Queensland University of Technology CRICOS No. 00213J a university for the world real R Transportation of sugarcane by rail Geoff Kent 1
Queensland University of Technology CRICOS No. 00213J
a university for the worldrealR
Transportation of sugarcane
by rail
Geoff Kent
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CRICOS No. 00213J
a university for the worldrealR
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CRICOS No. 00213J
a university for the worldrealR
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Acknowledgement
• Video footage used in this presentation taken
from an episode of the Canadian TV series
Megatrains
• Used with permission from the series producers
Megafun-Filmoption International
CRICOS No. 00213J
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Pre-condition
• The first step in achieving an efficient
transport system is to have ownership of
or control over it
• Control the amount of cane coming to the
factory
– How many harvesters are supplying the
factory today?
– How many bins of cane is each harvester
supplying?
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Characteristics of the Australian
sugarcane transport system• The factory takes ownership of the cane at
the harvester delivery point
– Usually close to the point of harvest
• The factory is responsible for the transport
of cane to the factory
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Characteristics of the Australian
sugarcane transport system• Factory operates 24 hours a day
• Harvesters operate less than 24 hours a
day
• Cane transport system has to operate 24
hours a day to keep supplying the factory
• Cane needs to be stored by the harvesters
until the transport system is ready to
collect
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Characteristics of the Australian
sugarcane transport system
• Bins are used for storage of cane
at both harvesters and factory
• Bins are relatively inexpensive,
compared to:
– Powered vehicles (trucks, locomotives)
– Labour costs
• Bins preferred for storage to avoid
need for expensive trucks or
locomotives with drivers to wait
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Why transport by rail?
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Cane railways in Australia• 18 of the 24 factories in Australia primarily
use rail for transport
– Haul about 32 Mt of sugarcane (93% of total crop)
• Over 4000 km of track
– About 3000 km of main line
– Longest haul 119 km
– Average haul between 13 km and 35 km
• About 250 locomotives
• About 52,000 cane bins
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The track• To start a railway, need ownership of or
easements over the land on which the railway
is to be built
• High cost of construction
• $300,000 to $500,000 per km
• Not including bridges, road crossings, etc
• Maintenance cost similar to operating cost
• Road has the advantage that the Government
pays the cost of building and maintaining them
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Narrow gauge railway
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Narrow gauge railway
• Narrow gauge
– 17 factories 610 mm
– 1 factory 1067 mm
• Modern track
structure
– Ballast on formation
– Concrete sleepers
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Trains
• Locomotives
• Cane bins
• Brake vans
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Locomotives
• 18 t to 40 t in
size
• Maximum
speed about 35
km/h
• Capacity about
1000 t to 1500 t
– Dependent on
terrain
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Cane bins
• Mainly 4 t to 10 t in size
• Traditionally 4 t or 6 t
• Now 10 t bin formed
with same dimensions
as 2 x 4 t bins
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Cane bin economics
• Most
economical size
is the largest
bin with small,
fixed wheelsets
• In 1988, 6 t bins
• Now, 10 t bins
have same size
wheelsets
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Brake vans
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Railway operations
• Two main aspects
– Ensuring safe operation
– Servicing the factory and harvesters
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Ensuring safe operation• Trains have a lot of mass
• When trains are in motion they have a lot of
kinetic energy and a lot of potential for harm
• Operating on single track, there is potential
for collisions
– Locomotive / locomotive
– Locomotive / bins
• Railway corridor also interfaces with roads
and harvester delivery points
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Control of railway operations
• Each factory has a
traffic officer whose
primary responsibility
is safe operation of
the railway
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The traffic office
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Train separation
• All locomotives
have GPS
tracking
• Many mills
display
locomotives on
map in real time
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Train separation
• Each network has a set of defined call
points
• Each locomotive must call the traffic officer
for clearance to enter a track section
• Radio communication is recorded
– Many mills record each clearance given with a
transaction number
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Road crossings
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Road crossings
• Risk assessments carried out at each
crossing
– Government roads
– Access roads (houses, farms, sidings)
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Delivery sidings
• Safety inductions carried out with
harvesters who share delivery sidings
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Servicing the factory and
harvesters• Objectives:
– Maintain supply of full bins to the factory
– Maintain supply of empty bins to harvesters
– Schedule trains to minimise costs
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Many infrastructure
constraints• Limited number of bins
• Trains have limited capacity
• Sidings have limited capacity
– Siding capacity generally less than train capacity
• Each locomotive run has to service more than one
siding for efficient operation
– Siding capacity generally less than harvester
allotment
• Each harvester has to be serviced several times
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Managing operations
• 17 out of 18 factories with railways use
TOTools to manage daily operations
– Keep track deliveries and collections to each
harvester
• Ensure each harvester gets its allotment of empty
bins
• Ensure all full bins are collected
– Manage locomotive runs
• Define how and when bin movements are made
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TOTools
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Use of single track
• Passing of trains
– Passing loops
– Junctions
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Typical railway operations
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Starting a run
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Sidings
• Many different
designs
• Many constructed
years ago for different
operations
• Preferred type for in-
field transporters is a
simple loop
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In-field transporters
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Rail switches
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Shunting
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The full yard
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Completing a run
• Run sheet returned to
mill
– At some sites done
electronically
• Electronic
consignment is also
being introduced to
avoid need to hand
over tickets
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Cane receival
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Cane receival
• Very compact compared
to road transport
• Tip cycle as low as 45 s
• Tip up to 30 t at a time
• More typically 10 t to 12 t
• Uncoupling and
recoupling mostly
automated
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The empty yard
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In summary
• Railways have a large capital cost for
establishment
• Efficient but complex operations
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Acknowledgements
• Megafun-Filmoption International
• Jim Kirchner (Wilmar Sugar)
• Australian Sugar Milling Council
• Mahmoud Masoud (formerly QUT)
• Mackay Sugar Limited
• Greg Tortora (Mackay Sugar)
• Steve Shorney (QUT)
• Paul Nicol (Isis Sugar)
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