Transport in Asian Megacities - ATSE Home · Transport in Asian Megacities Issues and insights for Infrastructure Planning Surya Raj Acharya, PhD Senior Research Fellow ... subway
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Data source: New York City: United States Census Bureau (June 1998); Greater London: McCann (2006); Tokyo: Statistics Bureau (2007), Tokyo Metropolitan government (2007); rest of the cities United Nation (2005); some of the figures are estimated based on the figures from the sources.
Years taken to increase city population from 2 to 8 millions
• In adequate road• Inefficient road hierarchyAsian Megacities
City/AreaData year
Cityarea, Km2
Road area
Km2 % of city area
City of London 2005 3.2 0.8 25.0Inner London 2005 310 56.6 18.3Greater London 2005 1595 196.0 12.3New York City 2010 789 165.9 21.0Inner New York 2010 59 15.2 25.7City of Paris 1999 105 27.0 25.7Tokyo 23 ku 2010 622 101.2 16.3Inner Tokyo, 5 ku 2010 75 16.2 21.6Seoul City 2009 605 82.3 13.6Taipei City 2007 272 20.9 7.7Inner Shanghai 2008 108 13.0 12.0Jakarta City 2007 656 48.0 7.3Inner Bangkok 2006 225 16.0 7.1Data source: compile for STREAM Study from official data on land use or other publication
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Trip Patterns: Tokyo and Jakarta
Source: JICA (2004)
Huge flow of passengers from suburban to city core
Why public Transport is important in Asian megacities?
• To serve large scale demand• Accessible and Efficient (Economically efficient)• Clean and healthy (Environmentally sound)• Safe, Affordable, Inclusive (Socially acceptable)
Modal share in selected developed metropolitan areas (trip based)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Tokyo MA (2008)
New York MA (2001)
London MA (2006)
Paris MA (2008)
Modal share
Car Bus Rail Bicycle Walk Others
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Tokyo MA (2008)
New York MA (2001)
London MA (2006)
Paris MA (2008)
Modal share
Private Public
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Tokyo MA (2008)
New York MA (2001)
London MA (2006)
Paris MA (2008)
Modal share
Car Bus Rail Bicycle Walk Others
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Tokyo MA (2008)
New York MA (2001)
London MA (2006)
Paris MA (2008)
Modal share
Private Public
All purpose- all modes All purpose- motorized modes only
Commuting- all modes Commuting- motorized modes only
Data source: person trip survey from respective public agencies; Metropolitan Area definition‐ New York (10 counties of NY State), Paris (Ile‐de‐France), London (Greater London), Tokyo (Tokyo and 3 surrounding pref) Data year is indicated in the parenthesis after the name of each MA; For Paris, Rail also includes Bus
Data source: Annual report of respective agencies. Operating expenses includes all operating costs including depreciation.
Maintaining high ridership is important for sustainable operation of metro system
Asian megacities- overview• Large scale travel demand in megacities• Developed Asian megacities- Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Shanghai- Extensive
mass rapid transit (MRT) system • Due to higher ridership, profitable operation• Transit oriented development and value-capture• Developing megacities- heterogeneous demand simultaneous need
of various infrastructure resource constraint– Inefficient use of tax revenue, 2011 fuel subsidy in Indonesia c. 14 bil. US$
• Some cities are building MRT system- others looking for low-cost options such as BRT
• Notion of Low fare = Good fare!- public subsidy for operation rather than for capital investment
• Being late comers, advantage of – Knowing most facts about what works and what not– Using all technological options – Developing integrated transport system possible
1. Driving cost for a medium size car1.1 Operating cost (cents per miles)
Gasoline and Oil 10.5Maintenance 4.5Tires 0.9Operating cost (cents per miles) 15.9
1.2 Ownership cost @ 15000 miles per year ($ per year)Insurance 957 License, Registration, Taxes 572 Depreciation 3,401 Finance charge 786 Ownership cost per year 5,716
Total cost per mile, $ 0.54Operating cost per mile, $ 0.16
2. Cost of travel by public transit in New York City(1) Heavy Rail
Passenger miles (millions) 9,972,779 Operating expenses (mil $) 3,313,127 Average operating cost per pass-mile ($) 0.33
Funding of operationTotal fare revenue (mil $) 2,245,620 Average fare per passenger mile, $ 0.23Fare revenue as % of operating cost 67.8 %Public subsidies as % of operating cost 32.2 %
(2) Bus Passenger miles (millions) 1,838,396 Operating expenses (mil $) 2,289,448 Average operating cost per mile ($) 1.25
Funding of operationTotal fare revenue (mil $) 821,111 Average fare per passenger mile, $ 0.45Fare revenue as % of operating cost 35.9 % Public subsidies as % of operating cost 64.1 %
• Ownership bias• Indirect subsidies• (road investment and