Triage as a core sorting strategy in extreme core arrival ... · Triage as a core sorting strategy in extreme core arrival scenarios Saeed Z. Gavidel* and J. L . Rickli * Correspondence:
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RESEARCH Open Access
Triage as a core sorting strategy in extremecore arrival scenariosSaeed Z. Gavidel* and J. L. Rickli
* Correspondence:[email protected] of Industrial andSystems Engineering, Wayne StateUniversity, 4815 Fourth Street,Detroit, MI, USA
Abstract
Surveys have indicated that the remanufacturing industry is concerned about thenecessity of agile and prioritized core sorting due to its potential benefits to optimalcore inventory and condition assessment, both at equipment and component levels.As such, core sorting holds a pivotal role in remanufacturing operations, however,extreme core arrivals, its stochastic nature and resulting sorting issues, warranttargeted modelling and analysis. This paper is devoted to triage as an agile sortingstrategy in extreme arrival scenarios that can be utilized as a complementary coresorting strategy. A statistical model of extreme core arrivals is developed based onExtreme Value (EV) theory and related Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Fréchet(Fisher-Tippett type-II) distributions. The model is applied to extreme arrivals of valvesin an industrial valve repair shop. Using a large sample size, distribution parametersare estimated and the stochastic behaviour of the extreme valve arrivals is evaluatedand verified. An analogy between medical triage and remanufacturing triage isdiscussed, the results and applicability of extreme value analysis in remanufacturedvalve arrivals is presented, and a generic framework for prioritization of triagestrategies is introduced.
Keywords: Generalized Extreme Value (GEV); Triage; Remanufacturing; Sorting
IntroductionTypically, upon arrival, cores are sorted according to their quality level [1]. Sorting
operations are of great concern for cost of quality (COQ) activities [2], due to uncer-
tain core quality, quantity, and return timing. Acquired core condition often has high
quality variability, which, along with extreme quantity variability and the likelihood
of non-remanufacturability of some cores, imposes prioritization in core sorting pro-
cesses. In some circumstances, such as extreme arrivals of remanufactured cores, due
to scarcity of available operational and time resources, agile and perhaps inaccurate
sorting, i.e. triage, is beneficial under operational, timing, inventory, and market
requirements.
As such, extreme value core arrivals, its stochastic nature and resulting sorting issues
warrant targeted modelling and analysis. The main motivation of this research is mod-
elling of less-expected but extreme value core arrivals to remanufacturing facilities and
proposing triage as an operational tool and strategy to manage these rare but critical
events. Remanufacturing triage can be used to mitigate or even prevent adverse dimen-
sions of unpreparedness such as business sluggishness in highly demanding and
mand and managerial requirements, (3) rank the performance of triage strategies
based on single or multi-objectives (cost, revenue, time to return to normal oper-
ation, etc.) and recommend a triage strategy. It should be noted that after selection
of the most appropriate triage strategy, a virtual experimental analysis can be set
up to determine the significant factors of the process and their effects on the
process. Based on Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques, best settings of the
process factors can be achieved and even this process can be optimized by
methods such as Response Surface Method (RSM).
Fig. 7 Return period vs. return level plot
Table 7 Observed vs. Predicted arrivals for GEV and normal scenarios
Bin Observed PredictedprobabilityGEV
PredictedfrequencyGEV
Predictedprobabilitynormal
Predictedfrequencynormal
Predictedprobabilitypoisson
Predictedfrequencypoisson
0–25 34 0.8298 33 0.7747 31 0.99987 40
0–50 35 0.9263 37 0.9876 40 1 40
0–75 37 0.9542 38 0.9999 40 1 40
0–100 37 0.9672 39 1 40 1 40
0–125 40 0.9746 39 1 40 1 40
0–150 40 0.9794 39 1 40 1 40
0–175 40 0.9827 39 1 40 1 40
Gavidel and Rickli Journal of Remanufacturing (2015) 5:9 Page 11 of 13
ConclusionsCentral tendency core sorting approaches may not be the sole approach to address core
sorting in remanufacturing. In extreme value core arrivals, agile and perhaps less accur-
ate sorting strategies are suggested to balance available resource capacity. In remanu-
facturing business systems, the common approach for modelling of core arrivals is
primarily based on utilization of central tendency approaches such as Poisson or Nor-
mal distributions that are shown to not adequately characterize EV scenarios. Hence,
having targeted models for extreme core arrivals is critical to developing complete sort-
ing strategies. It was shown that the EV approach is a powerful tool to evaluate such
rare but highly impactful situations and assist decision makers. A generic framework of
triage strategy prioritization and selection is also introduced.
As a contribution to remanufacturing from a practical scope, triage (modelled with
EV) can be used as a complementary sorting approach to major sorting strategies. As
mentioned, an EV approach assists decision makers to have stronger prediction abil-
ities, especially for gatekeeping and core acquisition purposes, and this will protect
remanufacturing business from losses resulting from extreme situations and associated
consequences such as overstocking, overproduction, or losses due to sluggish response
to market pull. The major contribution of this research is the application of EV theory
to remanufacturing core sorting. EV approaches grant unique opportunities to open
scopes to future researches, such as investigation of multivariate models for EV scenar-
ios and other triage strategies for optimization of core acquisition in EV scenarios.
Overall, results indicate that EV is a powerful tool in dealing with extreme value sce-
narios in remanufacturing industry and utilization of this tool as a sorting approach in
combination with other sorting strategies can enhance remanufacturing operations.
Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Fig. 8 Triage strategy prioritization and selection generic framework
Gavidel and Rickli Journal of Remanufacturing (2015) 5:9 Page 12 of 13
Authors’ contributionsSZG and JLR investigated the core flows to remanufacturing service facilities in extreme scenarios, while previousworks were dominantly focused on non-extremecases. EV theory used for modelling the extreme events in remanufac-turing core flows. A general analogy between triage as an agile sorting strategy in medicine and coretriage in remanu-facturing proposed. A generic framework for triage methods prioritization developed. All authors read and approvedthe final manuscript.
Received: 2 September 2015 Accepted: 21 September 2015
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