TRANSPORT AND LAND USE TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results www.eu-portal.net TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL
Dec 18, 2015
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
Transparencies 2003
EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results
www.eu-portal.net
TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
DEFINITION
• Transport Planning and Land-use relates to two main aspects
• the general spatial and land-use patterns that have an impact on transport volumes and
• the spatial/land-use requirements of transport infrastructure.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
OBJECTIVES
• To understand the interrelation of land-use and transportation needs.
• To realise the transport planning problems within urban and suburban areas.
• To be informed about latest trends, policies and practices in this field, forming a valuable background for their future work.
• To develop and exercise critical skills that will help in evaluation, assessment and (later on) the design of transportation plans in urban and suburban regions.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
OBJECTIVES - EXAMPLES
• Assessment of French administrative procedure to ensure the consistency of road projects with urban land-use plans
• The spatial effects of the Oresund bridge between Copenhagen and Malmo
• Assessment of a new legal provision in Italy aimed at fostering concertation between local bodies in transport and land-use policies
• Assessment of the Delta Plan programme in Barcelona, which groups a set of land-use and transport projects
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
CHALLENGES
To provide solutions in order to
• Minimize traffic congestion
• Make transportation in urban and suburban areas more efficient, safer and environmentally friendlier
• Improve the working and living conditions within the cities
• Enhance economic growth
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
CHALLENGES REFRAMING OF TRANSPORT PLANNING
• Professional structures: from transport engineers to transport planners
• Transport Policy: from road schemes to integrated packages
• Modeling: from gravity models to accessibility indices
• Developer contributions: from developer contributions of highways to public transport improvements and
• Technology: from structural to managerial technologies
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – FROM THE OLD TO THE NEW LOGIC
• Professional structures: structural engineers and planners will work together with other actors to develop integrated packages
• Transport Policy: instead from road building initiatives, re-allocation of resources towards more demand oriented approaches
• Modeling: transport models for areas of low accessibility using Public Transport instead of road building
• Developer contributions: instead of improving road capacity, create and improve Public Transport
• Technology: investment of smaller traffic calming schemes and information and road pricing schemes to find ways of managing demand
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
NEW LOGIC
• Commitment to significantly improved public transport
• Introduction of traffic calming and pedestrianisation measures
• Advanced information technology based systems to get the most out of the existing infrastructure
• Road pricing
• Reduction in the building of new roads
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
COMPARISON OF THE OLD AND NEW LOGIC
Old Logic Feature New Logic
expand networks Manage and integrate
Predict and provide forecasts Predict and manage
Hard – supply oriented technology Soft – demand oriented
Engineers Professional culture Managers open
Hermetic and sectoral Policy making Discourse and Integration
Reduce travel time time Niche, certainty
Homogenous space Customised
Site specific externality enviroment Global emissions
Dis-engaged users Re-engaged
Macro extrapolation modelling Micro level responsive
Standadised, static Knowledge and information Tailored dynamic
Source: Guy and Marvin, 1996
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
RELEVANT EU POLICIES
• The Land Use and Transport Research (LUTR) cluster
• The Common Transport Policy
• The Urban Audit (1997)
• Towards a Local Sustainability Profile – European Common Indicators
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTERACTION
• The “Land-use transport feedback cycle”
• Theoretical approach
• Empirical approach
• Policies for better integration
• Policy objectives and policy effects
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
THEORETICAL APPROACH
• Technical theories (urban mobility systems)
• Economic theories (cities as markets)
• Social theories (society and urban space)
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
THEORETICAL AND TECHNICAL APPROACH
• Impacts of land-use policies to transport
• Essential factors
• Residential density• Employment density• Neighbourhood design• Location city size
• Impacts on
• Trip length• Trip frequency • Mode choice
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH
Impacts of transport policies to land-use in terms of accessibility
• Impacts on
• Residential location
• Industrial location
• Office location
• Retail location
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH
Impacts of transport policies to transport
• Essential factors
• accessibility
• Travel cost
• Travel time
Impacts on
• Trip length
• Trip frequency
• Mode choice
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
POLICIES FOR BETTER INTEGRATION OF LAND USE AND TRANSPORT
• Policy objectives and policy effects
• Type of policies• Investment and services• Planning• Regulation• Pricing• Information and informal services
• Policies for land-use and transport are analysed according to the type of policies
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
INSTRUMENTS OF TRANSPORT POLICY (Transland, del 2b)
Definitionthere are means by which the policy objectives can be achieved and the problems identified overcome.
Measures
• Land use measures
• Infrastructure measures
• Management measures
• Information provision
• Pricing measures
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
LAND USE - TRANSPORT MODELS
• Mathematical models simulate human decision making and its consequences
• They are able to forecast unknown situations and to determine the effect of a single factor
• Land use transport models incorporate the most essential processes of spatial development including
• Transport may be modeled either endogenously or by an exogenous transport model.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EVOLUTION OF URBAN LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS
Transport model
Land use model-
T1
T2 T3
T4 -
None
Activity and
judgement
No public transport no modal split
Public transport no logit 24 h
Public transport logit peak hour
Multi-modal activity-based
-
-
-
-
No market based Land allocationLogit allocationWith price signalsMarket based Land use modelActivity Based Land use model
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
Source:Transland, Figure 2.2. Evolution of urban land-use transport models (adapted from1 Miller, E.J., Kriger, D.S., Hunt, J.D., Badoe, D.A. (1998): Integrated Urban Models for Simulation of Transit and Land-Use Policies. Final Report, TCRP Project H-12. Toronto: Joint Program of Transportation, University of Toronto)
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
Environmental• Air pollution• Consumption of natural resources• Environmental quality
Social• Health• Equity• Opportunities
Economic• Total net benefit from transport• Total net benefit from land-use• Regional economy and competitiveness
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
TRANSLAND PROJECT
STRASBOURG
Aim:
modal share of 25% two-wheels & others
25% public transport
50% private vehicles.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
STRASBOURG
TRANSLAND PROJECT
Strategies:• The City of Strasbourg implemented a
set of policies calling for:• Hypercentre traffic ban;• Pedestrian area extension• Cycle-ways extension;• Public transport re-organisation, and• Parking policy modification• Accompanied by a strong political
support, formation of a technical pilot committee
• Consulation of Citizens
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
STRASBOURG
TRANSLAND PROJECT
Results:• The use of public transport has increased with negativ
repercussions on walking and cycling• The car modal share has raised (slightly in the downtown area,
significantly in the urban area as a whole);• The tran share raised at 40% in the downtown area • The tram service has brought about the renovation of the facade
of 29% of the buildings located alongside the routes;
The policy has been successful downtown, while the urban area as a whole has not benefit from it as it has experienced an increase of private modal share.
A general lack of coordination has been reported. Furthermore, uncontrolled and car-driven urban sprawls still exist
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
• Park & ride facilities have been developed;• Private dweilling rents raised at a faster rate in fringe areas well served
by public transportation than in central areas;• Downtown traffic has shown 17% reduction as compared to 2-3%
reduction over the past years. I the whole urban area motorway traffic has increased
• The policy has been successful downtown, while the urban area as a whole has not benefit from it as it has experienced an increase of private modal share;
• A general lack of coordination has been reported. Futhermore, uncontrolled and car-driven urban sprawls still exist.
STRASBOURG
TRANSLAND PROJECT
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
• Achieve an overall Regional Plan
• Improve conditions in the four metroplitan sectors setting medium term (10 – 15 years) planning goals
MADRID
TRANSLAND PROJECT
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
• Implementation of collaborative model for all convenios of the Madrid Region by the local territorial agency
• Involve governmental agencies (agency of public works and transportation)
• Involve neighbourhood organisations as instrucmental partners.
MADRID
TRANSLAND PROJECT
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES
MADRID
TRANSLAND PROJECT
Results:• Eased institutional consentration• Promoted intence public participation• Developed social cohesion• Provided adequate housing• Located residents in the original land• Developed an urban centrality using criteria of urban quality• Improved the quality of lodging, education health, culture and leasure• Improved accessibility
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS
MEPLAN• SPARTACUS project (USE-IT model, MEPLUS, RASTER
module)• LASER (application of MEPLAN for London and the South
East Region, England)• MEMOTO (application of MEPLAN in Kanto Region, Tokyo,
Japan)
MENTOR
EUNET/RASTER-NET
TRANUS
IRPUD
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES - MEPLAN
• MEPLAN is based on representation of markets in land (space); transport and economy
• used in the SPARTACUS project for test cities
together with - the Raster methodology (to assess urban sustainability indicators),
• the USE-IT model (a Microsoft Visual Basic application)
• and MEPLUS (a GIS-based policy analysis tool)
Land Use Transport
Land Uses(activities)
Travel, freight
Land, floorspace Transport-systems
Demand for
transport
Accessibilities
The MEPLAN model framework
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS
• MENTOR is a land-use planning software than can be linked with existing transport/traffic models such as SATURN, TRIPS, EMME2 or CONTRAM.
• RASTER-NET is a GIS developed for EUNET, EUFRANET and SCENE EC
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS
• MEPLAN and TRANUS are multiregional input-output models capable of modeling intermodality and having a freight transport model.
• TRANUS is an integrated land-use and transport model. It can simulate the probable effects of applying particular land-use and transport policies and projects and evaluate these effects from social, economic, financial and energy points of view.
• IRPUD is a simulation model of intra-regional location and mobility decisions in a metropolitan area. It consists of 6 interlinked submodels: transport; ageing; public programmes; private construction; labour market and housing market.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
CONCLUSIONS (Transland)
• Land-use and transport policies are only successful with respect to criteria essential for sustainable urban transport if they make car travel less attractive
• Land-use policies to increase urban density or mixed land-use without accompanying measures to make car travel more expensive or slower have only little effect.
• Large spatially not integrated retail and leisure facilities increase the distance travelled by car and the share of car travel.
• Fears that land-use and transport policies designed to constrain the use of cars in city centres are detrimental to the economic viability of city centres have in no case been confirmed by reality.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
CONCLUSIONS
'Best practices' are 'good practices' when they have worked successfully in a wide range of situations and have been shown to produce results satisfying integration and sustainability objectives.
• sustainability is mainly seen as the promotion of environmentally friendly modes, and their accessibility for different social groups, while reducing dependence on the private car.
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
QUESTIONS
How can we promote a balanced sustainable regional structure
Which are the most efficient policy measures to obtain it?
What does extensive growth of Athens Metropolitan area mean?
What does maximal use of land resources in Athens mean in other cities and municipalities?
What kind of impacts would the new tram line in Athens have in the greater metropolitan area?
How do the regional settlement patterns change due to faster or slower growth of Gross National Product (GNP)?
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
OVERVIEW OF POLICY EFFECTS
Policy area
Policy type Policy effects Primary objective
Land - use Investiment and services
Reduction of travel distances
Reduction of land - consumption
Reduce the need for travel
Planning Reduction of travel distances
Reduction of land – consumption
Efficient use of infrastructure
Regulations Reduction of land – consumption
Princing Reduction of land – consumption
Change in settlement behaviour
Information Reduction of land – consumption
Change in settlement behavioursource: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
OVERVIEW OF POLICY EFFECTSPolicy area Policy type Policy effects Primary objective
Transport Investiment and services
Change in modal split
Efficient use of infrastructure
Make the remaining traffic sustainable
Planning Change in modal split
Efficient use of infrastructure
Regulations Change in modal split
Change in travel behaviour
Change in settlement behaviour
Princing Change in modal split
Change in travel behaviour
Change in settlement behaviour
Information Change in modal split
Change in travel behaviour
Efficient use of infrastructure
source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
OVERVIEW OF POLICY OBJECTIVESPolicy area Policy type Policy effects Primary objective
Land - use Investiment and services
Dense, mixed-use structures
Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure
Reduce the need for travel
Planning Dense, mixed-use structures
Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure
Regulations Dense, mixed-use structures
Accessibility by public transport
Princing Restriciting pricing – Dense, mixed-use structures
Subsidies: Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure
Information Dense, mixed-use structures
Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure
source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b
TRANSPORT AND LAND USE
OVERVIEW OF POLICY OBJECTIVESPolicy area
Policy type Policy effects Primary objective
Transport Investiment and services
Co-ordination of transport modes
Extension and densification of (public) transport network
Reduce the need for travel
Planning Co-ordination of transport modes
Extension and densification of (public) transport network
Co-ordination of transport network with urban development
Regulations Restriction in car use
Restriction in parking
Princing Restriciting Pricing :Restriction in car use; Restriction in parking
Subsidies: Co-ordination of transport modes; Extension and densification of (public) transport network; Co-ordination of transport network with urban development
Information Restriction in car use
source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b