Tree diversityday2012 ganesan.pptx

Agroforestry  as  strategy  in  dryland  restoration:  experiences  in  India    

Tree  Diversity  Day  11  October  2012,  1030  –  1830  hrs,  Rio  Pavilion  CBD  COP  11    

at the 11th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP 11)

Rengaian  Ganesan  Ashoka  Trust  for  Research  in  Ecology  and  the  Environment  (ATREE)  

Bangalore  

India  with  diverse  forests  and  equally  diverse  vegetation  types      Out  of  17000  species  of  flowering  plants  2863  species  are  trees        

About  69  percent  (228  million  ha)  of  India  is    •  dry  land  –  arid,  semi-­‐arid  and  dry  sub-­‐humid  •  heavily  populated  •  livelihood  and  food  security  

Three  major  programs  on  tree  diversity  at  ATREE    1.  Mapping  and  monitoring  tree  diversity  and  estimating  value  of  ecosystem  

services    2.  Understanding  and  enhancing    the  role  of  tree  diversity  in  livelihoods  ,  using  

participatory  approaches.    3.  Restoring  tree  diversity,  also    using  participatory  approaches  

picture  

MONITORING TREE DIVERSITY AND ESTIMATING VALUE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Changing plant species composition and growth rates – Indicators of climate change

Permanent Monitoring Plot

Hemi-­‐parasite,  

Natural  death    

Lantana  Grazing  Fire    

Effective  management  for  conservation  requires  disentangling  the  effects  of  different  drivers  to  identify  those  most  responsible  for  species  decline.  

Multiple  drivers  leading  to  interspecific  competitive  interaction  –    that  shapes  the  population  structure  of  Phyllanthus  emblica  

Drought  (2002-­‐2004)  Invasives  Hemi-­‐parasite  plants  Grazing  in  Lantana-­‐free  area    Invasives,  Hemi-­‐parasite  plants  –  Forest  management  practices  

Shade  management  At  farm  scale  

Sophisticated  0rganic    farming  with  certification  (niche  for  large  farmers)  

Rustic  shade  Natural  farming    as  a  way  of  life        

Native  shade  trees   Silver  oak  dominated  shade  

                                 Coffea  arabica  to  Coffea  canephora    Shade     Sun  –  

loving  coffee  

Native  shade  trees,  Pollinators  and  Organic  Coffee    

NTFP  from  forest  patches  –  Persea  odoratissima  &  Machilus  edulis  

Forest  fragments  and  Orange  Plantations-­‐  Pollination  service  

Urbashi.P  &  Soubadra,M.  

Linkage  between  trees  in  forest  fragments  and  Orange  Plantations-­‐    serviced  by  wild  pollinators  

Trees  in  water  shed  management      

Jagdish  Krishnaswamy  

Bandipur  Tiger  reserve,  Karnataka  •  restore  arid  degraded  forest  in  wildlife  corridor  •  Livelihood  availability  of  forest  resources,    •  water  table  for  downstream  agricultural  lands    

Restoring  tree  diversity,  also    using  participatory  approaches  

Wild  Avocado  fruits  –  Persea  odoratissima  

How  do  farmers  value  the  trees?    •  Timber  •  Fodder  •  Leaf  manure  •  Bio-­‐pesticide  •  Fuelwood  •  Money  •  Sacredness  

Lopped  Ficus  trees  in  farmlands  for  fodder,  minor  timber  (e.g.,poles)  

Sacred  tree  –Aglaia  courtalensis  

2.  Understanding  and  enhancing    the  role  of  tree  diversity  in  livelihoods  ,  using  participatory  approaches.    

Fruits    of  Indian  gooseberry-­‐  Phyllanths  emblica  

Fodder  from  trees  in  the  farmland    

Fuelwood  from  trees  in  farmland  

Tree  lopped  for  leaf  manure  

Ecological  Services    Refugia  –    Pollinators  Wind  breakers  Soil  binders  Nutrient  &  water  cycling      

Dryland  farming  =  tree-­‐based  farming    

Fruit  bats  

Rock  bee  hives  

Can  we  help  improve  the  condition  (biodiversity)    of  these  dry  forests  and  also  meet    the  fuelwood  requirements    of  the  dependent  community?      

Kalakad-­‐Mundanthurai  Tiger  reserve  

•  The  boundary  in  most  places  is  sharp  -­‐  Intensive  Wetland  Farming  

•  Limited  Fuel  wood  and  Fodder  sources  

Forest  fringe  villages  around  Protected  Area-­‐      

Tree  diversity  in  livelihoods  -­‐  using  participatory  approaches      

Kalakad  Mundanthurai    Tiger  Reserve  

Bandipur  Tiger  Reserve  

Bannarghatta  National  park  

Twigs  of  Ipomoea  fistulosa  –  as  Fuelwood  

How  much  was  the  biomass  requirements  of  these  villages  and  can  we  raise  the  fuelwood  source  

outside  the  forest?  

 17  months  of  census  fuel  collectors  on  regular  paths  -­‐  28  tons  of  forest  fuel  wood  /  month    for  three  villages    Amounts  to  about  300  tons  per  year  and  is  removed  from  a  large  area  of  forest  roughly    about  10  sq  km.    

Diverse  native  and  exotic  fast  growing  multiple  purpose  tree  species  

 54  tree  species  –  18  fuelwood  ,  16  species  

fodder,  16  fruits,  rest  timber    Top  5  species  constituted  55%  of  the  basal  

area  of  which  4  are  fuelwood  species    

HOW TO MEET FUELWOOD DEMANDS FROM OUTSIDE THE FORESTS?

Within  4  years  247  m2  basal  area  of  trees–  42  %  basal  area  contributed  by  4  fuelwood    species    

Biomass generation in homestead -Fuelwood, Fodder

Three Year trees in backyard of 5 sq m, 700 kgs of fuelwood in addition to timber US$100

Income  generation  Women  Self-­‐Help  Group  Nursery    

Gmelina  arborea,  Cassia  fistula,    

COMMON DRYLAND TREES OF KARNATAKA

Bilingual  field  guide  

Acknowledgements  FORD  Foundation  Sir  Dorabji  Tata  Trust  Dept.  Biotechnology,  Govt.  of  India  S.M.Sehgal  Foundation