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1 Treatment of Hepatitis B in Children Kathleen B. Schwarz, M.D. Johns Hopkins Children’s Center PresidentElect of NASPGHAN In the past 12 months, I have had the following relevant financial relationships with the following manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) and/or provider(s) of commercial services discussed in this CME activity: Research grants from Gilead, Roche, BMS, NIDDK Consulting – Novartis, Hepatitis B Foundation I do not intend to discuss an unapproved or investigative use of a commercial product or device in my presentation. Moderators Regino GonzalezPeralta, M.D. – University of Florida Barbara Haber, M.D. – CHOP hild Maureen Jonas, M.D. – Boston Childrens Karen Murray, M.D. – University of Washington Michael Narkewicz, M.D. – University of Colorado Moderator disclosures GonzalezPeralta Haber Jonas Murray research support Roche, Gilead Narkewicz
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Page 1: Treatment of Hepatitis B in Children (-) - NASPGHAN Homepage

1

Treatment of Hepatitis B in Children

• Kathleen B. Schwarz, M.D. 

Johns Hopkins Children’s Center

President‐Elect of NASPGHAN

• In the past 12 months, I have had the following relevant financial relationships with the following manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) and/or provider(s) of commercialservices discussed in this CME activity:

Research grants from Gilead, Roche, BMS, NIDDK

• Consulting – Novartis, Hepatitis B Foundation

I do not intend to discuss an unapproved or investigative use of a commercial product or device in my presentation.

Moderators

Regino Gonzalez‐Peralta, M.D. –University of Florida

Barbara Haber, M.D. – CHOPhild ’Maureen Jonas, M.D. – Boston Children’s

Karen Murray, M.D. – University of Washington

Michael Narkewicz, M.D. – University of Colorado

Moderator disclosures

• Gonzalez‐Peralta

• Haber

• Jonas

• Murray – research support – Roche, Gilead

• Narkewicz

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Outline

• Epidemiology and natural history

• Usual treatment candidates

• Antiviral agents

–4 FDA approved for <18 years

–3 more approved for 18 years and older

• Special populations

• Three cases

• In much of the world, the lifetime risk of contracting HBV is >60%• 2 billion infected, ~350 million chronic carriers

• In the US, universal infant vaccination was instituted in 1991– The incidence of acute hepatitis B has declined significantly– Chronic hepatitis B remains a substantial problem due toC o c epat t s e a s a substa t a p ob e due to

Vertical transmissionImmigration from areas of endemicityInfection by HBsAg+ household contacts

• Chronic HBV infection develops in – 90% of infants infected as neonates– 25-50% of children aged 1-5 years who are acutely infected

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Phase Labs and Histology Note

Immune Tolerant

DNA>20,000 IU/ml ALT normalHBsAg and HBeAg detectable Minimal liver inflammation and fibrosis

Antiviral therapies are generally ineffective Risk of drug resistance if treated

Immune Active

DNA levels declineALT elevated

Most children still show no signs or symptoms of disease

Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

HBsAg and HBeAg remain detectable Liver inflammation and fibrosis can develop

Inactive HBsAgCarrier

DNA<2,000 IU/ml or undetectable ALT normalizes HBeAg undetectable, anti-HBe presentNo liver inflammation, fibrosis may regress

Age at serocoversion appears to be influenced by HBV genotypeRisk of developing cirrhosis and HCC declines

Reactivation DNA levels increase ALT normal or elevated HBeAg remains undetectable

Occurs in 20-30 % of patients e-antigen-negative diseaseUsually due to a mutant virus

Haber, BA, et al. Pediatrics. published online Oct 5, 2009. (doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0567)

920  Liver biopsies  on HBV‐infected children from 11 medical centers.

Inter‐observer variability in histopathological assessmentof liver biopsies taken in a pediatric open label therapeuticprogram for chronic HBV infection treatment 

World J Gastroenterol 2006 March 21; 12(11): 1713‐1717

Biopsies were independently reviewed by6 pathologists from academic centers who assessedBatts‐Ludwig score for grading and staging. 

Satisfactory inter‐observer agreement forgrading was obtained in 51.6% and for staging in 75.7%of biopsies. Satisfactory dispersion for grading scoreswas observed in 44.5% and for staging in 72.7% of cases

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24 Year Follow of 67 HBV‐infected Children

Peters M. HEPATOLOGY 2009;49:S146‐S155

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HBV Genotypes and response to treatment

• Pegylated interferon – HBsAg loss– A 14%, B 9%, C 3%, D 2%

• Interferon and pegylated interferonC (40 20% i l i )– B >C (40 vs. 20% virologic response)

– A>D (49 vs. 26% virologic response)

• Lamivudine – resistance A>D

• Adefovir dipivoxil and entecavir – no genotype effect

Sites of action of various anti‐viral agents 

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Goals of treatment

• Eliminate HBV (unlikely)

• Decrease risk of chronic liver disease/HCC

• Decrease social stigma/isolation

• Decrease transmission

• Decrease HBV DNA to <2000 IU/ml or less

Goals of HBV Therapy

• In HBeAg‐positive patients – HBeAg loss and seroconversion represent a secondary form of treatment success

• Associated with improved long‐term outcomes 

I HB A iti d HB A ti ti t• In HBeAg‐positive and HBeAg‐negative patients – HBsAg loss and seroconversion ultimate form of HBV treatment success 

• Best predictor of durable viral suppression • Strongest indicator of best long term outcome, lowest risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer

• Not achieved by the majority of patients 

• Children born in countries endemic for HBV — even if they received hepatitis B vaccine in their country of origin

– All of Asia– All of Africa– South- and mid-Pacific Islands– Europe (Eastern and Mediterranean countries), Greenland, and Russia– Middle East– South America: Amazon Basin

Caribbean

Children Who Should Be Screened for Chronic HBV Infection

– Caribbean– Indigenous populations from the Arctic, Australia, and New Zealand

• Children born in the US to immigrant parents from endemic areas

• Infants born to HBsAg+ mothers

• Children living with an HBsAg+ individual – Including children who received hepatitis B vaccine after birth who were not screened

before vaccination

Haber, BA, et al. Pediatrics. published online Oct 5, 2009. (doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0567)Adapted from Weinbaum CM, et al, MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57(RR-8):1–20

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Recommended approach to monitoring children with

chronic hepatitis B infection

Hepatitis B Foundation

www.hepb.org

Lamivudine

Peginterferon alfa‐2a

TenofovirEntecavir

Evolution of Approved HBV Therapy Over Time

Interferon alfa‐2b Adefovir Telbivudine

1990 1998 2002 2005 2006 2008

Serving Size 2 Chewable Animal‐Shaped Tablets

Supplement FactsStandard vitamins

Proprietary Kids Immune Booster Blend

i (f d l h l f ) hi (d ff i d)

First therapy to show up when you Google Treatment for HBV in Children!

Grape Juice Concentrate (fermented, alcohol free), Chinese Green Tea (decaffeinated), Turmeric, Garlic (odor‐modified), Olive Leaf, Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes mycelia) 30 mg

Lactobacillus acidophilus (4 million viable cells at time of manufacture) 1 mg

Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Daily Value (DV) not established.

Other Ingredients: Fructose, natural flavors, microcrystalline cellulose, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, citric acid, natural color Standardized Extract

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

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Drug Labeled for NoteAdefovir ≥ 12 years old Less potent

Risk of drug resistance

• 7 antiviral drugs are currently approved for use in adults• 4 of these are labeled for use in children (<18 years old)• Only 2 are available for younger children

Antiviral Therapy for < 18 years of age

g

Entecavir ≥ 16 years old Older teens only

Interferon alfa-2b ≥ 12 months old Potential adverse effects

Lamivudine ≥ 3 years old Less potentRisk of drug resistance

Haber, BA, et al. Pediatrics. published online Oct 5, 2009. (doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0567)

Antiviral agents for 18 years and older

•Pegylated interferon alfa• Telbivudine• Tenofovir

Treatment outcomes inHBV infected children

IFN‐a  (Sokal) Lamivudine (Jonas) Adefovir dipivoxil(Jonas)

HBeAg clearance  23* 26* 16

HBeAg 54 (7 years) 23* 16HBeAgseroconversion

54 (7 years) 23 16

Suppression of HBV DNA 

29* 61* 23*

Side effects yes no no

Resistance to antiviral agent

no 19% no

HBsAg clearance 8.9% (7 years) 2% 0.5%

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Recommended pediatric doses

• Interferon alfa 2b –3 M IU/m2 subcutaneously tiw x 1 week then 6 M IU/m2  (max 10 MIU) x 16 – 24 weeks

• Lamivudine 3mg/kg/day in one daily oral dose  (max 100 mg daily) (5mg/ml or  100 mg tab) – safety and efficacy not established > 1 yearefficacy not established > 1 year

• Adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg in one daily oral dose – safety and efficacy not established > 1 year (10 mg tablet)

• Entecavir – 0.5 mg in one daily oral dose (0.5 and 1 mg tablet, 0.05mg/ml oral solution)  ‐ “Optimal duration of treatment not established”

Undetectable* HBV DNA in HBV  Adults After 1 Year of Treatment 

Not head‐to‐head trials; different patient populations and trial designs

HBeAg Positive HBeAg Negative

DNA (%

) 100

8067

76

90 88 91100

80

*By PCR‐based assay (LLD ~ 50 IU/mL) except for some LAM studies.

Lok A, et al. Hepatology. 2007;45:507‐539. EASL HBV Guidelines. Journal of Hepatology. 2009;50:227‐242.

Und

etectable*

 HBV

 D

60

40

20

0LAM ADV ETV LdT TDF

40‐44

13‐21

6760 60‐73

51‐6360

40

20

0LAM ADV ETV LdT TDF

HBeAg Loss/Seroconversion in HBeAg‐Positive Adults After 1 Year of Treatment

ersion

 (%)

Not head‐to‐head trials; different patient populations and trial designs

HBeAg Loss HBeAg Seroconversion100

80

100

80

HBe

Ag Loss/Serocon

ve

Lau GK, et al. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2682‐2695. Marcellin P, et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:808‐816 Chang TT, et al. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1001‐1010. Lai CL, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2576‐2588. Marcellin P, et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2442‐2455.

60

40

20

0LAM ADV ETV LdT TDF

3224 22 26

2212‐18

21 23 21

60

40

20

0LAM ADV ETV LdT TDF

NR

Page 10: Treatment of Hepatitis B in Children (-) - NASPGHAN Homepage

10

nts (%

)

HBeAg Seroconversion in HBeAg‐Positive 

Patients on Extended Treatment*

Not head‐to‐head trials; different patient populations and trial designs100

80

60

4047 50 48

LAM ADV ETV LdT TDF

Years of Therapy

Patie

*With sustained undetectable HBV DNA.

Chang TT, et al. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1001‐1010. Lai CL, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2576‐2588. Marcellin P, et al.N Engl J Med. 2003;348:808‐816. Marcellin P, et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2442‐2455. Lok AS, et al. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1714‐1722. Leung NW, et al. Hepatology. 2001;33:1527‐1532. Dienstag JL, et al. Hepatology. 2003;37:748‐755. Marcellin P, et al. Hepatology. 2008;48:750‐758. Liaw YF, et al. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:486‐495. Gane E, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 729. Heathcote E, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 158.

40

20

01 2 3 4 5

22

1221 23 21

29 31 29 27

40 37

Cumulative Rates of Resistance With Oral Agents in Nucleos(t)ide‐Naive Patients

Not head‐to‐head trials; different patient populations and trial designs

100

LAM ADV ETV LdT TDF

EASL HBV Guidelines. J Hepatol. 2009;50:227‐242. Tenny DJ, et al. EASL 2009. Abstract 20.  

Year

0

24

49

67 70

38

1 2 3 4 5

Patie

nts (%

)

80

40

60

20

03

1118

29

0.2 1.2 1.24

00

17

1.2

6

1.20.5

What Determines Rate of Resistance? Potency vs Genetic Barrier

• Potency is only 1 part of the equation• Pharmacologic barrier to resistance 

– Dose/safety profile– Blood levels– Tissue concentration

• Genetic barrier to resistance  – The number of substitutions needed for primary antiviral drug resistance

– Probably at least as important as potency 

Allen MI, et al. Hepatology. 1998;27:1670‐1677. Yatsuji H, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50: 3867‐3874. Qi X, et al. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:355‐362. Villeneuve JP, et al. J Hepatol. 2003;39:1085‐1089. Baldick CJ, et al. Hepatology. 2008;47:1473‐1482. Seifer M, et al. Antiviral Res. 2009;81:147‐155. Heathcote E, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 158. Marcellin P, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 146. 

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What Determines Rate of Resistance? Potency vsGenetic Barrier (cont)

• LAM: rtM204V/I and rtA181T (also possibly V) – Compensatory mutations: rtL180M, rtV173L, and rtL80V/I

• LdT: rtM204I (not rtM204V)• ADV: rtA181T and rtN236T

C bi ti f l ti b i d t l t 2• Combination of low genetic barrier drugs: at least 2 mutations required

• ETV: at least 3 mutations required– rtL180M + rtM204V + 1 of the following: rtT184G or rtS202I or 

rtM250V change• TDF: no signature resistance mutations identified at 2 years

Allen MI, et al. Hepatology. 1998;27:1670‐1677. Yatsuji H, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50: 3867‐3874. Qi X, et al. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:355‐362. Villeneuve JP, et al. J Hepatol. 2003;39:1085‐1089. Baldick CJ, et al. Hepatology. 2008;47:1473‐1482. Seifer M, et al. Antiviral Res. 2009;81:147‐155. Heathcote E, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 158. Marcellin P, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 146. 

HBsAg Level as Predictor of Long‐term Durability of PegIFN Response in HBeAg(‐)

• 4‐yr and 6‐mo response rates higher with Wk 12 HBsAg level ≤ 1500 IU/mL vs > 1500 IU/mL in long‐term cohort

6 mos posttreatment

HBsAg ≤ 1500 IU/mL

nse 

6 mos posttreatment

HBsAg > 1500 IU/mL

nse 

100

80

100

80

Marcellin P, et al. AASLD 2008. Abstract 919.

6 mos posttreatment4 yrs posttreatment

HBV DNA ≤10,000 

copies/mL

HBV DNA ≤400 

copies/mL

HBsAg Clearance

Patie

nts With

 Respo

(%)

59

39 3931

7

23

60

40

20

0

6 mos posttreatment4 yrs posttreatment

HBV DNA ≤ 10,000 

copies/mL

HBV DNA ≤400 

copies/mL

HBsAg Clearance

Patie

nts With

 Respo

(%)

34

12 9 82 4

60

40

20

0

80 80

Predictors of response to therapy

higher response rates

• < 5 years

• ALT >> normal

• Low HBV DNA

Lower response rates• > 5 years• Normal ALT• High HBV DNA• Liver failure

• Compensated liver disease

• HBV genotype A and B

• Low drug resistant mutant rates

• HBeAg + hepatitis

• Low HBsAg levels

• Liver failure• HBV genotype C and D• High drug resistance mutant 

rates• HBeAg negative hepatitis• HDV• High HBsAg levels

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Recommendations for Treatment Initiation in 

HBeAg‐Positive Adults

AASLD 2007[1] US Algorithm 2008[2] EASL 2009[3]

HBV DNA, IU/mL > 20,000 > 20,000 ≥ 2,000

ALT, x ULN* > 2 > 1 > 1

Disease stage/grade Moderate/severe necroinflammation/ f fDisease stage/grade and/or significant fibrosis

First-line therapy ADV,† ETV, pegIFN

ETV, TDF,pegIFN

ETV, TDF,pegIFN

1. Lok A, et al. Hepatology. 2007;45:507‐539. 2. Keeffe EB, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1315‐1341. 3. EASL HBV Guidelines. J Hepatology. 2009;50:227‐242. 

*Persistent (> 3‐6 mos). †TDF not FDA approved at time of publication.

Criteria for HBV DNA, ALT and disease stage/grade must all be met 

– If not, guidelines recommend monitoring and consideration of treatment based on individual’s age, health status, and stage of infection/disease

Recommendations for Treatment Initiation in HBeAg‐Negative Adults 

AASLD 2007[1] US Algorithm 2008[2] EASL 2009[3]

HBV DNA, IU/mL > 20,000‡ > 2000 ≥ 2000

ALT, x ULN* 1 to > 2 > 1 > 1

Disease stage/grade Moderate/severe necroinflammationand/or significant fibrosis

First-line therapy ADV,† ETV, pegIFN

ETV, TDF,pegIFN

ETV, TDF,pegIFN

*Persistent (> 3‐6 mos). †TDF not FDA approved at time of publication. ‡ Consider liver biopsy if > 2000 IU/mL and treat if moderate/severe inflammation and/or fibrosis found.

Criteria for HBV DNA, ALT and disease stage/grade must all be met 

– If not, guidelines recommend monitoring and consideration of treatment based on individual’s age, health status, and stage of infection/disease

1. Lok A, et al. Hepatology. 2007;45:507‐539. 2. Keeffe EB, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1315‐1341. 3. EASL HBV Guidelines. Journal of Hepatology. 2009;50:227‐242. 

Special Populations That Should Also Be Considered for HBV Treatment

• Regardless of HBV DNA and ALT levels– Patients with rapid deterioration of liver function

– Patients with compensated cirrhosis • If DNA > 2 000 IU/mL regardless of ALT• If DNA > 2,000 IU/mL, regardless of ALT

– Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (IFN contraindicated)

– Recurrent HBV infection post liver transplantation

– HBV carriers undergoing immunosuppressive or cytotoxic chemotherapy

Lok A, et al. Hepatology. 2007;45:507‐539. Keeffe EB, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1315‐1341. EASL HBV Guidelines. Journal of Hepatology. 2009;50:227–242. Sorrell MF, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:104‐110.

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Special Populations That Should Also Be Considered for HBV Treatment

• Regardless of HBV DNA and ALT levels– Patients with rapid deterioration of liver function

– Patients with compensated cirrhosis • If DNA > 2 000 IU/mL regardless of ALT• If DNA > 2,000 IU/mL, regardless of ALT

– Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (IFN contraindicated)

– Recurrent HBV infection post liver transplantation

– HBV carriers undergoing immunosuppressive or cytotoxic chemotherapy

Lok A, et al. Hepatology. 2007;45:507‐539. Keeffe EB, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1315‐1341. EASL HBV Guidelines. Journal of Hepatology. 2009;50:227–242. Sorrell MF, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:104‐110.

• Despite immunoprophylaxis, perinatal transmission still occurs

• Highest in those who are eAg+• Rates 7-28%

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS OF PREGNANT FEMALES – PERINATAL TRANSMISSION

Rates 7-28%• High level of viremia thought to be the most important

factor• Wiseman 2009 reported 9% in 4/47 women with HBV

viral load >108 copies/ml• Limitations of studies to date

– small numbers, retrospective data– Little data in US patients

Recommendations for HBsAg+ HBV DNA + pregnant women at 28 weeks

Previous child HBV  NEG

• If HBV DNA >108 cpmconsider treatment with lamivudine, tenofovir or t lbi di t 32 k d

Previous child HBV  POS

• If HBV DNA >106cpm consider treatment

telbivudine at 32 weeks and HBIG and vaccine at birth

• If HBV DNA <108 cpmmonitor and give infant HBIG and vaccine at birth

• If HBV DNA <106 cpmmonitor and give infant HBIG and vaccine at birth

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Summary of FDA Approved Oral HBV Treatments for Adults

Oral Drug

Antiviral Potency*

Pharmacologic Barrier

Genetic Barrier†

Adverse Events‡

LAM + + 1 --ADV ++ + 1 Nephrotoxicity (≤1% per year)ETV ++++ ++++ 3

*Approximate and relative. †Number of mutations needed for primary antiviral drug resistance.‡Only includes reported adverse events that may differ in historical incidence associated with LAM and, therefore, potentially affecting selection vs other agents. Pancreatitis has been reported as a class effect and all agents have to be dose adjusted for renal insufficiency.§ From HIV databases

ETV ++++ ++++ 3 --LdT ++ ++ 1 Myalgia, myositis, neuropathy,

cardiac arrhythmia (rare)TDF ++++ ++++ ? Nephrotoxicity§

Case #1

• 3 year old treatment naive adopted Nigerian male with Giardia lamblia, presumed perinatalacquisition of HBV

• Physical exam: normal• Physical exam: normal

• LABS: ALT 39, 78, 65, 77 IU/L q 6 months x 4 

• HBsAg +, HBeAg+

• Genotype E

• HBV DNA 10,000 IU/ml

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Case #1 continued

• Consider treatment?

• Consider liver biopsy?

• If treatment, what agent?

Case #2

• 12 year old adopted Romanian female with presumed perinatal acquisition of HBV, lamivudine resistant

• Physical exam normal• Physical exam normal

• LABS: ALT 150 IU/l

• HBsAg+, HBeAg+

• HBV DNA 5M IU/L

• Genotype C

Case #2 cont

• Consider treatment?

• Consider liver biopsy?

• If treatment, what agent?

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Case #3

• 16 year old  treatment naïve African American female with IVDU – mode of acquisition either IVDU or perinatal

• Physical exam: hepatomegaly• LABS: ALT 234 IU/L• HBsAg+ HBeAg neg• HBV DNA 1 M IU/L• Genotype A•

Case #3 cont

• Consider treatment?

• Consider liver biopsy?

• If treatment, what agent?