11/23/2009 1 DECIDUOUS TREES Advanced Master Gardener Training 2009 Mike Maddox H i l Ed Deciduous trees Horticulture Educator Rock County UW-Extension Director of Education Rotary Botanical Gardens ISA Certified Arborist http://rock.uwex.edu/hort password: tree Overview What is “stress”? General overview Acute vs chronic Primary vs secondary Biotic vs abiotic Specific problems Acer Betula Fraxinus Malus P Major stresses Soil and site problems Physiological disorders Physical / mechanical injury Architectural problems Insects Diseases Prunus Quercus Tilia Ulmus Society of Municipal Arborists- Tree of the Year Average Tree Age per Site 150 100 120 140 160 7 32 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 downtown avg. city site best city site rural site What is stress? Stress Condition in which a tree is not in good health Factors promoting plant health are out of balance Light, Air, Water, Nutrients, etc. Types of stress Acute stress Disorder that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time Chronic stress Disorder occurring over a long period of time Nutritional imbalance, Examples: pesticide sprays, frosts or freezes, mechanical injury, etc. improper soil pH, long term weather changes, incorrect light intensity, etc.
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11/23/2009
1
DECIDUOUS TREESAdvanced Master Gardener Training 2009
Mike MaddoxH i l Ed
Deciduous trees
Horticulture EducatorRock County UW-ExtensionDirector of EducationRotary Botanical GardensISA Certified Arborist
http://rock.uwex.edu/hortpassword: tree
Overview
What is “stress”?General overview
Acute vs chronicPrimary vs secondaryBiotic vs abiotic
Specific problemsAcerBetulaFraxinusMalusPMajor stresses
Soil and site problemsPhysiological disordersPhysical / mechanical injuryArchitectural problemsInsectsDiseases
PrunusQuercusTiliaUlmus
Society of Municipal Arborists- Tree of the Year
Average Tree Age per Site
150
100
120
140
160
7
32
60
0
20
40
60
80
100
downtown avg. city site best city site rural site
What is stress?
StressCondition in which a tree is not in good healthFactors promoting plant health are out of balance
Light, Air, Water, Nutrients, etc.g
Types of stress
Acute stressDisorder that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time
Chronic stressDisorder occurring over a long period of time
Nutritional imbalance, Examples: pesticide sprays, frosts or freezes, mechanical injury, etc.
improper soil pH, long term weather changes, incorrect light intensity, etc.
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Types of stress
Biotic stressDisorder that occurs from a living organism
Examples: insect feeding,
Abiotic stressDisorder occurring from a non-living source
Primary (inciting) stressUsually a chronic factor effecting the plant’s overall health
Secondary stressUsually a biotic factor that compounds the stress
Examples: nutrient imbalance, improper soil pH, construction damage, weather, etc.
Disease or insect pest
Soil and site problemsPhysiological disorders
General Examples of Stress
Physical and mechanical injuriesInsects and other pestsDiseases
Soil and Site Problems
Root related problems difficult to diagnose WHY?Symptoms typically appear on trunk and canopyTypically abiotic, chronic, primary stress
Compacted soilCompacted soilSalt usageSoil pHSoil water holding capacityGrade changes and soil layering
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Soil and Site Problems
Soil compaction is extremely difficult, expensive, and often impractical to correct once it has occurredAvoid grade changes and soil compaction in the Critical Root Zone (CRZ) or Radius (CRZ)( ) ( )
Gary Watson, Morton Arboretum Unfertilized (at recommended turf rates)
Fertilized(over recommended turf rates)
Low root density
TurfLow root density
Normal carbohydrate storage
Low root density
Low carbohydrate storage
MulchHigh root density
Normal carbohydrate storage
High root density
Low carbohydrate storage
Physiological Disorders
Insufficient water~1” of water per week
Girdling rootsProper plantingProper planting
Nutrient imbalanceProper fertility regime‘Right Tree, Right Place’
Physical and Mechanical Injury
Typically acute stressFull extent of damage cannot be immediately assessed
Fire injuryFire injuryAnimal feedingLightningLawn mower damageVandalism (or stupid stuff)
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Physical and Mechanical Injury
Fire injuryUse appropriate controlled-burn strategies
Animal feedingUse tree wrap and fencing to protectp g pMay be associated with other stress
ie. Woodpeckers & borers
LightningInstall lightning protection in trees on special trees
Vandalism (and stupid stuff) Lawn mower damage
Mulch trees and educate the person with the weed-whip!
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Architectural Problems
Improper pruningDouble leadersIncluded bark
ed. Restart your
Proper Pruning Cut
3 Point CutUndercutStub cutCut at branch collar
Best in dormant season
“Flush Cut”“Flush Cut”
“Stub Cut”“Stub Cut”
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Family A’s Tree -Not Pruned When Young
Family B’s Tree
At Planting 3-4 Yrs. 5-7 Yrs. 15 Years later
Family B s Tree -Pruned When Young
Insects
Many insects, harmful or not, may live on plantDifferent life stages may be harmful to plantMost insect damage is result of feeding activityBi ti d t i ll d tBiotic and typically secondary stress
Leaf feeding insects vs Wood boring insects
ARD
C
Scars the Scars the xylem tissuexylem tissue on the on the surface of the sapwoodsurface of the sapwood
Feeds on Feeds on phloem tissuephloem tissue just just under the barkunder the bark
Cour
tesy
of
D.
Her
ms,
OSU
/ O
A
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Insects
Develop IPM strategy for insect controlResistant varieties
i.e. don’t plant ash trees?
Scouting and monitoringScouting and monitoringPreventative measures
Systemic insecticide, inspect incoming stock, etc.
Curative measures
Diseases
Susceptible host, pathogen, and favorable environment must be present for infection to formMost pathogens are host specificPart of tree affected indicates severity of diseasePart of tree affected indicates severity of disease
Leaves, stems, trunks, roots, flowersCosmetic vs. fatal
Biotic, chronic or acute, typically secondary
Diseases
Develop IPM strategy for disease controlResistant varietiesScouting and monitoringP t ti Preventative measures
Preventative pesticide applications, pruning, disinfect tools, sanitation, etc.
Curative measures?
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Reducing Plant Stress
“Right Plant, Right Place”Proper watering and nutritionProper maintenance (planting, pruning)IPM tiIPM, scoutingResources
Woody ornamental pest management in Wisconsin, (A3597) www.isa-arbor.com , www.treecareindustry.org
AcerB l
Species Specific Issues
QuercusBetulaFraxinusMalusPrunus
TiliaUlmusGleditsia
Tree Selection
For a healthy urban forest…No more than 10% of any single tree species.No more than 20% of any tree genus.No more than 30% of any tree family.N 30% y y
(Frank Santamour, Jr. 1990. METRIA 7)
Acer sp. (Maple)
Family AceraceaeAbout 110-120 species of trees & shrubsAcer (maple)Dipteronia- occurs only in China
Mostly N. HemisphereM y N pLeaves
opposite, simple and palmatelyveined or palmately or pinnately compound.
Fruitsamara
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Acer sp. (Maple)
InsectsAphids**Cottony maple scale*Erinium gall miteFall cankerworm**Leafhopper*
Green- very adaptable, “green trash”, leaf loss, susceptible to many problems, OVERPLANTEDWhite- more ornamental than green, cleaner, overplantedpBlue- square stems, not as adaptable as others
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Fraxinus sp. (Ash)
Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)Attacks ALL Fraxinus!
Malus sp. (Crabapples)
Family Rosaceae (Rose) 97-100 genera, 3000 speciesWorld-wide distributionVery diverse: herbs to small treesV y v
Rosa (rose)Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)Fragaria (strawberry)Pyrus (pear)
Fall webwormGypsy mothJapanese beetleScaleShothole borerSpider mites
Powdery mildew
Malus sp. (Crabapples)
Native varieties often lack disease/insect resistance (M. ioensis)Breeding for disease resistance, flower color, fruit size & persistencepSuckers and watersprouts
Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)
Also Rosaceae familyAccording to Dirr…
Over 400 species of Prunus many difficult to distinguishMany insect and disease problemsMany insect and disease problemsDo not look upon as long-term garden investments
Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)
LeavesAlternate, simple, serrated
FlowersFive-petalled showyFive-petalled, showy
Fruit1 seeded drupe of various shapes, stone fruit often enclosed
Purple leaf sand cherry (P. x cistena)-OVERPLANTED, JB, BKAmerican red plum (P. americana)- roadside waste land, BK,
Quercus sp. (Oak)
Family Fagaceae (Beech)7 genera, 800-1000 speciesTemperate and tropical N. HemisphereCastanea (chestnut)C ( )Fagus (beech)
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Quercus sp. (Oak)
LeavesAlternate, simple, usually pinnately veined
FruitNutNut
Quercus sp. (Oak)
InsectsAphids**Fall cankerworm**Fall webworm**
More InsectsOak leaf skeletonizerSpider mitesSpring cankerworm
Galls*LacebugLecanium scaleOakleaf miner
p gTwig prunerTwo-lined chestnut borerYellownecked caterpillar
Quercus sp. (Oak)
DiseasesAnthracnose*Leaf spots**Oak wilt**
Misc.Alkaline soil induced chlorosis
Root and butt rot
Quercus sp. (Oak)
Rounded leaves1 year to bear acorn
Pointed leaves2 years to bear acorns
White Oak Group Red Oak Group
yPhysiologically resistant to oak wilt
yVery susceptible to oak wilt
Quercus sp. (Oak)
White (Q. alba)- difficult to produce and transplant, slow growing; subject to decline with urbanizationSwamp white (Q. bicolor)- moist bottomland species, chlorotic
1998 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists
Bur (Q. macrocarpa) highly variable leaf description, “more tolerant of urban conditions than most oaks” (M. Dirr)Red (Q. rubra)- can be adaptable to urban areas, high pH intolerantPin (Q. palustris or Q. ellipsoidalis)- prefers moist soils, high pH intolerant, can be questionable for northern climates.
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Tilia sp. (Linden)
Family Tiliaceae (Linden)50 genera, 450 species of trees, shrubs, herbs world-wideOf family members in N. America, only Tilia is arborescent
San Jose scaleSpring cankerworm**Tussock mothYellownecked caterpillar
Tilia sp. (Linden)
American (T. americana) – native species, soil adaptable but not tolerant to pollution; European selections more ornamental and adaptable, “best left in the woods”, included bark
Redmond (T. americana x T. xeuchlora) -
Little leaf (T. cordata) - easy to transplant, urban tolerant, numerous cultivars, included bark
Ulmus sp. (Elm)
Family Ulmaceae (Elm)18 genera, 150 trees and shrubs, world wideCeltis (hackberry)
Dirr…“Why are elms treated like royalty when they are so fallible?”
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Ulmus sp. (Elm)
LeavesAlternate, pinnately veined, often inequilateral at base
Insects (more)Lecanium scaleSpider mitesSpiny elm caterpillary
Fall cankerwormFall webwormGypsy moth**Leafhopper
p y pSpring cankerwormWooly apple aphidYellownecked caterpillar
Ulmus sp. (Elm)
DiseasesBacterial wetwood (slime flux)Dutch elm disease*Verticillium wilt*Canker*Leaf blister*Leaf spots*
Ulmus sp. (Elm)
American (U. americana)- very adaptable, overused, DEDChinese or lacebark (U. parviflora)- durable and ornamental, DED resistant, underused?Siberian (U. pumila)- adaptable but little ornamental ( p ) pvalue, DED resistant, “a tree that does not deserve to be planted anywhere!” DirrAsiatic hybrids- DED resistant, form?
AccoladeTM (‘Morton’) U. japonica x U. wilsoniana‘Patriot’, ‘Urban’ x selection of U. wilsonianaMANY others – need to question adult form.
Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)
Family Fabaceae (legume)Third largest family of flowering plants with 690-800 genera, 14,000 to 20,000 species of herbs, shrubs, trees, woody vines, world-wide.Cercis (red bud)Gymnocladus (Ky coffeetree)Robinia (locust)Cladrastis (yellowwood)