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Trends and challenges
in
Engineering geodesy
Rudolf STAIGER
[email protected]
46. Geodetski dan: GEODET INŽENIR
46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN ENGINEERMaribor, 16. marec 2018
International Federation of SurveyorsFéderation Internationale des GéomètresInternationale Vereinigung der Vermessungsingenieure
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
• Introduction
• What is Engineering Surveying?
• Historical Development of Surveying Instruments
• Measurement Technology Today
– Instruments
– User’s / Manufacturer’s / Metrologist‘s view
– Limits of Accuracy?
• Surveying project – yesterday today
• Surveyor „4.0“ Surveyor „1.0/2.0/3.0“
• Conclusions
Contents
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
What is Engineering Surveying?
Engineering Surveying
Objects
Tunnel
Bridge
Dam
Railroad
Highway
High Building
Industrial plant
Accelerator
Interaction when…?
Planning
construction
Monitoring during entirelifetime of the object
Artificial objects
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
201519901924Archaic
Periode1590
Optical
Periode
Elektro-Optical
PeriodeMulti-Sensor
Periode
OpticalArchaic Electro-Optical Multi-Sensor
Surveying Instruments Technical Development in 4 Phases
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Technical progress since 1990
Time (Years)
Performance Effort / Costs
Dimensions
weight
expenses
Measurement time
Digital Registration
Compensators
Calculating Instruments
Application Programs
Motorization
Remote Control
Target Recognition
Target Tracking
Reflectorless
Combination with GNSS
Videotacheometry
Tacheometry GNSS
… in Post Processing
RTK
CORS-RTK
Combined withTacheometry
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The surveying equipment – today – single points
Height MeasurementsGNSS
Digital Level Rotating Level
Tacheometrie
Binoculars+ EDM+ compass
Laser RadarTachymeter Laser Tracker Hand-Distancemeter
Smartphone
GNSS-Rover
GNSS-Base station
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The surveying equipment – today – mass points
Camera Sensors
Stadt Biberach(Trimble)
Airborne Laser Scanner
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
NMT1 - Ground Penetrating Radar
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
NMT2 - Radar Interferometry
Source: http://www.igm-geophysik.de
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
NMT3 – Fibre Optics for Deformation Measurement
Source: https://www.marshall.edu
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Is UAV – just a Hype or .... ?
Image from INTERGEO 2014 Flight Zone
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
UAV
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Measurement – the Customer’s View
80% of our measurements are not controlled !
The user is convinced that his results are true!
He does not care for a regular check of the entire equipment!
Product life cycles (3 – 5 years) are too short!
The customer is using the instrument like a Black box
… and like an Office-software
Black box
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Measurement – the Manufacturer’s view
Market concentrationSurveying is easy
Some Products are inspired by others!
Not every product, which could bedeveloped technically … appears on the market!
1. Fully automated leveling system
Kern Mekometer ME 5000
2. Highprecision-distance-measurement-device
Reasons for a new product...?
• New or improved functionality
• Non-availability of electronic components
• Reduction of manufacturing costs
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Measurement – the Metrologist’s View
All instruments are fulfilling their specifications !
The traceability of geodetic measurements to
national standards is not always given!
Measurement system
Geometrical Qualityof our measurements?
The measurements are not always
carried out with sufficient care!
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The limits of accuracy - yesterday
- multiple measurements- observer was directly involved in the measurement
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The limits of accuracy- today 1
error rel. n/n
T = ± 1 K ± 110-6
p = ± 1 hPa ± 0,310-6
e = ± 1 hPa ± 0,0410-6
1. Distances
Speed of propagation of light
in the atmopshere
refraction index n
2. Heights
vertical refraction vertical temperature gradient dzdn
desired acquisition: 0,01 K/m
3. Angles Horizontal refraction
]K/m[]m[033,0]mgon[)( TgrdDT
example grd T = 0,5 K/m, D = 500m -> = 8,2 mgon
horizontal temperature gradientdxdn
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The limits of accuracy- today 2
Influenced by…
• optical plumet (well adjusted?)
• tripod
• Spirit level
• experience of the operator
MeasurementsMeasurements
Leveling & centering
?
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The surveying tasks – in the past and today
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The different phases of a surveying project
In the past
Time
Presence
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The planning phase today 1
Data format• Measurement data• Reference Data• Final product
LatencyTime delay
0.1 s …several months
ActualityRefreshment
period?
LODLOD=Level of Detail
Density of information
Geometrical quality
Trueness, Accuracy, Repeatability, uncertainty…
Product types
Map Numerical analysis
visualization
3D model
interactive model
Process data for machine guidance
-…
step 1 define the final product
Definition of the finalproduct(s)
Step 2
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
The planning phase today 2
Requirements fulfilled?
No
Yes
step 2define the data acquisition and the data processing
Data processingstrategy
Data acquisitionstrategy
Choice of….
Software for data
processing
Instruments …types and
models
Time frame
Object size
Environmental conditions
Vibrationsrefractionobject sensitivityobstacles security aspects,..
dependencies
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
1924
Optical
1990
Electro-Optical
The Surveyor in these different periods
2018
Multi-Sensor
Good eyes!
Good mechanic!
Good calculator!
Weatherproofed!
Surveyor 2.0
1590
Su
rve
yo
r 1
.0
Good eyes!
Good mechanic!
HP-41
MainframePC
Good calculator!
Weatherproofed!
Surveyor 3.0
Good eyes!
Good calculator!
Weatherproofed!
Good mechanic!
Surveyor 4.0
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Comparison SURVEYOR 4.0 Surveyor 1.0 / 2.0
/ 3.0
Past = Surveyor 1.0-3.0
• The tasks are dynamic
• Multi-Use of data
• For each task several solutions!
• Engineers / Managers work
• the procedures are changing
• Decisions to be taken
• The tasks were static and welldefined
• Mono-Use of data
• for each task = 1 solution!
• Craftsmen / Engineers work
• the procedures are clear
• no decisions
Mapping
• Secret or limited access• expensive
• Public good• Free of charge
Surveying
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Conclusion
Master the entire process
Planification
Uncertainty budget
Validation
Proof building
Data treatment
Data analysis
Visualization
Presentation
The SURVEYOR 4.0
SURVEYOR 1.0/2.0/3.0
Master the instrument
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46th Slovenian Land Surveying Day: LAND SURVEYOR AS AN
ENGINEER
March 16th 2018
Your customer wants ....“Good + cheap + fast“….????
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Thank youfor your attention!