Transportation Engineering Akhtar Abbas Assistant Professor The University of Lahore Department of Civil Engineering, (16-05-2012)

Transportation Engineering

Akhtar Abbas Assistant Professor

The University of Lahorewww.uol.edu.pk/ce

Department of Civil Engineering, (16-05-2012)

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• An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway for a plane to take off and land, a helipad, for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such

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as control towers, hangars and terminal buildings. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, seaplane docks and ramps, air traffic control, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. A military airport is known as an airbase or air station.

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TerminologyAerodrome. In colloquial use, the terms airport and aerodrome are often interchanged. However, in general, the term airport may imply or confer a certain stature upon the aviation facility that an aerodrome may not have achieved. In some jurisdictions, airport is a legal term of art reserved

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exclusively for those aerodromes certified or licensed as airports by the relevant national aviation authority after meeting specified certification criteria or regulatory requirements.

• That is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. In jurisdictions where there is no legal

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distinction between aerodrome and airport, which term to use in the name of an aerodrome may be a commercial decision.Airport ramp The airport ramp or apron is part of an airport. It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded,

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refueled or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access.

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TaxiwayA taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel or grass.

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Airport terminalAn airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.Air Field. The part of airport where air traffic land or take off, other facilities are not included 9

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Air Craft Any device that travel in air is called air craft included with engine like Aero plane and Helicopter or without engine like glider and balloon.Aero plane; Sonic Aircraft, sub sonic air craft and super sonic air craft .Landing Strip (runway + shoulder)

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Hanger shed for aero planeApproach zone The area around the runway with out fences Control TowerIt is a tower in airport area to control air traffic

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• AirstripAn airstrip is a kind of airport that consists only of a runway with perhaps fueling equipment. They are generally in remote locations. Many airstrips (now mostly abandoned) were built on the hundreds of islands in the Pacific Ocean during World War II.

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History and developmentThe earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields. The plane could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass. However, these only functioned well in dry

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conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would allow landings, rain or shine, day or night.The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general

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aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Roosevelt .

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Airport requirements site selectionThe selection of a suitable site for an airport depends upon the class of airport under consideration. However if such factors as required for the selection of the largest facility are considered the development of the airport by stages will be made easier and economical.

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The factors listed below are for the selection of a suitable site for a major airport installation:

1.Regional plan2.Airport use 3.Proximity to other airport4.Ground accessibility5.Topography

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6. Obstructions7. Visibility8. Wind9. Noise nuisance10.Grading , drainage and soil

characteristics11.Future development

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Air Port Engineering

12.Availability of utilities from town13.Economic consideration

Regional plan: The site selected should fit well into the regional plan there by forming it an integral part of the national network of airport.Airport use: the selection of site depends upon the use of an airport.

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Whether for civilian or for military operations. However during the emergency civilian airports are taken over by the defense. There fore the airport site selected should be such that it provides natural protection to the area from air roads. This consideration is of prime importance for the airfields to be located in combat zones.

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If the site provides thick bushes.Proximity to other airport: the site should be selected at a considerable distance from the existing airports so that the aircraft landing in one airport does not interfere with the movement of aircraft at other airport. The required separation between the airports mainly depends upon the volume of air traffic.

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Ground accessibility: the site should be so selected that it is readily accessible to the users. The airline passenger is more concerned with his door to door time rather than the actual time in air travel. The time to reach the airport is therefore an important consideration especially for short haul operations.

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Topography: this includes natural features like ground contours trees streams etc. A raised ground a hill top is usually considered to be an ideal site for an airport.Obstructions: when aircraft is landing or taking off it loses or gains altitude very slowly as compared to the forward speed.

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For this reason long clearance areas are provided on either side of runway known as approach areas over which the aircraft can safely gain or loose altitude. Visibility: poor visibility lowers the traffic capacity of the airport. The site selected should therefore be free from visibility reducing conditions such as fog smoke and haze.

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Fog generally settles in the area where wind blows minimum in a valley. Wind: Runway is so oriented that landing and take off is done by heading into the wind should be collected over a minimum period of about five years.

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Noise nuisance: The extent of noise nuisance depends upon the climb out path of aircraft type of engine propulsion and the gross weight of aircraft. The problem becomes more acute with jet engine aircrafts. Therefore the site should be so selected that the landing and take off paths of the aircrafts pass over the land

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which is free from residential or industrial developments.Grading: drainage and soil characteristics: Grading and drainage play an important role in the construction and maintenance of airport which in turn influences the site selection. The original ground profile of a site together with any grading operations 31

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determines the shape of an airport area and the general pattern of the drainage system. The possibility of floods at the valley sites should be investigated. Sites with high water tables which may require costly subsoil drainage should be avoided.Future development: Considering that the air traffic volume will continue to increase 32

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in future more member of runways may have to be provided for an increased traffic.

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