Transport Index, UNCRD/UNESCAP 28-29 October, Hanoi .... Strategies for... · Kathmandu Valley Pop 2.5 mil (3.5 mil incl float.) ... (footpath, bicycle lane, overhead bridges etc)

Strategies for improving urban mobility in

Kathmandu and other major cities in Nepal

Surya Raj Acharya, PhD

Visiting Professor

Institute of Engineering (IOE), Nepal

[email protected]

1Regional Capacity Building Workshop on Urban Mobility and Sustainable Urban

Transport Index, UNCRD/UNESCAP

28-29 October, Hanoi

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Contents

• Urban Transport in Nepal: Overview

• Key Issues and Problems

• Characteristic Features of Nepalese Cities

• Strategies and Policy Measures

2

Population in 20 Largest Cities3

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000Kathman

du*

Lalitpur*

Bhaktapur*

Pokh

ara

Biratnagar

Bharatpur

Birgunj

Butw

al

Dharan

Bhim

da

a

Dhan

gadhi

Janakpur

Hetauda

Itah

ari

Dam

ak

Nepalgunj

Triyuga

Ghorahi

Siddharthan

agar

Lekh

nath

Popula

on,'000

Kathmandu Valley Pop

2.5 mil (3.5 mil incl float.)

Data source: National Census 2011

Kathmandu Valley (Greater Kathmandu)

4

• Country GDP per

capita: US$ 750

• Kathmandu, GRP per

capita US$ 2000?

• Habitable Area: 460

sq Km [899 skm]

• Car ownership rate: 40

per 1000

Characteristic Patterns of urban Development

5

Itahari (Ribbon-type development)Kathmandu Suburb (Haphazard dev)

Vehicle Population in Nepal(as of March 2015)

6

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Others

Microbus

Tempo

Minibus/MiniTruck

Pickup

Bus

Crane/Dozer/Exczvator/Truck

Tractor/PowerTiller

Car/Jeep/Van

Motorcycle

Data source: Economic Survey

43 % are in

Kathmandu valley

Mode Share in Kathmandu Valley7

23.1

45.0

9.4

7.3

67.5

47.8

1991

2011

ModeShare(MotorizeTriponly)

Motorcycle Car Bus

DataSource:JICA(2012)Figure4:TrendofmodeshareinKathmandu

Public Transport

mode share

reduced

67.5 → 47.8 %

Public transport routes and modesKathmandu Valley

8

• Multiple

modes in a

single route

• Inefficient

road use

• Competition

for passenger

Source: KSUTP

Public Transport Vehicles: Fleet Size9

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

StandardBus

MiniBus

MicroBus

Tempo

Data Source: KSUTP

Major transport modes in secondary cities

10

• Heavy dependence

on Motorcycles

• Some cities have city

buses but coverage is

poor

• Rapid growth of

Electric Rickshwa

Key problems

1. Haphazard urbanization

2. Congestion

3. Lack of parking facilities

4. Poor quality of public transport services

5. Private operators’ syndicate

6. Increasing domination of motorcycles and cars

7. Pollution

8. Traffic accidents- two wheelers, long distance

bus, pedestrains

11

Congestion, poor quality of public transport

service and urban sprawling 12

Peak hour traffic speed:

8-12 Km/h

Serious parking problem in Kathmandu

13

A public open

space for vehicle

parking !

How the situation arrived here?

1. Weak planning control

2. Policy of public transport only by private operators

in 1990s

3. Polluting three wheelers replaced by Electric Three

Wheelers (SAFA TEMPO)

4. Microbuses are allowed as public transport mode

(rapid increase, capacity problem)

5. Weak public transport regulation- relied on self-

regulation by operators

14

Characteristics Features of Nepalese Cities

1. Unplanned/haphazard land development

2. Evolving urban form/structure

3. Mixed use

4. Relatively higher density

5. Public transport mode share still higher but ONLY

captive users

6. Growing dominance of motorcycles

7. Inadequate road infrastructure

15

16

Road Space in Selected Cities

12.013378108Shanghai City Inner Core

133

96

197

168

131

121

72

112

202

Pop. Density

Per/ha

7.348656Jakarta City

7.216225Bangkok City Core

% (city

area)

Km2

14.920134Taipei City Inner Core

18.1114621Tokyo 23-wards

16.496589Inner London (12 boroughs)

25.827105City of Paris

13.380605Seoul City

21.724110Inner Tokyo (8 wards)

25.2210678New York City

Road AreaArea (Km2)

12.013378108Shanghai City Inner Core

133

96

197

168

131

121

72

112

202

Pop. Density

Per/ha

7.348656Jakarta City

7.216225Bangkok City Core

% (city

area)

Km2

14.920134Taipei City Inner Core

18.1114621Tokyo 23-wards

16.496589Inner London (12 boroughs)

25.827105City of Paris

13.380605Seoul City

21.724110Inner Tokyo (8 wards)

25.2210678New York City

Road AreaArea (Km2)

Data source: STREAM Study compilation

837

Developing Asian cities

Source: Morichi S and Surya R Acharya (2013) Transport Development in Asian Megacities: A New Perspective, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

Kathmandu City 50.67 184 3.86 7.29Data source KTM : Panta and Dangol , 2009

….Consider Urban Dynamics !

Key Strategies

1. Coordination between land use and transport

2. Planning an integrated/hierarchical transport

system

3. Investment for infrastructure and facilities

4. Promote Public transport, other sustainable modes

5. Need to focus on facilities for non-motorized modes

(footpath, bicycle lane, overhead bridges etc)

6. Institutional, regulatory reform and safety measures

7. Undertake both short-term and long-term measures

17

Strategies and Policy Measures

Coordination between land-use and transport

• Challenge: Weak planning control

• Opportunity: Evolving urban form

Key policy measures

1. Post-earthquake reconstruction in Kathmandu

Valley to be planned for better urban structure

2. Urban structure plan based on Transit Oriented

Development (TOD), including value capture

3. Shaping urban form

• Planning control: difficult

• Infrastructure-led: Possible

18


Planning an integrated/hierarchical transport system

• Challenge: Haphazard urbanization

• Opportunity: New infrastructure investment

Key policy measures

1. Recognizing role of different modes

2. Integrated/hierarchical public transport system

• Metro Rail

• High capacity buses

• Mini buses, tempo (para-transit)

3. Non-motorized modes (walk, bicycle)

19


Investment for infrastructure and facilities

• Challenge: Weak financial return, ROW constraint

• Opportunity: Higher economic return

Key policy measures

1. Invest for Metro Rail in Kathmandu

• Q is not about if, it is about how many lines!

• Too costly? Delaying would be more costly!

• Let’s NOT mix up tech, activism and political issues

• Focus on relevant issues, Feeder FAR, densification etc

2. Expand roads, acquire ROW early

• Allocate space to pedestrian way, transfer facilities

3. Provision of high capacity buses

4. Provision of parking places

20

21

22

Kathmandu Metro Rail:

Possible routes

Rail transit with TOD (sub-center development)


Promote Public Transport, Other Sustainable Modes

• Challenge: Captive users , road cong, Motor cyl

• Opportunity: High mode share, high density

Key policy measures

1. Introduce exclusive ROW (Metro, BRT, Bus lanes)

2. High quality PT vehicles, make service reliable

3. Better on-board services, AC, Wi-fi, smart card etc

4. Control/regulation on motorcycle use !

5. Promote env friendly vehicles including

22


Institutional, regulatory reform and safety measures

• Challenge: ‘syndicate’ of large no of operators

• Opportunity: Readiness of all stakeholders

Key policy measures

1. Introduce an efficient regulatory mechanism

2. Public-private partnership model for public

transport operation

3. Recognize public transport as an Essential Service

and make provision of public subsidy (if

necessary)

23


Institutional, regulatory reform and safety measures

• Challenge: Increasing emissions and accident

• Opportunity: Green and safe technology

Key policy measures

1. Go for green transport (metro, electric bus/cars,

bicycle in secondary cities)

2. Mainstreaming safety measures in infrastructure

building, service operation, and regulation

24


Undertake both short-term and long-term measures

25

Short-term (+)

Short-term (-)

Long-term (+)Long-term (-)

Smart/strategic policies

• Planning, coordination, TOD

• Incentive-based policy/reg

• Control car, MC

• Might be unpopular

Reactive policies

•Normally low-cost solutions

•Privatization, informal transp

•Ad-hoc, ‘superficial’, intuitive

Wrong policies

• Result of vested interest

lobbying efforts, PPP etc

• Wrong deregulation, weak

planning control

Pro-active policies

• May include high capital

investment

• ROW acquisition, MRT

Source: Author’s sketch

Thank you!26

[email protected]

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Transport Index, UNCRD/UNESCAP 28-29 October, Hanoi .... Strategies for... · Kathmandu Valley Pop 2.5 mil (3.5 mil incl float.) ... (footpath, bicycle lane, overhead bridges etc)

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