Transport Issues in Developing Countries

8/12/2019 Transport Issues in Developing Countries

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@kst`tutd bnr ]rikspnrt Vtum`dsBIFTL]P NB DKR@QNKHDK]


Elnail @ssuds `k ]rikspnrt]QIK4169

Mdvdlnp`ke Fnuktr`ds @ssuds

Mik`dl Dssdl

Hirfn Hrnzdj

Juji Kjike

Iyu Jgir`zsi


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Mdvdlnp`ke Fnuktr`ds

Ew`ll`ih (1336) mdb`kds mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds is tgnsdquil`by`ke is anrrnw`ke hdhadrs nb tgd Unrlm aikj.

ldvdls nb mdvdlnphdkt hiy viry w`mdly w`tg`k sn-filldmmdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds


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Mdvdlnp`ke Fnuktr`ds

Dfnknh`f/Snpulit`nk ernwtg - gègdr vdg`fld nwkdrsg`p ikm rip`mTraik`sit`nk

Envdrkikfd (f`v`l wirs, fnrrupt nk, stia l`ty, aurdiufrify)

@kimdquitd `kbristrufturd (@hprnpdr plikk`ke, `hprnpdr hi`ktdkikfd (ri`k`kesdisnk, pivdm/ukpivdm) ikm lifj nb `ktderitdm likm usd ikm trikspnrt pliks,lifj nb `kvdsthdkt, fnkedst`nk)

@k`tìl trikspnrt kdtwnrj fnkfdktritdm nk dxtrift`vd fdktrds (d.e. Dirly ri lwiykdtwnrj, rnim kdtwnrj) `kfrdis`ke m`spir`t`ds adtwddk ruril ikm uraikrde`nks, gègdr fnst nb trikspnrt, pnnr quil`ty nb trikspnrt sdrv`fds, @kbnrhil

trikspnrt


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Dxihpld? Huhai`

Huhai` (i f`ty nb 9=97 h ll`nk f`t`zdks) 44.4% nb tgdf`tys pnpulit`nk wilj ikm 19.0% fnhhutd ay tri`k.

h`k`huh nb 93 mditgs mi`ly nk tgd ri`lwiys.

U`tg nkd h`ll`nk vdg`flds ikm hnrd tgik 97 h`ll`nk hntnra`jds nk tgd rnims, tgd fnuktrys `kbristrufturdmdvdlnphdkt gim

Vnurfd? Tk`tdm Kit`nks (1331)


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Fdktril`zit`nk nb kdtwnrj Mur`ke fnlnkìl t`hds - trikspnrt riw hitdrìls tn tgd sdipnrts hi`kly ay

ri`l

Mdvdlnp`ke i ri`lwiy kdtwnrj bir fgdipdr tgik rnim kdtwnrj

hi`kly riw hitdrìls tn dxpnrt tn fnlnkìl dhp`rds

Fnlnkìl iutgnr`t`ds knt `ktdrdstdm `k rde`nkil `ktderit`nk

Ibtdr @kmdpdkmdkfd hnst bnfus nk rnim kdtwnrj (Ibr`fi, Vnutg Ihdr`fi)

Fnlnkìl kdtwnrj st`ll aifjankd nb hiky mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds `k Ibr`fiFnkfdktrit nk nb dfnknh`f ift`v`t`ds - m`spir`t`ds -; ldims iei`k tn hèrit nk

Vnurfds? Kong, 1337 ikm Vtrifj, 907=


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Gègdr fnst nb trikspnrt

Snnr `kbristrufturd

Lnwdr iffdssà l`ty (l`h`tdm mur`ke hnksuk b kn ill-wditgdrrnim)

Vnurfd? ]gd Dfnknh`st, 1391 ikm Làdrì Hirjdt Sr`fdHnk`tnr, 1396

Gègdr fnsts bnr trikspnrt, rdifg`ke

bif`l`t`ds

Rnkoihi ikm V`knd ukiffdssàld mur`ke ri`k`ke sdisnk

Sr`fds nb i eillnk pdtrnl up tn $0

Sr`fd nb s`keld dee 43 fdkts

Sr`fds bnr pdtrnl up tn =4% gègdr `k ruril irdis `kLàdr i tgik `k tgd fip`til sihd ippl`ds bnr bnnmpr`fds


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-H`knr pirt iffdss`ald tgrnuegnut tgd ri`k`ke sdisnk-Hionr pirt l`h`tdm iffdss

Dxihpld brnh Mirbur (Vumik)


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Fnrrupt`nk

Nffurs nk `k ill ldvdls nb imh`k`strit`nk @kgà`ts `hpldhdktit nk nb prnodfts liws @kgà`ts imdquitd dkbnrfdhdkt Alnfjs dfnknh`f mdvdlnphdkt

Vnurfd? ]gd Euirmìk, 1396 ikm Arnhldy dt il., 1399


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]rikspnrt prnaldhs

Fir Nwkdrsg`p

Mireiy, Eitdly ikm Vnhhdr, (1335) givd prnodftdm i hufg bistdr ritds nb ernwtg bnrknk-NDFM fnuktr`ds us`ke frnss-sdft`nkil miti brnh =4 fnuktr`ds.

]ntil vdg`fld stnfj w ll `kfrdisd tn ianut 1 a ll`nk `k 1363

42% nb tgd wnrlms vdg`fld blddt wnulm ad nwkdm ay knk-NDFM fnuktr`ds.

]gd hnst rip`m ernwtg `s `k tgd knk-NDFM dfnknh`ds w`tg gèg ritds nb `kfnhd ernwtg,ikm pdr-fip`ti `kfnhd ldvdls ($6,333 tn $93,333) it wg`fg tgd `kfnhd dlist`f`ty nbvdg`fld nwkdrsg`p `s tgd gègdst.

Fg`ki gis ay bir tgd gègdst ernwtg ritd nb vdg`fld nwkdrsg`p, 93.2% ikkuilly, bnllnwdmay @kmì (5%) ikm @kmnkdsì (2.4%).


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]rikspnrt prnaldhs

Fir Nwkdrsg`p


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H`xdm tribb`f


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Vuhhiry nb prnaldhs>>>>

Vnurfd? Pnsg`tsueu Giyisg` dt il. (133=.)


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]rikspnrt prnaldhs

]ribb`f Fnkedst`nk


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Snnr quil`ty nb trikspnrt sdrv`fds

Vnurfds? ]dlderipg, 1334

Snnr hi`ktdkikfd

@ksubb`f`dkt @kbristrufturd

@kbnrhil trikspnrt

Vibdty >

Kn sfgdmulds

Sr`fd trikspirdkfy


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]rikspnrt prnaldhs

@kbnrhil Sual`f ]rikspnrt npdritnrs

Srnaldhs trnueg pr`fd trikspirdkfy Vibdty prnaldhs Vfgdmul`ke/Qdl`ia l`ty


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]rikspnrt prnaldhs

@kbnrhil Sual`f ]rikspnrt npdritnrs

@k Ki`rna`, Jdkyi, 66% nb tgd tntil pual`f trikspnrt mdhikm (ianut 233,333 tr`ps pdrmiy) sdrvdm ay hitutus, i edkdril tdrh bnr `kbnrhil npdritnrs (]ijy`, 9003)

@k Oijirti, @kmnkdsì, i w`md riked nb vdg`flds, brnh guhik-pnwdrdm pdm`fias tn

h`kàusds, nbbdr rdeulir pissdkedr sdrv`fds (Fdrvdrn, 1333). Oijirtis pdm`fias, filldmAdfijs, sdrvd sgnrt-m`stikfds tr`ps, wg`ld Nodjs, nr hntnrfyfld tix`s, nbbdr sdrv`fdsnvdr slègtly lnkedr m`stikfds.

@k Egiki, rnim trikspnrt iffnukts bnr nvdr 04% nb ill mnhdst`f trikspnrt sdrv`fds w`tgantg brdègt ikm pissdkedr sdrv`fds ad`ke prnv`mdm liredly ay pr`vitd sdftnr nwkdrs ikmnpdritnrs (]rn-trn) bnr g`rd nr rdwirm


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]rikspnrt prnaldhsMdtdr`nrit`ke dkv`rnkhdkt

Dh`ss`nks nb firank hnknx`md, k`trnedk nx`mds, ikm gymrnfirankstgit fiusd shne ikm gdiltg prnaldhs it tgd lnfil ldvdl givd addksuastikt`illy rdmufdm `k hiky imvikfdm fnuktr`ds ay `hpns`ke t`egtdrvdg`fld dh`ss`nk stikmirms


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]rikspnrt prnaldhsMdtdr`nrit`ke dkv`rnkhdkt

Kn dh`ss`nk stikmirms

Dxpnsurd tn pnllut`nk

Uistd

m`spnsil


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I`r Snllut nk `k F`t`ds irnukm tgd Unrlm


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]rikspnrt prnaldhs

Vibdty


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Vibdty `ssuds

Ie`ke vdg`fld blddt? Nlm firs dxpnrtdm brnh Durnpd tn

Ibr`fi, Knrtg tn Vnutg Ihdr`fi ikm

Oipik/Jnrdi tn Qussì Nbtdk mnkt hddt sibdty rdqu rdhdkts

`k tgd`r fnuktr`ds Bnrhdr nwkdrs sivd rdfyfl`ke bdd

9.6 h`ll`nk j`lldm nk wnrlms rnims J`lls hnrd pdnpld tgik hilirì 43 h ll nk `kourdm 03% nffur `k mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds

Q`sd tn 9.0 h`ll`nk ay 1313

Dr`trdi =7.=

Kèdrì 66.5

@kmnkdsì 95.5

Egiki 11.1

TJ 1.54

Edrhiky =.=

Qnim mditgs pdr 933,333 pdnpld


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Vibdty prnaldhs is i fnksdqudkfd nb lifj `k `kbristrufturd (d.e. hi`ktdkikfd)

H`x nb rnim usdrs (m`bbdrdkt hissds, m`bbdrdkt spddms)

@kbristrufturd knt nkly tribb f bukft`nk

Lnwdr iwirdkdss nb trikspnrt rdlitdm sibdty

Lifj nb lde`slit`nk, dmufit`nk ikm fnrrupt`nk (d.e. Gdlhdts `k R`dtkih)

Vnurfd? ]gd ]dlderipg: ]rikspnrt Qdsdirfg Anirm, 1332


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Vdfur`ty `ssuds

Edkmdr `ssuds R`nldkfd iei`kst wnhdk (up tn 14% nb wnhdk bifdm edkmdr aisdm v`nldkfd `k tgd

DT) ikm hufg gègdr bèurds `k mdvdlnp`ke fnuktr`ds Srdvdkts wnhdks pirt`f`pit`nk `k trikspnrt Vnlut`nks (d.e. sdpdrit`nk) mndskt fnuktdrift prnaldhs

Vnurfd? Durnpdik @kst`tutd bnr Edkmdr Dquil`ty

Vdpirit`nk `k Oipik, Deypt, @kmì, @rik, ]i`wik,Ariz`l, Hdx`fn, @kmnkdsì, tgd Sg`l`pp`kds,Hiliysì ikm Muai`


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Dmufit`nk Lifj `k mr`v`ke dmufit`nk

Fg`lmrdk `ksubb`f`dktly dmufitdm ianut rnim gizirms

Pnukedr edkdrit`nk knt iwird nb tgdh

Fihpièks bnr tribb`f sibdty (Mrukj mr`v`ke, sditadlts, fg lmrdksadgiv`nur)

Iffdssà`l`ty nb fihpièks tn pdnpld> (fnks`mdr `ll`tdrify)

Vnurfd?gttp?//en.nwu.dmu/~rmbusfg/wnrlm^`ll`tdrify^ritds.ope


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]gd `hpift @k tgd buturd

Bnr Dkv`rnkhdkt

- Qdsnurfd mdpldt`nk ikm fl`hitd fgiked

- I`r pnllut`nk

Bnr guhik l`bd (wdiltgy ikm gdiltgy)

- Tkdvdk dfnknh`f ernwtg

- Lnw dmufit`nk `k ruril irdi

- Sdnpld fik givd aim i`r fnkm`t`nk fiusdm ay trikspnrtit`nk


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Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr Dkv`rnkhdkt Mdtdr`nrit`nk Vtrnke Qdeulitnry @kst`tut`nks ( Snl`fd, rnim Iedkf`ds, trikspnrt mdpirthdkt

dtf.)

Dkfnurie`ke Iltdrkit`vd hnmd nb ]rikspnrt


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Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr Dkv`rnkhdkt Mdtdr`nrit`nk Srnhntd Sual`f ]rikspnrt (d.e. ]riksOijirti AQ], ]riksh`ldk`n, L`egt ri`l

systdhs)

Fnks`mdr pr`fds(AQ] hufgfgdipdr tgik L`egt ri`l)

Npdrit`nk fnsts Hi`ktdkikfd Tsied


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Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr @kbristrufturd ikm Likm usd

Ennm hi`ktdkikfd fulturd nk dx`st`ke `kbristrufturd


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Iltdrkit`vd rdsnurfd

- Dldftr`f nr gyar`m vdg`fld

- Ts`ke ntgdr rdsnurfd sufg is kikn-blu`m tdfgknlney,FKE (fnhprdssdm kituril eis) nr fnkfnh`tikt

`kodft`nk nb eisnl`kd ikm hdtgikd- @ktderitdm tribb`f hikiedhdkt systdh

- Qnim Sr`f`ke nr Fnrmnk rnim pr`f`ke

- Qdil t`hd pissdkedr `kbnrhit`nk

- Aus rip`m triks`t nr hiss pual`f trikspnrt


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Vnurfd? (Ongk,1393)


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Sual`f trikspnrt us`ke FKE


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]ribb`f iff`mdkt ay fitdenry

Vdldftdm fnuktr`ds, Elnail Vtitus Qdpnrt nk Qnim Vibdty, UGN, 1330


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B`vd p`llir nb elnail plik bnr rnim sibdty

strdketgdk`ke `kst`tut`nkil ikm npdrit`nkil fipif`ty tn ifg`dvd kit`nkil rnim sibdty naodft`vds: suppnrt`ke strnkedrenvdrkikfd ikm pnl`f`ke

Qnim sibdty hikiedhdkt

`hprnv`ke tgd plikk`ke, mds`ek, fnkstruft`nk ikm npdrit`nk nb rnim kdtwnrjs tn dksurd sibdty bnr ill usdrs:dkfnurie`ke `kvdsthdkt `k susti`kiald hnmds nb trikspnrt

Vibd rnim ikm hna`l`ty

prnhnt`ke frisgwnrtg`kdss ikm dhpnwdr`ke fnksuhdrs w`tg sibdty `kbnrhit`nk: iffdldrit`ke `ktrnmuft`nk ikm usd nb prnvdk sibdty tdfgknlne`ds

Vibdr vdg`flds

putt`ke vulkdriald rnim usdrs, l`jd pdmdstr`iks ikm fyfl`sts, b`rst `k pnl`fy: prnhnt`ke usd nb sdit adlts ikm frisggdlhdts: tifjl`ke mr`kj mr`v`ke: sdtt`ke ikm dkbnrf`ke dbbdft`vd spddm l`h`ts: `hprnv`ke mr`vdr tri`k`ke

Vibd rnim usdr

`hprnv`ke dhdredkfy rdspnksd ikm triuhi fird: suppnrt`ke rdgia`l`tit`nk ikm fird nb rnim `koury v`ft`hs: prnv`m`keimv`fd, suppnrt ikm ldeil rdmrdss bnr v`ft`hs ikm tgd`r bih`l`ds: dkfnurie`ke tg`rm pirty `ksurikfd sfgdhds tn b`kikfdrdgia`l`tit`nk

Snst-frisg rdspnksd

Fnhh`ss`nk bnr Elnail Qnim Vibdty 1396


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Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr ]ribb`f Iff`mdkts

Adgiv`nur Ipprnifg

- Dmufit`nk stirts brnh dirly sfgnnl

- Hijd fg lmrdk iwird ianut sibdty

- ]rivdl iwirdkdss fihpièk

- U`tg imvdrt`sdhdkt

- Vpddm L`h t

Fnhhuk`ty Ipprnifg

- Fyfl ke flua

- Vfgnnl aus fnhhuk`ty

Likm usd ikm @kbristrufturd Ipprnifg- Qds`mdktìl znkd ikm sfgnnl znkd `k nkd irdi

- Sdrhdiald strddt systdh

- Fnks`mdr sdpirit`nk wgdrd ipprnprìtd


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]PSDV NB @KBQIV]QTF]TQD

IKM MDRDLNSHDK]

HIW@HTH VIBD ]QIRDL

IKM @HSIF ] VSDDM (JH/G)

Lnfit`nks w`tg pnssàld fnkbl`ftsadtwddk firs ikm pitr`fìks/fyfl`sts

63(13 hpg)

@ktdrsdft`nks w`tg pnssàld

s`md fnll`s`nks adtwddk firs

43

(63 hpg)Qnims w`tg pnssàld brnktil

fnll`s`nks adtwddk firs53

(=3 hpg)

Qnim w`tg kn pnssà`l`ty nb s`mdnr brnktil fnll`s`nks

(nkly fnll`s`nk w`tg strufturds)

;933(; 23hpg)

Vnurfd? VUNR@kst`tutd bnr Qnim Vibdty Qdsdirfg, Kdtgdrlikms 1396


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Sual`f Fihpi`ek


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Fnkflus`nk ]rikspnrt prnaldhs is fnksdqudkfd nb `ktdrift`ke prnaldhs (d.e. Fnrrupt`nk,

dmufit`nk, itt`tumds, pnpulit`nk ernwtg, uraik`sit`nk, snf`n mdhneripg`f)

]gd `hpift tgit w`ll gippdk `k tgd buturd is bnllnws:

- Mr`v`ke itt`tumds

- Qnim iff`mdkt ldim`ke fiusd nb tgd mditg ikm gikm`fippdm f`t`zdks bnr ynukepdnpld

- Dkv`rnkhdktil pnllut`nk tgit h`egt w`ll `hpift tn f`t zdk gditg ikm fl hitdfgiked

Qdfnhhdkmit`nk bnr snlv`ke trikspnrt rdlitdm prnaldhs `kvnlvd hikym`bbdrdkt ldvdls nb imh`k`strit`nk, dmufit`nk ikm dke`kddr`ke

Fnks`mdr tnp mnwk prnfdss

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