws, making NewYork State "one of the most
progressive states in terms of labor reform."[40][41] New laws
mandated betterbuilding access and egress, fireproofing
requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the
installation of
alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet
facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women
and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of
the sixty-four new laws
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 6
recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support
of Governor William Sulzer. As a result ofthe fire, the American
Society of Safety Engineers was founded in New York City on October
14, 1911.
Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition
Logo
The Remember the Triangle FireCoalition is an alliance of more
than 200organizations and individuals formed in2008 to encourage
and coordinatenationwide activities commemorating thecentennial of
the fire[42] and to create apermanent public art memorial to honor
itsvictims.[43][44] The founding partners
included Workers United, the New York City Fire Museum, New York
University (the current owner of thebuilding), Workmen's Circle,
Museum at Eldridge Street, the Greenwich Village Society for
Historic Preservation,the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the
Gotham Center for New York City History, the Bowery Poetry Cluband
others. Members of the Coalition include arts organizations,
schools, workers rights groups, labor unions,human rights and
womens rights groups, ethnic organizations, historical preservation
societies, activists, andscholars, as well as families of the
victims and survivors.
The Coalition grew out of a public art project called "Chalk"
created by New York City filmmaker Ruth Sergel.Every year beginning
in 2004, Sergel and volunteer artists went across New York City on
the anniversary of the fireto inscribe in chalk the names, ages,
and causes of death of the victims in front of their former homes,
oftenincluding drawings of flowers, tombstones or a
triangle.[45]
Centennial
Hilda Solis, the American Secretary of Labor, seen on the
overhead screen, speaking atthe Centennial Memorial; the Brown
(Asch) Building is on the far right.
From July 2009 through the weeksleading up to the 100th
anniversary,the Coalition served as a clearinghouseto network some
200 activities asvaried as academic conferences, films,theater
performances, art shows,concerts, readings, awarenesscampaigns,
walking tours, and paradesthat were held in and around NewYork
City, and in cities across thenation, including San Francisco,
LosAngeles, Chicago, Minneapolis,Boston and Washington, D.C.
The ceremony, which was held in frontof the building where the
fire tookplace, was preceded by a march through Greenwich Village
by thousands of people, some carrying shirtwaists women's blouses
on
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 7
The commemoration drew thousands of people, many holding aloft
shirtwaists with thenames of the victims as they listened to
speakers.
poles, or wearing sashescommemorating the names of thosewho died
in the fire. Speakers includedthe United States Secretary of
Labor,Hilda L. Solis, U.S. Senator CharlesSchumer, New York City
MayorMichael R. Bloomberg, the actorDanny Glover, and Suzanne Pred
Bass,the grandniece of Rosie Weiner, ayoung woman killed in the
blaze. Mostof the speakers that day called for thestrengthening of
workers rights andorganized labor.[46][47]
At 4:45 PM EST, the moment the firstfire alarm was sounded in
1911,hundreds of bells rang out in cities andtowns across the
nation. For this commemorative act, the Remember the Triangle Fire
Coalition organized hundredsof churches, schools, fire houses, and
private individuals in the New York City region and across the
nation. TheCoalition maintains on its website a national map
denoting each of the bells that rang that afternoon.[48]
Permanent memorialThe Coalition has launched an effort to create
a permanent public art memorial for the Triangle Shirtwaist
Factoryfire at the site of 1911 fire in lower Manhattan. In 2012,
the Coalition announced a national design competition forthe
memorial, and formed a design search committee, with
representatives from Workers United, New YorkUniversity, the New
York City Fire Department, the Kheel Center for Labor-Management
Documentation &Archives, Greenwich Village Society for Historic
Preservation, Manhattan Community Board 2, family members ofthe
victims, historians, and community members.[49][50]
In 2011, the Coalition established that the goal of the
permanent memorial would be: To honor the memory of those who died
from the fire; To affirm the dignity of all workers; To value
womens work; To remember the movement for worker safety and social
justice stirred by this tragedy; To inspire future generations of
activists
In popular cultureFilms and television
The Crime of Carelessness (1912), 14 minute Edison Company short
inspired by the Triangle Factory fire,directed by James
Oppenheim
Children of Eve (1915), written and directed by John H.
Collins[51]
With These Hands (1950), directed by Jack Arnold[52]
The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), directed by Mel
Stuart, produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez Those Who Know Don't
Tell: The Ongoing Battle for Workers' Health (1990), produced by
Abby Ginzberg,
narrated by Studs Terkel Episode 4 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS series
New York: A Documentary Film, "The Power and the People
(18981918)", extensively covered the fire.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 8
The Living Century: Three Miracles (2001) premiered on PBS,
focusing on the life of 107-year old RoseFreedman (died 2002), who
became the last living survivor of the fire.
American Experience: Triangle Fire (2011), documentary produced
and directed by Jamila Wignot, narrated byMichael Murphy
Triangle Remembering the Fire (2011) premiered on HBO on March
21, four days short of the 100th anniversary. A door knob from the
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory is an artifact in the TV series
Warehouse 13, making an
appearance in episodes "Past Imperfect" and "The 40th Floor"
(2011).Music
"My Little Shirtwaist Fire" by Rasputina, from their 1996 album
Thanks for the Ether. "The Triangle Fire" by The Brandos, from
their 2006 album Over The Border. "Sweatshop Fire" by Curtis Eller,
from his 2008 album Wirewalkers and Assassins.Theatre and dance
In Ain Gordon's play Birdseed Bundles (2000), the Triangle fire
is a major dramatic engine of the story.[53]
The Triangle Factory Fire Project, a play written by Christopher
Piehler about the fire and the trial afterward. The Dark of the
Flame, a play written by Evin Anderson about three sisters who work
at The Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory and face the fire. The musical Rags book by Joseph
Stein, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and music by Charles Strouse
incorporates the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in the second act. In
March 2012, the modern dance concert One Hundred Forty-Six by
Denise J. Murphy explored the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory fire through movement, text, video,
photography and original music.[54]
Literature
Margaret Peterson Haddix's 2007 historical novel for young
adults, Uprising, deals with immigration, women'srights, and the
labor movement, with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire as a central
element.
Esther Friesner's Threads and Flames deals with a young girl,
named Raisa, who works at the Triangle ShirtwaistFactory at the
time of the fire.
Deborah Hopkinson's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Hear
My Sorrow: The Diary of Angela Denoto. Mary Jane Auch's 2004
historical novel for young adults, Ashes of Roses tells the tale of
Margaret Rose Nolan, a
young girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the
time of the fire, along with her sister and herfriends.
The comic book The Goon issue #37 tells the story of a similar
fire at a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142women who
worked there. After the fire, the surviving women attempt to
unionize and the Goon comes to theiraid after union busters try to
force them back to work. Author Eric Powell specifically cites the
TriangleShirtwaist Factory fire as an inspiration for the
story.
Vivian Schurfranz's novel Rachel, from the Sunfire series of
historical romances for young adults, is about aPolish Jewish
immigrant girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the
time of the fire.
In issue #28 of the comic " The Dreaming", The Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory (and the fire specifically) is
featuredheavily.
Ghosts of the fire's victims played a role in The Spider Goddess
by Tara Moss. Robert Pinsky's poem Shirt describes the fire. "Mayn
Rue Platz" (My Resting Place), a poem written by former Triangle
employee Morris Rosenfeld, has been
set to music, in Yiddish and English, by many artists, including
Geoff Berner and June Tabor. In Alice Hoffman's novel "The Museum
of Extraordinary Things", the fire is one of the main elements of
the plot. In Mary Beth Keane's novel Fever, the main character,
Mary Mallon, is one of the people watching in the street.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 9
ReferencesNotes
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.
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730085_N_-73.995356_E_type:event_region:US-NY
[2] "Sweatshop Tragedy Ignites Fight for Workplace Safety"
(http:/ / www. apwu. org/ join/ women/ lbportraits/
portraits-labor-triangle. htm) onthe American Postal Workers Union
website
[3] "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" (http:/ / jwa. org/ encyclopedia/
article/ triangle-shirtwaist-fire). Jewish Women: An Historical
Encyclopedia onJewish Women's Archive
[4] Stacy, Greg. "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Marks a Sad
Centennial" (http:/ / onlinejournal. com/ artman/ publish/
article_7375. shtml). NPR.orgvia Online Journal (March 24,
2011)
[5] Diner, Hasia R. "Lecture: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and
the Shared Italian-Jewish History of New York" (http:/ /
italianamericanmagazine.com/
lecture-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-and-the-shared-italian-jewish-history-of-new-york/
5376) Italian-American Magazine (March 16,2011)
[6] Lifflander, Matthew L. "The Tragedy That Changed New York"
New York Archives (Summer 2011)[7] Harris, Gale. "Brown Building
(formerly Asch Building) Designation Report" (http:/ / www. nyc.
gov/ html/ lpc/ downloads/ pdf/ reports/
brown. pdf) New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
(March 25, 2003)[8][8] von Drehl, p. 105[9] CPI Inflation
Calculator (http:/ / data. bls. gov/ cgi-bin/ cpicalc. pl?cost1=12.
00& year1=1913& year2=2014) United States Bureau of
Labor
Statistics[10][10] von Drehle, p. 118.[11][11] Stein, p.
224[12][12] Stein p.33[13][13] von Drehl, p.118[14][14] von Drehle,
119[15][15] von Drehle, 131[16] von Drehle, 1412[17] Lange, Brenda.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Infobase Publishing, 2008,
page 58[18] PBS: "Introduction: Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. pbs.
org/ wgbh/ americanexperience/ features/ introduction/
triangle-intro/ ), accessed
March 1, 2011[19] von Drehle, 1434[20][20] von Drehle, p.
157[21][21] von Drehl, p.126[22] Waldman, Labor Lawyer, E.P. Dutton
& Co., pp. 3233.[23] " 141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory
Fire". (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=980CE1D61331E233A25755C2A9659C946096D6CF) The New York
Times, March 26, 1911. Accessed December 20, 2009.[24][24] von
Drehle, passim[25] "In Memoriam: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire."
(http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1997/ 03/ 26/ nyregion/
in-memoriam-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire. html?scp=4&
sq=triangle shirtwaist fire& st=cse) The New York Times, March
26, 1997.[26] "The Triangle Factory Fire". (http:/ / www. ilr.
cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ ) The Kheel Center, Cornell
University.[27] "98th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire". (http:/ / www. nyc. gov/ html/ fdny/ html/ events/
2009/ 032709a. shtml) New
York City Fire Department.[28] "Labor Department Remembers 95th
Anniversary of Sweatshop Fire". (http:/ / www. labor. state. ny.
us/ pressreleases/ 2006/
March21_2006. htm) U.S. Department of Labor.[29][29] Stein,
passim[30] von Drehle, 27183[31] von Drehle, 1557[32] Evergreens
Cemetery reports that there were originally eight burials, one male
and six females, along with some unidentified remains. One
of the female victims was later identified and her body removed
to another cemetery. Other accounts do not mention the unidentified
remainsat all. Rose Freedman was the last living survivor of the
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.(18932001)
[33] Swanson, Lillian. "A Grave Marker Unveiled for Six Triangle
Fire Victims Who Had Been Unknowns" (http:/ / www. forward.
com/articles/ 136891/ ) Jewish Daily Forward (April 8, 2011)
[34][34] Stein p. 158[35][35] von Drehl, p.220[36] Hoenig, John
M. "The Triangle Fire of 1911" (http:/ / www. fisheries. vims. edu/
hoenig/ pdfs/ Triangle. pdf), History Magazine, April/May
2005.[37] "Seek Way to Lessen Factory Dangers" (http:/ / query.
nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract.
html?res=F00F1EF63A5517738DDDA80994D8415B818DF1D3& ), New
York Times (October 11, 1911), accessed February 8, 2011[38] "At
the State Archives: Online Exhibit Remembers the Triangle
Shirtwaist Fire" New York Archives (Summer 2011)
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 10
[39] New York Times: "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds,"
October 14, 1911 (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/
abstract.html?res=F60F15F73A5517738DDDAD0994D8415B818DF1D3& ),
accessed February 8, 2011
[40] Greenwald, Richard A. The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of
Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York
(Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 2005), 128
[41] The Economist, " Triangle Shirtwaist: The birth of the New
Deal (http:/ / www. economist. com/ node/
18396085?story_id=18396085)", 19March 2011, p. 39.
[42] Greenhouse, Steven. "City Room:In a Tragedy, a Mission to
Remember" (http:/ / cityroom. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2011/ 03/
19/in-a-tragedy-a-mission-to-remember/ ?scp=5& sq=triangle&
st=cse/ ) New York Times (March 19, 2011)
[43] Jannuzzi, Kristine. "NYU Commemorates the 100th Anniversary
of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" (http:/ / alumni. nyu.
edu/ s/ 1068/index. aspx?sid=1068& gid=1& pgid=2025). NYU
Alumni Connect (January 2011) on the New York University
website
[44] Solis, Hilda L. "What the Triangle Shirtwaist fire means
for workers now" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/
opinions/what-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-means-for-workers-now/
2011/ 03/ 15/ ABVAFIs_story. html) Washington Post (March 18.
2011)
[45] Molyneux, Michael. "City Lore: Memorials in Chalk" (http:/
/ www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 04/ 03/ nyregion/ thecity/ 03tria.
html?_r=2) NewYork Times (April 3, 2005)
[46] Fouhy, Beth. "NYC marks 100th anniversary of Triangle fire"
(http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 42273592/ ns/
business-us_business/ )Associated Press (March 25, 2011) on
MSNBC.com
[47] Safronova, Valeriya and Hirshon, Nicholas. "Remembering
tragic 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist inferno, marchers flood Greenwich
Villagestreets" (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ ny_local/ 2011/
03/
26/2011-03-26_remembering_tragic_blaze_1911_triangle_shirtwaist_inferno_claimed_146_lives.
html) New York Daily News (March 26, 2011)
[48] "Bells" (http:/ / rememberthetrianglefire. org/ bells/ ) on
the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition website[49] Swanson,
Lillian. "Paying Tribute To the Fires Pained Legacy" (http:/ / www.
forward. com/ articles/ 135642/ ) Jewish Daily Forward
(March 4, 2011)[50] Saulnier, Beth. "Mass Appeal" (http:/ /
cornellalumnimagazine. com/ index. php?option=com_content&
task=view& id=1012) Cornell
Alumni Magazine (March/April 2011)[51] IMDb: Children of Eve
(1915) (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0005084/ combined)
Retrieved 2012-07-10.[52][52] , accessed February 18, 2011[53]
Lefkowitz, David. "OOB's DTW Runs Out of Birdseed, April 2" (http:/
/ www. playbill. com/ news/ article/
51761-OOBs-DTW-Runs-Out-of-Birdseed-April-2). Playbill.com[54]
"One Hundred Forty-Six: A Moving Memorial to the Victims of the
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire" (http:/ /
rememberthetrianglefire.
org/ 2012/ 03/
one-hundred-forty-six-a-moving-memorial-to-the-victims-of-the-1911-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire/
) on the Remember theTriangle Fire website
Bibliography
Stein, Leon (1962). The Triangle Fire (http:/ / books. google.
com/ books?id=zMu0zgnfNAUC&printsec=frontcover& dq=the+
triangle+ fire#v=onepage& q& f=false). Cornell University
Press.ISBN0-8014-8714-5.
von Drehle, David (2003). Triangle: The Fire That Changed
America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.ISBN0-87113-874-3.
Further reading
Auch, Mary Jane (2002). Ashes of Roses. Henry Holt Books for
Young Readers. ISBN0-8050-6686-1. Chernoff, Alan. "Remembering the
Triangle Fire 100 years later" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2011/ 03/
24/ news/
Triangle_fire_centennial/ index. htm?hpt=C1). CNN/Money (March
25, 2011) Haddix, Margaret Peterson (2007). Uprising. Simon &
Schuster Children's Publishing. ISBN978-1-4169-1171-5. Kolen, Amy
(Spring 2001). "Fire". The Massachusetts Review 42 (1): 1336. JSTOR
25091716 (http:/ / www.
jstor. org/ stable/ 25091716). Sosinsky, Leigh (2011). The New
York City Triangle Factory Fire. Charleston, South Carolina:
Arcadia
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7403-5 Weber, Katharine (2006).
Triangle. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-28142-7.
-
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 11
External linksGeneral
Chronology of events (http:/ / www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/
projects/ ftrials/ triangle/ trianglechrono. html) "Triangle
Factory Fire" (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/ trianglefire/ ),
Cornell University Library Triangle Fire Open Archive (http:/ /
rememberthetrianglefire. org/ open-archive/ ) Booknotes interview
with David Von Drehle on Triangle: The Fire That Changed America
(http:/ / www.
booknotes. org/ Watch/ 177888-1/ David+ Von+ Drehle. aspx)
(October 5, 2003) Triangle Fire (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/
americanexperience/ films/ triangle/ player/ ) An American
Experience DocumentaryContemporaneous accounts
"Eyewitness at the Triangle" (http:/ / www. ilr. cornell. edu/
trianglefire/ texts/ stein_ootss/
ootss_wgs.html?location=Fire!)
1911 McClure Magazine article (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=IBZykg_-9IAC& pg=PA466-IA2& ) (seepages
455483)
Trial
Complete Transcript Of Triangle Trial: People Vs. Isaac Harris
and Max Blanck (http:/ / digitalcommons. ilr.cornell. edu/ cgi/
viewcontent. cgi?article=1017& context=triangletrans)
"Famous Trials: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trial" (http:/ /
www. law. umkc. edu/ faculty/ projects/ ftrials/triangle/
trianglefire. html)
1912 New York Court record (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=LIA7AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA50& ) (see pp.4850)
Articles
"Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building" (http:/ / www. nps. gov/
history/ nr/ travel/ pwwmh/ ny30. htm), NationalPark Service
"Remembering the Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www. forward. com/
articles/ 10531/ ), Jewish Daily Forward "Coming Full Circle on
Triangle Factory Fire" (http:/ / www. forward. com/ articles/
134959/ ), Jewish Daily
Forward "The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: The fire that changed
America" (http:/ / failuremag. com/ feature/ article/
the_triangle_shirtwaist_fire/ ), Failure magazine New York, NY
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Disaster, Mar 1911 (http:/ / www3.
gendisasters. com/ new-york/ 2063/
new-york,-ny-triangle-building-fire-disaster,-mar-1911) at
GenDisasters.com.Memorials and centennial
Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition 19112011 (http:/ /
rememberthetrianglefire. org/ ) Conference: "Out of the Smoke and
the Flame: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and its Legacy" (http:/
/
trianglefireconference. org/ index. htm) CHALK: annual community
commemoration (http:/ / streetpictures. org/ chalk/ ) "City of
Memory: Bell Ringing on the Triangle Fire" (http:/ / www.
cityofmemory. org/ map/ index. php#/ story/
2384/ ) Rosenfeld's Requiem (http:/ / historymatters. gmu. edu/
d/ 5479/ ), a poem about the victims of the fire by Morris
Rosenfeld first published in the Jewish Daily Forward on March
29, 1911 Triangle Returns (http:/ / www. youtube. com/
watch?v=noL8nFSzsDc). Institute for Global Labour and Human
Rights, March 22, 2011
-
Article Sources and Contributors 12
Article Sources and ContributorsTriangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605686417
Contributors: 172, 3Bagger, 78.26, 7mike5000, 86.** IP, A8UDI, ABF,
AEMoreira042281,AZDub, Abce2, AbigailAbernathy, Abrech, Acalamari,
Achowat, Acroterion, ActivExpression, Addshore, Against the
current, Agrumer, Aichik, Ajaxkroon, AlanM1, Alansohn, Aleksa
Lukic,Alex3yoyo, Alexf, Alexius08, Amatulic, Anchoress, Andonic,
Andy, AnnaKucsma, Appraiser, Arthur Smart, Auntof6, Autocracy,
Avoided, Baalthrog, Barbarossa83, Bender235, Beyond MyKen,
Bgpaulus, BillFlis, Billhpike, Binabik80, Binky, Biruitorul,
Bkberry, Bleakcomb, Blood Red Sandman, Blueroselighthouse,
Bmclaughlin9, Bob5476, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca,Bowbridge,
Brian Eisley, Brownsusan, Brucevdk, Bry9000, Bugerking1, Bwmcmaste,
C.J. Griffin, CWenger, Calicocat, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will
eat me, Carcharoth, Carrite, Catdude,Cathardic, Chaser2, Chasnor15,
CheshireKatz, Chris 73, ChrisGualtieri, Circeus, Cla68, Cobaltcigs,
Connormah, CopperSquare, Corfe83, Cpl Syx, Cretanforever,
Crouchend, Cruccone, Curps,Cymru.lass, D6, DMacks, DVdm, Dale
Arnett, Dan100, DancingPenguin, Dancter, DangApricot, Danny,
Darthflyer, DeathByDC10, Denisarona, Deor, Designquest10, Diannaa,
Discospinster,Dlae, Dmadeo, Dogears, Doncram, Donner60, Download,
Drappel, DreamGuy, Dthomsen8, Dwalls, DylanLeeBlanchard, ERcheck,
Eastlaw, Ebyabe, Ed Cormany, Edward, Elipongo, Eliz81,Elkman,
Elmmapleoakpine, Entheta, Epbr123, Epicgenius, Era404, EronMain,
EsterRosepink, Excirial, Expewikiwriter, Eyesnore, Farras Octara,
Fastily, Fazjane, Fbv65edel, Flyer22,FlyingChanges, Fordmadoxfraud,
Fraggle81, Frankie816, Fullsock, Gango1212, Gblock71, Godgundam10,
GoodDamon, Green Cardamom, GregU, Grim23, Groyolo, Guanaco55,
Guoguo12,Gwernol, Gxti, Hailey C. Shannon, HamburgerRadio,
Hamtechperson, Harlem9875, Hemme82, Hertz1888, Hike395, Hmains,
HueSatLum, Hugo999, IRP, IceBurrg93, Iheartrentandwicked,ImaCowLol,
Infrogmation, Interlingua, Ionescuac, Iridescent, It Is Me Here,
Italo Svevo, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JDspeeder1, JHFTC, Jackyd101,
Jalapama, James086, JamesAM, Jcurtis, Jedikaiti,JeffBobFrank,
Jeffrd10, Jengod, Jennavecia, Jevansen, Jhchawk, Jmlk17, Joemallen,
John Cline, John Nevard, Jokestress, Jomasecu, Josejmnz, Joseph A.
Spadaro, Joshray88, Jovianeye,JustAGal, KConWiki, KGasso, Kasyapa,
Katalaveno, Kaushik1000, Keegate, Keilana, Ken Gallager,
Kendroberts, Khukri, Kilmer-san, Kootenayvolcano, Krellis,
LadyNorbert, Leszek Jaczuk,LibLord, Lightrefracted, Ling.Nut,
Lledenham, Lotje, Lucky dog, Lugia2453, MK, MK2, MacPhilbin,
Magioladitis, Magus732, Majorly, MarcWmA, Mareino,
Marianeditorwest, Marinerdawg,MateoCorazon, Materialscientist,
Matthew Yeager, Mav, MaxVeers, Mcoupal, Mdawg728, Meggar, Melmann,
Mets501, Michael Hardy, MicoFils, Mike65535, Minimac,
Mjc1821,Molly-in-md, Monty845, Moorespoint, MosheA, MrOllie,
MusikAnimal, Nakon, Naniwako, Narayansg, Nasnema, Ncc1701,
NellieBly, Nerdygeek101, New worl, Niagara, Nibi, Niels, NightGyr,
Nikiniki, Nooooooooodont, Nuno Tavares, Nv8200p, O.Koslowski, Oden,
Oneofsix, Orde lees, Orenburg1, Ottawahitech, Paigemeadows123, Paul
Klenk, PaulinSaudi, Peterl, Pharaoh of theWizards, Pharos,
Phil1988, Philip Trueman, Philosopher, Piledhigheranddeeper,
Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Pokemon324, Pontificalibus, Popnini,
Postdlf, Prolog, Pseudo-Richard, Pubdog,Pythasis, QAWXPbC64,
Qdiderot, Quebec99, RJaguar3, Randall Barlow, Raven4x4x,
Razorflame, RedHillian, RedSoxFan274, Remember, RevelationDirect,
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Sexychocolate13, Shadowjams, Shelog, Shipnerd62962, Shirtwaist,
Shortride, Shsilver,Shunpiker, Sjones23, Slash, Slaunius, Sm8900,
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TexasAndroid, Tfordrshc, Tgeairn, The Illusive Man, The Thing That
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Tslocum, Turian, Turq, TwoOneTwo, Uffa678, Ugen64, Ukexpat,
Ultraaa18,VMS Mosaic, Varlaam, Vegaswikian, Verne Equinox,
Versus22, Vrenator, W guice, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Wayward,
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Winstono1,Wobblynate, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, Wsanzone, Wstclair13,
Wuzzy, Wwhyte, Wysprgr2005, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yintan, Yoyology,
Yt95, Zoicon5, rdRuadh21, 1, 1056 anonymousedits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Image of Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25 - 1911.jpg
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Image_of_Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire_on_March_25_-_1911.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors:
unknownImage:TriangleFireengine crop.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TriangleFireengine_crop.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: George Grantham
BainCollection; cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:35, 28 March
2011 (UTC)Image:Triangle Windows.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Windows.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: BiruitorulImage:Triangle
Bodies.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Bodies.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors:
BiruitorulImage:Audio-input-microphone.svg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Audio-input-microphone.svg
License: unknown Contributors: The people from the Tango!
projectImage:Triangle Shirtwaist coffins.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown
authorImage:TriangleTradeParade.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TriangleTradeParade.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: Bain News Service photograph
/George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of
Congress).Image:Triangle Fire Grave.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Fire_Grave.jpg
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
AparverFile:Triangle Fire Coalition logo.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Fire_Coalition_logo.jpg
License: Free Art License Contributors: Artie04File:Triangle
Shirtwaist Fire Centennial Memorial crop.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle_Shirtwaist_Fire_Centennial_Memorial_crop.jpg
License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:
Image_language (Jeffrey Riman); cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk)
04:20, 28 March 2011 (UTC)Image:Triangle33.JPG Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangle33.JPG
License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Remember the Triangle
Fire Coalition
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike
3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fireFireAftermathConsequences and
legacyRemember the Triangle Fire CoalitionCentennialPermanent
memorial
In popular cultureReferencesExternal links
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