Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the ...978-3-662-03394-4/1.pdf · Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere Series editors: Peter

Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere

Series editors: Peter Borrell, Patricia M. Borrell, Tomislav Cvitas,

Kerry Kelly and Wolfgang Seiler

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

.. * * * .. .. .. * * .. .. *

Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere

Volume 4

Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Biogenic Emissions and of Pollutant Deposition

Sjaak Slanina (Petten) Editor and Coordinator

BIATEX Steering Group Jan H. Duyzer Delft David Fowler Gunter Helas 0ystein Hov Franz X. Meixner Sten Struwe

Edinburgh Mainz

Bergen Mainz

Copenhagn

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Editor Prof. Dr. SJAAK SLANINA

Netherlands Energy Research Foundation P.O. Box 1 NL-1755 ZG Petten The Netherlands

With 211 Figures and 45 Tables

The cover photograph shows Han Mots (ECN, Petten) servicing a wet annular denuder for the measurement of atmospheric concentrations of HNOj , HN02, HCl and S02 above the canopy of the Speulder Forest site in the Netherlands.

ISBN 978-3-642-08273-3 ISBN 978-3-662-03394-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03394-4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of pollutants and trace substances: experimental and theoretical studies of biogenic emissions and of pollutant deposition/ Sjaak Slanina, editor and coordinator. p. em. - (Transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in the troposphere; v. 4) Includes index. 1. Environmental chemistry. 2. Man - Influence on nature. I. Slanina, Sjaak. II. Series. TD193.B55 1996, 628.5'3-DC20 96-36462 CIP

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation. reprinting. reuse of illustrations. recitation. broadcast­ing. reproduction on microfilm or in any other way. and storage in data banks. Duplication of this pub­lication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of Septem­ber 9. 1965. in its current version. and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

@ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1997 The use of general descriptive names, registered names. trademarks. etc. in this publication does not imply. even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec­tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover Design: Struve & Partner. Heidelberg

Coverpicture from Sjaak Slanina (BIATEX)

SPIN 10514718 30/3136-5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper

Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere

Series editors: Peter Borrell, Patricia M. Borrell, Tomislav Cvitas, Kerry Kelly and Wolfgang Seiler

Volume 1

Volume 2

Volume 3

Volume 4

Volume 5

Volume 6

Volume 7

Volume 8

Volume 9

Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere

An overview of the work of EUROTRAC

Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes

Laboratory studies related to aerosols and clouds

Chemical Processes in Atmospheric Oxidation

Laboratory studies of chemistry related to troposphere ozone

Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances

Experimental and theoretical studies of biogenic emission and of pollutant deposition

Cloud Multi Phase Processes and High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry

Ground-based cloud experiments and pollutant deposition in the high Alps

Tropospheric Ozone Research

Tropospheric ozone in the regional and sub-regional context

Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation

Chemical transport and emission modelling on regional, global and urban scales

Instrument Development for Atmospheric Research and Monitoring

Lidar profiling, DOAS and tunable diode laser spectroscopy

Exchange and Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex Terrain and the Sea

Field measurements and numerical modelling; aircraft, ship, ocean platform and laboratory measurements

Volume 10 Photo-oxidants, Acidification and Tools: Policy Applications of EUROTRAC Results

Foreword by the Series Editors

EUR01RAC is the European co-ordinated research project, within the EUREKA initiative, studying the transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in the troposphere. The project has achieved a remarkable scientific success since its start in 1988, contributing substantially both to the scientific progress in this field and to the improvement of the scientific basis for environmental management in Europe. EUR01RAC, which at its peak comprised some 250 research groups organised into 14 subprojects, brought together international groups of scientists to work on problems directly related to the transport and chemical transformation of trace substances in the troposphere. In doing so, it helped to harness the resources of the participating countries to gain a better understanding of the trans-boundary, interdisciplinary environmental problems which beset us in Europe.

The scientific results of EUR01RAC are summarised in this report which consists of ten volumes.

Volume 1 provides a general overview of the scientific results, prepared by the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and the International Scientific Secretariat (ISS) of EUROTRAC, together with brief summaries of the work of the fourteen individual subprojects prepared by the respective subproject coordinators.

Volumes 2 to 9 comprise detailed overviews of the subproject achievements, each prepared by the respective subproject coordinator and steering group, together with summaries of the work of the participating research groups prepared by the principal investigators. Each volume also includes a full list of the scientific publications from the subproject.

The final volume, 10, is the complete report of the Application Project, which was set up in 1993 to assimilate the scientific results from EUR01RAC and present them in a condensed form so that they are suitable for use by those responsible for environmental planning and management in Europe. It illustrates how a scientific project such as EUR01RAC can contribute practically to providing the scientific consensus necessary for the development of a coherent atmospheric environmental policy for Europe.

A multi-volume work such as this has many contributors and we, as general editors, would like to express our thanks to all of them: to the subproject coordinators who have borne the brunt of the scientific co-ordination and who have contributed so much to the success of the project and the quality of this report; to the principal investigators who have carried out so much high-quality scientific work; to the members of the International Executive Committee (1EC)

VIII Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances

and the SSC for their enthusiastic encouragement and support of EUROTRAC; to the participating governments in EUROTRAC, and in particular the German Government (BMBF) for funding, not only the research, but also the ISS publication activities; and finally to Mr. Christian Witschell and his colleagues at Springer Verlag for providing the opportunity to publish the results in a way which will bring them to the notice of a large audience.

Peter Borrell (Scientific Secretary, ISS) Patricia May Borrell Tomislav Cvitas Kerry Kelly Wolfgang Seiler (Director, ISS)

EUROTRAC ISS Fraunhofer Institute (lFU) Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Excecutive Summary Sjaak Slanina (Petten)

Chapter 2 Biosphere - Atmosphere Exchange of Ammonia M.A. Sutton, G.P. Wyers, F.X. Meixner, 1.K. Schj(Jrring,

1

1. Kesselmeier, G. Kramm and 1.H. Duyzer .............................. 15

Chapter 3 Atmospheric Particles and their Interactions with Natural Surfaces M. Gallagher, 1. Fontan, P. Wyers, W. Ruijgrok, 1. Duyzer, P. Hummelsh(Jj, K. Pilegaard and D. Fowler

Chapter 4 Assessment of Dry Deposition and Total Acidifying Loads in Europe

45

1. W Erisman and A. van Pul ..................................... ................ 93

Chapter 5 Biological Mechanisms involved in the Exchange of Trace Gases 1. Kesselmeier, K. Bode, 1.K., Schj(Jrring and R. Conrad ......... 117

Chapter 6 Atmosphere - Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone D. Fowler, F.X. Meixner, 1.H. Duyzer, G. Kramm and L. Granat ................. .... ......... ......... ........ .... ...... .......... .......... 135

Chapter 7 Exchange of Sulfur Gases between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere 1. Kesselmeier, P. Schroder and 1. W. Erisman .......................... 167

X Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances

Individual Reports from BIA TEX Contributors

Chapter 8 Measurement techniques ...... ; ..................................................... 201

8.1 On-line Measurements of Ozone Surface Fluxes: Instrumentation and Methodology H. Gusten, G. Heinrich, E. Monnich, D. Sprung and J. Weppner .......................................................................... 201

8.2 Real-time and Non-intrusive Detection of Ambient Ammonia using the Photothermal Deflection Technique H.S.M. de Vries, F.J.M. Harren, G.P. Wyers, R.P. Otjes, J. Slanina and J. Reuss .............................................................. 210

8.3 Development of Instrumentation for Concentration Measurements and Surface-Exchange Fluxes of Air Pollutants G.P. Wyers, R.P. Otjes, A. Wayers, J.J. Mols, A. Khlystov, P.A.c. Jongejan and J. Slanina ................................................. 216

Chapter 9 Exchange of Nitrogen Compounds and Oxygen 225

9.1 Ozone deposition on various surface types S. Cieslik and A. Lahatut ... ..................... ......................... ...... .... 225

9.2 Measurements of Dry Deposition Fluxes of Nitrogen Compounds and Ozone J. Duyzer, H. Weststrate, H. Verhagen, G. Deinum and J. Baak .. .......... ....................... .... .................................... ..... 244

9.3 Dry Deposition Monitoring of S02, NH3 and N02 over a Coniferous Forest J. W. Erisman, M. Mennen, J. Hogenkamp, E. Kemkers, D. Goedhart, A. van Pul, G. Draaijers, J. Duyzer and P. Wyers ... ......................... .... ................................ ...... ........ 251

9.4 Flux of NOx between Atmosphere and Vegetation -Parameterisation of Surface ResistancelEmission L. Granat, A. Rondon, C. Johansson and R. Janson

9.5 First Emission Inventory of Ammonia in Timis County

256

E. Lorinczi, A. Ritivoiu and T. Camaroschi ............................... 261

9.6 Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides over Different European Ecosystems F.X. Meixner, J. Ludwig, H. Muller, F. Boswald and B. Terry .. 264

9.7 Measurement of Ambient Concentration and Surface Fluxes of 0 3, S02 NOx and TSP in Uludag National Park U Ozerand S.G. Tuncel ............................................................. 277

Table of Contents XI

9.8 Surface Exchange of Ammonia over Grazed Pasture M.AH.G. Plantaz, A. T. Vermeulen and G.P. Wyers 285

9.9 The Speulderbos Experiment 1993 - Experimental and Modelling Results S. Walton, M. Gallagher, T. W. Choularton, J. Duyzer and K. Pelegaard . ................... ............. ...... .... ................ .... ........ 292

Chapter 10 Exchange of Sulfur Compounds and Multi-compound Measurements ............................................................................ 301

10.1 Measurements of Wet and Dry Deposition in Timis County, Romania A Anghelus, M. LOrinczi, E. LOrinczi and A Ritivoiu ............... 301

10.2 Measurement of Dry Deposition Velocity of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides above Pine Forest and Low Vegetation in Different Seasons by the Gradient Method L. Horvath, T. Weidinger, Z. Nagy and Erno Fuhrer ................ 304

10.3 Biogenic and Anthropogenic Trace Gas Fluxes between the Atmosphere and a Polluted Mixed Forest of Central Europe W. Jaeschke, Th. Dietrich, U. Schickedanz and M. Klauer ....................... ..................................................... 311

10.4 Exchange of Reduced Sulfur Compounds between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere J. Kesselmeier, U. Bartell, S. Blezinger, W. Conze, e. Gries, e. Hilse, R. Hofmann, U. Hofmann, A. Hubert, U. Kuhn, F. Meixner, L. Merk, T.H. Nash III, G. Protoschill-Krebs, F. Velmecke, e. Wilhelm and M.O. Andreae ............................. 320

Chapter 11 Biogenic VOC Emissions. .......... ........................... ................. ... 327

11.1 Exchange of Short Chained Organic Acids between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere J. Kesselmeier, e. Ammann, J. Beck, K. Bode, R. Gabriel, U. Hofmann, G. Helas, U. Kuhn, F.X. Meixner, Th. Rausch, L. Schafer, D. Weller and M. O. Andreae ................................... 327

11.2 Forest Emissions of Hydrocarbons e. Pio, T. Nunes and A Valente ................................................ 335

11.3 Investigations on Emissions of Low Molecular Weight Compounds (C2-C1O) from Vegetation R. Steinbrecher, J. Hahn, K. Stahl, G. Eichstiidter, K. Lederle, R. Rabong, A.-M. Schreiner and J. Slemr .............. 342

XII Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances

11.4 Monoterpene and Isoprene Emission in Norway Spruce Forests R. Steinbrecher, H. Ziegler, G. Eichstadter, U. Fehsenfeld, R. Gabriel, Ch. Kolb, R. Rabong, R. SchOnwitz and W. Schurmann . ............. .............. ........... .... ............... ........... 352

11.5 Emissions of VOCs from Stressed and Unstressed Vegetation R.A. Street, s.c. Duckham, C. Boissard and C.N. Hewitt .......... 366

11.6 Isoprenoi"c Compounds: Emission and Atmospheric Concentration Measurements L. Torres, B. Clement, J.L. Fugit, M. Haziza, V. Simon and M.L. Riba ............................................................................ 372

Chapter 12 Exchange of Particles ................................................................. 381

12.1 Vertical Flux Measurements of the Submicronic Aerosol Particles and Parametrisation of the Dry Deposition Velocity J. Fontan, A. Lopez, E. Lamaud and A. Druilhet ....................... 381

12.2 Measurements of Fluxes of Particles, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon Dioxide to Coniferous and Deciduous Forests K. Pilegaard, P. Hummelsh~j, N. O. Jensen and L. Kristensen ....................................................................... 391

12.3 Sulfate Dry Deposition Measurements over Low Vegetation and in a Forested Area M.L. Sanchez, M.J. Dominguez and R. Rodriguez .......... ...... ..... 397

Chapter 13 Mechanistic Studies ................................................................... 405

13.1 Emission of Gaseous Hydrocarbons and NH 3 out of Soils P. Boeckx, A. Vermoesen and O. Van Cleemput ........................ 405

13.2 Uptake and Distribution of N02 in Norway Spruce (Picea Abies [L.] Karst Ch. Brunold, P. von Ballmoos, S. Nussbaum, M. Ammann, M. Stalder, U.P. Schlunegger and H. Gfeller ....... ....... .............. 413

13.3 Mechanisms of Release of NOx and COS from Soil and Soil Micro-organisms R. Conrad . ................... .... ............... .... .... ...... .............. ............ .... 420

13.4 The Chemical Behaviour and Deposition of Ammonium Nitrate, Nitric Acid and Ammonia R. Dlugi, L. Kins, Th. Seiler, W. Seidl, P. Seifert, A. Kasper, H. Sievering, M. Zeiger, E. Kohler and K. ReujJwig .................. 426

Table of Contents

13.5 Studies on Deposition, Emission and Chemical Transfonnation above and within Tall Vegetation R. Dlugi, L. Kins, D. Kohler, E. Kohler, K. Reuj3wig,

XIII

J. Reuder, G. Roider, K. Ruoss, J. Schween and M. Zeiger ....... 433

13.6 Studies on Exchange Processes of Momentum, Energy and Matter above and within Tall Vegetation R. Dlugi, M. Zeiger, J. Schween, Th. Seiler, Th. Foken, G. Inclan and R. Forkel ............................................................. 439

13.7 Ammonia Exchange between Terrestrial Plants and the Atmosphere Controlled by Plant Physiology: Compensation Point and CO2 Exchange F.X. Meixner, M. Bliefernicht, G. Helas, J. Kesselmeier, P.G. Wyers and M.O. Andreae .................................................. 445

13.8 Photolysis Frequencies of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone: Measurements and Model Calculations J. Reuder, T. Gori, A. Ruggaber, L. Kins and R. Dlugi .... .... ..... 450

Chapter 14 Modelling and Validation .......................................................... 457

14.1 Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement in a Rural Region of Northern Italy c. Cavicchioli, G. Manzi, G. Catenacci, G. Brusasca and M. Borgarello .................. .......................... ......................... 457

14.2 Improvement and Validation of the Tbroughfall Technique for Nitrogen Deposition Measurements to Forest Ecosystems M. Ferm ..................................................................................... 467

14.3 Modelling the Uptake and Metabolisation of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone by Plant Leaves G.H. Kohlmaier, P. Ramge, M. PlOchl and F. Badeck .............. 473

14.4 Experimental and Modelling Studies of the Deposition Processes in South European Ecosystems R. San Jose, A. Garda and H. Casado ...................................... 480

Chapter 15 BIATEX Publications: 1988 -1995 ......................................... 487

Subject Index ................................................................................................ 521

List of Contributors

Or. M. Ammann Universitat Bern PfIanzenphysiologisches Institut Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern Switzerland

Or. C. Ammann Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Prof. Or. M. O. Andreae Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Or. A. Anghelus Agentia Pt. Supravegherea Si Protectia Mediuli Timisora Str. Cozia Nr. 7 RM -1900 Timisoara Rumania

Or. J. Baak TNOMEP P. O. Box 6011 NL-2600 J A Oelft Netherlands

Or. F.-W. Badeck Institut fiir Physikalische u. Theoretische Chemie der 1. W. Goethe-Universitat Niederurseler Hang 0-60339 Frankfurt Germany

Or. P. von Ballmoos Universitat Bern Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern Switzerland

Or. U. Bartell Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Mr. J. Beck Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Ms. S. Blezinger Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Or. M. Bliefernicht Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Or. K. Bode Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

XVI Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants

Dr. P. Boeckx University of Ghent Laboratory for Physical and Radiobiol. Chemistry Coupure Links 653 B-9OO0 Gent Belgium

Dr. C. Boissard Environmental Science Division Lancaster University GB-Lancaster LAI 4YQ United Kingdom

Dr. M. Borgarello CISE S.p.A. Via Reggio Emilia 39 1-20124 Milano Italy

Dr. C. Brunold Universitat Bern Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern Switzerland

Dr. G. Brusasca ENEL-CRAM Via Rubattino 54 1-20134 Milano Italy

Mr. F. Boswald Fraunhofer Institut fiir Atmosphiirische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. T. Camaroschi Agentia Pt. Supravegherea Si Protectia Mediuli Timisora BD. Mihai Viteazu Nr. 32 RM-19oo Timisoara Rumania

Dr. H. Casado Universidad del Pais Vasco Facultad de Farmacia Portal de Lasarte sin E-01007 Vitoria Spain

Dr. G. Catenacci CISES.p.A. Via Reggio Emilia 39 1-20124 Milano Italy

Dr. C. Cavicchioli CISE S.p.A. Via Reggio Emilia 39 1-20124 Milano Italy

Dr. T. W. Choularton UMIST Department of Atmospheric Physics P. O. Box 88 GB-Manchester M60 lQD United Kingdom

Dr. S. Cieslik CEC Joint Research Centre Environmental Research Institute 1-21020 Ispra (VA) Italy

Dr. O. van Cleemput University of Ghent Laboratory for Physical and Radiobiol. Chemistry Coupure Links 653 B-9000Gent Belgium

Dr. B. Clement Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie -Laboratoire Chimie et Environnement 118, route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse-Cedex France

List of Contributors XVII

Prof. Dr. R. Conrad Max-Planck Institut fUr Terrestrische Mikrobiologie Karl-von-Frisch-StraBe D-35043 MarburgILahn Germany

Dr. W. Conze Max Planck Institut fUr Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. G. Deinum TNOMEP P. O. Box 6011 NL-2600 JA Delft Netherlands

Dipi. Chern. T. Dietrich Zentrum fUr Umweltforschung (ZUF) J. W. Goethe-Universitiit Frankfurt Georg-Voigt-StraBe 14 D-60325 Frankfurt Germany

Dr. R. Dlugi Universitiit Munchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 D-80333 Munchen Germany

Ms. J. Dominguez Lorenzo Universidad de Valladolid Lab. de Contaminacion Atmosferica E-Valladoid Spain

Dr. G. P. J. Draaijers RIVM-Air Research Laboratory P. O. Box 1 NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. A. Druilhet Universite Paul Sabatier Laboratoire d' Aerologie URAlCNRS 354 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex France

Dr. S. C. Duckham Lancaster University Institute of Environmental & Biological Sciences GB-Lancaster LAI 4YQ United Kingdom

Ing. J. H. Duyzer TNOMEP P. O. Box 6011 NL-2600 JA Delft Netherlands

Dipl. BioI. G. Eichstiidter Universitiit Munchen Inst. fUr Botanik und Mikrobiologie ArcisstraBe 21 D-80333 Munchen Germany

Dr. J. W. Erisman RIVM Antonie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 P. O. Box 1 NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. U. Fehsenfeld Fraunhofer Institut fUr Atmosphiirische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. M. Ferm Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) Box 47086 S-402 58 Goteborg Sweden

XVIII Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants

Dr. Th. Foken Deutscher Wetterdienst Meteorolog. Observatorium Lindenberg 0-15864 Lindenberg Germany

Prof. Dr. J. Fontan Universite Paul Sabatier Laboratoire d' Aerologie 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex France

Dr. R. Forkel Fraunhofer Institut fiir Atmosphiirische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 0-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. D. Fowler Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Edinburgh Research Station Bush Estate, Penicuik GB-Midlothian EH32 ORA United Kingdom

Dr. J. L. Fugit Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie et Laboratoire Environnemental 118, route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse-Cedex France

Dr. E. Fuhrer Forest Research Institute Frankel Le6 u. 44 H-1023 Budapest Hungary

Dr. R. Gabriel Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. M. W. Gallagher UMIST Department of Atmosheric Physics P. O. Box 88 GB-Manchester M60 1 QD United Kingdom

Dr. J. A. Garcia Universidad de Extremadura Departamento de Fisica E-06071 Badajoz Spain

Dr. H. Gfeller Institut fiir Organische Chemie Universitiit Bern FreiestraBe 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

Dr. D. Goedhart RIVM Antonie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 P. O. Box I NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. T. Gori Universitiit Munchen Meteorologisches Institut ThersienstraBe 37 0-80333 Munchen Germany

Dr. L. Granat University of Stockholm Department of Meteorology S-I06 91 Stockholm Sweden

Dr. C. Gries Arizona State University Dept. of Botany USA-Tempe AZ 85287-1601 USA

List of Contributors

Dr. H. Glisten KfK Karlsruhe Institut fUr Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK) Postfach 3640 D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany

Dr. J. Hahn Fraunhofer Institut fUr Atmosphiirische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. F. J. M. Harren University of Nijmegen Molecular and Laser Physics Toemooiveld NL-6525 ED Nijmegen Netherlands

Dr. M. Haziza Ecole Nationale Sup6rieure de Chimie Chimie-Energie-Environnement 118, route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse Cedex France

Dr. G. Heinrich Kemforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Institut f. Meteorologie u. Klimaforsch. Postfach 3640 D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany

Dr. G. Helas Max Planck Institut fUr Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. C. N. Hewitt University of Lancaster Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences GB-Lancaster LAI 4YW United Kingdom

Dr. C. Hilse University Mainz Botanical Institute D-55099 Mainz Germany

Dr. R. Hofmann Max Planck Institut fUr Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. U. Hofmann Max Planck Institut fUr Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. J. Hogenkamp RIVM Antonie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 P. O. Box 1 NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. L. Horvath Institute for Atmospheric Physics POBox 39 H-1675 Budapest Hungary

Dr. O. Hov University of Bergen Geophysics Institute Alh!gaten 70 N-5007 Bergen Norway

Dr. A. Hubert Max Planck Institut fUr Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

XIX

xx Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants

Dr. P. Hummelshoj Riso National Laboratory Section of Chemistry Department of Environmental Science and Technology Postbox 49 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark

Dr. G. Inclan Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 D-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. W. Jaeschke J. W. Goethe-Universitat Zentrum fiir Umweltforschung Postfach 111932-196 D-60054 Frankfurt Georg-Voigt-StraBe 14 D-60325 Frankfurt Germany

Mr. R. Janson Department of Meteorology Stockholm University Arrhenius Laboratory S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden

Dr. N. O. Jensen Riso National Laboratory Dept. of Meteorology & Wind Energie Postbox 49 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark

Dr. C. Johansson ITM Air Pollution Laboratory Stockholm University University Stockholm Frescati Hagvag 16 B S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden

Dr. P. A. C. Jongejan Netherlands Energy Research Foundation P. O. Box 1 NL-1755 Petten Netherlands

Dr. A. Kasper Technische Universitat Wi en Inst. fiir Analytische Chemie Getreidemarkt 9/151 A-1060Wien Austria

Dr. E. Kemkers RIVM Anatomie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 P. O. Box 1 NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. J. Kesselmeier Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. A. Khlystov Netherlands Energy Research Foundation P. O. Box 1 NL-1755 ZG Petten Netherlands

Dr. L. Kins Meteorologisches Institut Universitat Miinchen BarbarastraBe 16 D-80797 Miinchen Germany

List of Contributors

Dr. M. Klauer J. W. Goethe-UniversiUit Zentrum flir Umweltforschung (ZUF) Postfach 111932-196 D-60054 Frankfurt Georg-Voigt-StraBe 14 D-60325 Frankfurt Germany

Prof. Dr. G. H. Kohlmaier J. W. v. Goethe UniversiUit Frankfurt Institut flir Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Marie-Curie-StraBe 11 D-60439 Frankfurt/Main Germany

Dr. Ch. Kolb Fraunhofer Institut flir Atmospharische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. G. Kramm Fraunhofer Institut flir Atmospharische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. L. Kristensen Riso National Laboratory Dept. of Meteorology & Wind Energy Postbox 49 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark

Mr. U. Kuhn Max Planck Institut flir Chemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. E. Kohler Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut ThersienstraBe 37 D-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. D. Kohler Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut ThersienstraBe 37 D-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. A. Labatut CEC Joint Research Centre Environmental Research Institute 1-21020 Ispra (V A) Italy

Dr. E. Lamaud Universite Paul Sabatier Lab. d' Aerologie URNCNRS 354 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex France

Dr. K. Lederle Fraunhofer Institut flir Atmospharische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. A. Lopez Universite Paul Sabatier Lab. d' Aerologie URNCNRS 354 118, route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex France

Dr. 1. Ludwig Max Planck Institut flir Chemie Abteilung Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. E. A. LOrinczi Agentia Pt. Supravegherea Si Protectia Mediuli Timisora Str. Cozia Nr. 7 RM -1900 Timisoara Rumania

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XXII Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants

Mrs. M. LOrinczi Agentia Pt. Supravegherea Si Protectia Mediuli Timisora Str. Cozia Nr. 7 RM-1900 Timisoara Rumania

Dr. G. Manzi ENEL-CRAM Via Rubattino 54 1-20134 Milano Italy

Dr. F. X. Meixner Max Planck Institut flir Chemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. M. Mennen RIVM Antonie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 P. O. Box I NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. L. Merk Max Planck Institut flir Chemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. H. Muller Fraunhofer Institut flir Atmospharische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. J. 1. Mois Netherlands Energy Research Foundation P. O. Box 1 NL-1755 ZG Petten Netherlands

Dr. E. M5nnich Institut f. Meteoroiogie u. Klimaforschung Postfach 3540 D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany

Dr. Z. Nagy Institute for Atmospheric Physics PO Box 39 H-1675 Budapest Hungary

Dr. T. H. Nash III Arizona State University Dept. of Botany USA-Tempe AZ 85287-1601 USA

Dr. T. Nunes Universidade de Aveiro Departemento de Ambiento e Ordenamento P-3800 Aveiro Portugal

Dr. S. Nussbaum Universitat Bern Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern Switzerland

Dr. R. P. Otjes ECN Stichting Energieonderzoek Postbus 1 NL-1755 ZG Petten Netherlands

Dr. U. Ozer Uludag University Fen-Edebiyat Faculty Kimya B51umu TR-16059 G5riikle, Bursa Turkey

Dr. K. PiJegaard Riso National Laboratory Environmental Science P. O. Box 49 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark

List of Contributors XXIII

Dr. C. Pio Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento P-381O Aveiro Portugal

Dr. M. A. H. G. Plantaz ECN Stichting Energieonderzoek Postbus 1 NL-1755 ZG Petten Netherlands

Dr. M. Plochl Potsdam Institut fiir Klimafolgenforschung (PIK) Telegrafenberg D-14473 Potsdam Germany

Dr. G. Protoschill-Krebs Max Planck Institut fiir Chernie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. A. van Pul RIVM Antonie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 P. O. Box I NL-3720 BA Bilthoven Netherlands

Dr. R. Rabong Fraunhofer Institut fiir Atmosphiirische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. P. Ramge Institut fiir Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie J. W. v. Goethe Universitiit Frankfurt Marie-Curie-StraBe 11 D-60439 FrankfurtlMain Germany

Dr. Th. Rausch Max Planck Institut fiir Chemie Postfach 3060 D-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 D-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. J. Reuder Universitiit Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 D-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. J. Reuss University of Nijmegen Molecular and Laser Physics Toemooiveld NL-6525 ED Nijmegen Netherlands

Dr. K. ReuBwig Universitiit Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 D-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. M. L. Riba Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chirnie -Laboratoire Chimie et Environnement 118, route de Narbonne F-31077 Toulouse-Cedex France

Dr. A. Ritivoiu Agentia Pt. Supravegherea Si Protectia Mediuli Tirnisora Bd. Mihai Viteazu Nr. 32 RM-1900 Timisoara Rumania

Mr. R. Rodriguez de la Torre Universidad de Valladolid Lab. de Contarninacion Atmosferica E-Valladolid Spain

XXIV Volume 4 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants

Dr. G. Roider Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 0-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. A. Rondon University of Stockholm Department of Meteorology S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden

Dr. A. Ruggaber Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 0-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. K. Ruoss Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 0-80333 Miinchen Germany

Prof. Dr. R. San Jose Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Facultad de Informatica Environmental Modelling & Software Campus de Montegancedo E-28660 Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) Spain

Dr. M. L. Sanchez Gomez Universidad de Valladolid Lab. de Contaminacion Atmosferica E-Valladolid Spain

Dr. U. Schickedanz Zentrum fUr Umweltforschung (ZUF) 1. W. v. Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt Georg-Voigt-StraBe 14 0-6035 Frankfurt Germany

Dr. 1. K. Schjorring Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University Centre of Ecology & Environment Thorvaldsenvej 40 OK-1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark

Dr. U. P. Schlunegger Institut fUr Organische Chemie Universitat Bern FreiestraBe 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

Dr. A.-M. Schreiner Fraunhofer Institut fUr Atmosphiirische U mweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 0-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. P. SchrOder GSF Forschungszentrum Institut fUr Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie 0-85758 OberschleiBheim Germany

Dr. J. Schween Universitat Miinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 0-80333 Miinchen Germany

Dr. W. Schiirmann Fraunhofer Institut fUr Atmospharische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 0-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. L. Schafer Max Planck Institut fUr Chemie Abt. Biogeochemie Postfach 3060 0-55020 Mainz SaarstraBe 23 0-55122 Mainz Germany

Dr. R. Schonwitz Fraunhofer Institut fUr Atmospharische U mweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 0-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

Dr. W. Seidl Fraunhofer Institut fUr Atmospharische Umweltforschung KreuzeckbahnstraBe 19 0-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany

List of Contributors

Dr. P. Seifert Universitat Mtinchen Meteorologisches Institut TheresienstraBe 37 0-80333 Mtinchen Germany

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