Transplantations & Borderlands

Transplantations & Borderlands

Chapter 2

Reasons why English Merchants invested their money in America

O Gold & SilverO Lumber

O Northeastern part of the country was known as the “Great American Forest”

O Why did England need lumber?O ShipbuildingO Homes

Reasons why English Merchants invested their money in America

O Colonists would have to buy manufactured goods

O FishingO What part of the country would fish be

abundant?O Patriotic Duty to challenge Spain as

an economic power.

Columbian Exchange

Reasons why the Common People came to America

O What is the Enclosure Movement & why would it force people to move to America?

O Better Way of Life – the enclosure movement forced people to leave their home land as indentured servants & come to America

Reasons why the Common People came to America

O Freedom of ReligionO The Protestant Reformation, led by Martin

Luther, questioned catholic practices, which caused some religious groups to come to America (1517)

O King Henry VIII established the Church of England or Anglican Church in a dispute with the Roman Catholic Church.

O King James I of England forced his subjects to join his Anglican or Church of England (1601)

Reasons why the Common People came to America

O Freedom of Government - Religious & political persecution were common.

O Adventure

Chesapeake ColoniesO VirginiaO Maryland

The Early ChesapeakeO Early English attempts to transplant

English society were carried out by joint‐stock companies chartered by the Crown

O Virginia Company settled the first permanent colony in VA in 1607 (Jamestown)

JamestownO Jamestown was hampered by high

mortality rateO Site was low, swampy, and in the

territory of the powerful Powhatan Indians

O Settlers were prone to diseases (malaria)O Settlers were almost entirely men with

few useful skills & no sense of community

John SmithO Captain John Smith was the leader of

the Jamestown settlersO In 1608, he imposed order and

discipline; few deaths occurred during the second winter

O Soon after he left, problems arose again (even though the colony received more immigrants and supplies)

Starving TimeO Initially, Powhatan Indians showed

the English how to cultivate corn (maize)

O By the winter of 1609‐1610 (starving time) relations soured

O Survivors were reinforced by continued immigration and governors achieved stability by implementing harsh regimes

Limited SuccessO The following helped Virginia achieve

stability and modest success:O Private propertyO John Rolfe’s introduction of tobaccoO Influx of skilled workers and indentured

servants due to the Headright systemO Political participation in the House of

BurgessesO Introduction of African labor

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Suppression of the Powhatan

O Virginia’s expansion came at the expense of the local Powhatan Indians

O In 1622, the Powhatan attacked Jamestown killing one‐quarter of the population

O The Colonists pursued a strategy of suppression that ended the Powhatan threat by 1644

O The 1622 attacks drove the Virginia Company into bankruptcy

O The King revoked its charter in 1624 bringing colony under the crown as a royal colony

Maryland & the Calverts

O Catholic Calvert family was awarded Maryland as a proprietary colony in 1632

O Lord Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, saw this a commercial venture and refuge for English Catholics

O To fulfill the commercial goal, he invited Protestants to live in Maryland, but they almost immediately outnumbered the Catholics

O To protect the Catholic minority, Maryland adopted the Act of Toleration in 1649.

O Established the basis for religious toleration.

MarylandO Large land grants from the proprietors

established a powerful landed aristocracy

O Instability in Maryland resulted from warfare among the settlers rather than with the Indians

O Maryland used the Headright system, indentured servants, and ultimately slaves to cultivate the labor‐intensive tobacco crop

Sir William BerkeleyO The governor, Sir William Berkeley,

attempted to resolve conflicts by setting aside land areas for the natives and restricting English settlement in those areas

O This furthered the existing schism between the land‐hungry western “backcountry gentry” and the eastern aristocracy

O In 1676, this erupted into revolt when Nathaniel Bacon, a backcountry landowner, attacked Indians in defiance of the Governor

Bacon’s RebellionO Twice, Bacon attacked Jamestown, yet Berkeley

regained controlO Bacon died of dysentery and troops arrived fromO EnglandO Bacon’s Rebellion left the Indians in a weaker

position with less territoryO It Revealed:

O The unwillingness of the English to honor agreements with Indians

O The bitterness between eastern and western interests

O Dangers of an unstable landless population

New England ColoniesO New HampshireO Massachusetts (Maine part of Mass)O Rhode IslandO Connecticut

Plymouth ColonyO Puritan dissenters from the Church of England

known as Pilgrim Separatists founded the first lasting settlement in New England

O After first moving to Holland to escape Anglican repression, they obtained permission to settle in America

O In 1620, a small group abroad the Mayflower settled at Plymouth, north of Cape Cod

O The Separatists established a civil government based on majority rule in the Mayflower Compact

Relations with the Indians

O Massachusetts Indians were less able to resist the European settlement than the Powhatans because the Massachusetts Indians had been weakened by disease

O Even with assistance from Squanto and Samoset, half the Pilgrims perished during the first winter

O Their belief that they were fulfilling God’s will sustained the community

Massachusetts Bay Colony

O Another group, the Puritans, many of whom were merchants, obtained a charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company

O 1,000 colonists arrived in the area around Boston in 1630

O The Massachusetts charter served as a foundation for the government and John Winthrop was chosen governor

TheocracyO Puritan villages each regulated their own

affairsO Seeing themselves as an example of a

godly community to purify England they created “a city upon a hill” to be an example to the world

O The clergy and the government worked closely together

O Only male church members, the “saints” as they were known, could vote or hold office

Prosperity & DissentO The following created rapid growth and

prosperity:O Strong sense of communityO Continuing influx of immigrantsO Aid from the Indians and PilgrimsO Strong sense of religious purpose

O Puritans left England to practice their religion, but they did not support religious freedom

O Those who did not accept Puritan ideas were forced to leave Massachusetts

ConnecticutO Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister,

settled with his congregation in the fertile Connecticut River Valley at Hartford in 1639

O They adopted a written constitution, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (more inclusive male voting rights than Massachusetts Bay)

O New Haven Colony merged with Hartford in 1662

Rhode IslandO Puritan minister Roger Williams, who

argued for the complete separation of church and state, was banished from Massachusetts in 1635

O He bought land from the Narragansett Indians and founded Providence in Rhode Island

O He was granted a royal charter in 1644, Rhode Island had no established church and supported religious freedom

Anne HutchinsonO Anne Hutchinson preached in her home,

which was criticized as heresyO That only those who had a conversion

experience could be one of the electO That good works alone were not sufficient

proof of sainthoodO She criticized the established clergy,

crossed the boundary of a woman’s proper role, and claimed to have direct communication with God

O She was banished to Newport, Rhode Island in 1637

O Three years later, dissident John Wheelwright, an adherent of Hutchinson, founded New Hampshire

Indian AssistanceO Due to European diseases that had

decimated their populations the northern Indians were in less advantageous position than those to the south

O They provided assistance to the settlers, sold their lands, and traded furs to the European settlers

O They taught the Europeans about local crops—corn, beans, pumpkins, and potatoes—and agricultural techniques

Shifting AttitudesO Conflicts arose as settlers moved

inlandO Puritans were critical of the

“heathen” Indians and their threat to godly Puritan communities

O Some tried to convert the natives, but most Puritans came to accept removal or extermination to solve the Indian “problem”

Decline of Native Populations

O Indians way of life was threatened as:O Colonists cleared forestsO Drove off gameO Allowed roaming livestock to destroy

native cropsO Introduced alcoholO Infected natives with disease

O As a result native populations declined rapidly.

King Phillip’s WarO Competition over land and power prompted

conflictO In the 1637 Pequot War, Puritans were

particularly brutal, killing Indian women and children

O The English incursion on native lands led Metacomet, or King Philip, a Wampanoag chief, to strike back in 1675

O Settlers allied with the Mohawk tribe against the Wampanoags

O King Philip’s War took a heavy toll on all sidesO The Indian threat to the English diminished but

was notO eliminatedO Casualties were high in part because Indians

adopted English technology

10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America

O Massacre at the MysticO Video & Question Assignment

Middle ColoniesO New YorkO New JerseyO PennsylvaniaO Delaware

New NetherlandO This settlement by the Dutch included parts of the

present-day states of New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Connecticut.

O The region was claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch although others had reached the area earlier.

O New Netherland was a multiethnic, multireligious society: about half of the population was Dutch and the remainder included French, Germans, Scandinavians, and small numbers of Jews from Brazil.

O It developed as a trading post colony with the goal being profit. It became known for its diversity, freedom of worship, self-government, & tax exempt free land.

O It’s capital New Amsterdam, the precursor to New York City,

New NetherlandO In New Netherland, large Dutch estates,

were offered to Dutch settlers called patroons and similar land grants were made by the proprietor to increase settlement to challenge the English.

O Despite this challenge, the English continued to arrive.

O The 1647 arrival of Peter Stuyvesant stabilized the colony. The colony’s trade success led to English interest in the region.

New YorkO Atlantic commercial rivalry between the Dutch

and English intensified when Charles II granted the Duke of York, his brother James, land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers (had been occupied by the Dutch since 1624)

O York established his claim to the former New Netherland in 1664 when an English fleet captured New Amsterdam

O Rename New York the colony boasted diverse population from a variety of European countries as well as Africans and Native Americans

O Religious toleration was guaranteed and political authority rested in a governor and council, and local governments.

New JerseyO Agriculture, the fur trade, and

commerce supported the economyO James granted his lands south of New

York to John Berkeley and George Cateret

O The colony of New Jersey contained enormous ethnic and religious diversity

O After a decade New Jersey became a royal colony

William PennO William Penn, a Quaker from the Society of

Friends, was owed a large debt from the king, who repaid it by a grant of land between New York and Maryland

O Rejecting the Puritan concepts of predestination and original sin, Quakers believed all people contained an inner light that could lead them to salvation

O Women assumed equal position to men in the church

O Generally democratic, pacifist, and unpopular in England the Quakers looked to America as a refuge & Penn provided it

PennsylvaniaO William Penn attracted settlers from

throughout EuropeO Pennsylvania became the most

cosmopolitan American colonyO Penn purchased land from the IndiansO His holy experiment practiced some

degree of democracy with its representative assembly

O In 1701, Charter of Liberties limited the proprietor’s power

Southern ColoniesO North CarolinaO South CarolinaO Georgia

Carolina ColonyO Eight proprietors received a grant of

land from Virginia to Georgia with nearly absolute power and named the area Carolina

O They hoped to profit as landlords and land speculators

O Aided by philosopher John Locke, the proprietors drafted a constitution, but the actual settlement followed a different pattern.

North & South Carolina

O Family subsistence farming developed in the north

O In the more cosmopolitan and aristocratic south, the cultivation of rice and trade were the major commercial ventures

O Barbadian emigrants brought African slaves to the colony where a plantation‐based society arose

O Tensions between the north and south ended when the king separated them into two colonies in 1729

GeorgiaO In part to counter the Spanish threat,

King George granted a charter for land between the Carolinas and Florida to a group led by James Oglethorpe in 1732

O These trustees hoped to provide a buffer from the Spanish and be a refuge for debtors and the poor

Caribbean IslandsO Spain claimed all the Caribbean islands &

settled only a fewO England settled others without contestO Sugarcane (potential to be distilled into

rum) became the cash cropO Enslaved Africans became the labor forceO The small, white ruling class governed a

larger number of Africans and natives, which created much instability

SlavesO Slave mortality was high because of

the climate and harsh treatmentO Slave revolts took place despite legal

codes to ensure white supremacyO Other forms of resistance also

developed

Triangular TradeO The Caribbean was an important part

of the Atlantic triangular tradeO Sugar, rum, and slaves were sent to

the mainland and EnglandO The Islands provided models for the

North American plantation system

Spanish BorderlandsO To the south and west lay the Spanish

EmpireO The Spanish established presidios along the

California coast and missions throughout the southwest to convert natives

O The natives were forced to work on estates and died in great numbers

O Spanish borderlands were not growing and did not attempt to displace natives

O Unlike the English, Spanish intermarried with natives

O Two societies were blended, even if the Spanish did not treat natives well as a group

Spanish FloridaO The Spanish in Florida were a more

direct threat to the English than in the Southwest

O Their settlement was centered around St. Augustine in the east and Pensacola on the Gulf Coast

O Tensions between the English and Spanish arose frequently

O Florida ceased to be a threat only after the French and Indian War in 1763

Relations with Native Americans

O Along the western borders English colonists were too few to dominate. They learned to live with an uneasy truce with Native Americans.

O The Indians resented this European intrusion but looked to the French and British for gifts, weapons, and mediation of internal disputes and conflicts between tribes.

O The French quickly learned this role, but it waned by the mid‐1700s.

O The English ultimately turned to conquest and subjugation.

MercantilismO By 1650 the continued success of the

colonial system demanded a more organized imperial structure

O England embraced mercantilism, an economic theory aimed at increasing a nation’s wealth by:O Prohibiting colonies from trading with foreign

nationsO Using colonies for raw materialsO Selling manufactured goods in colonial

markets

Navigation ActsO To counter Dutch shipping competition

and colonial trade with Americans, Britain passed a series of laws to regulate trade called the Navigation Acts.

O These laws required:O Colonial trade to be carried in British shipsO Certain products to be sent directly to

EnglandO Goods from Europe to first pass through

England before going to the colonies

Benefits of the Navigation Acts

O The Navigation Acts encouraged the colonial shipbuilding industry and created demand for colonial goods in England.

O Despite the presence of customs officials and colonial protests, the Navigation Acts served both Britain and the colonies well.

Dominion of New England

O Britain had been increasing imperial control over the American colonies by gradually converting them to royal colonies.

O The crown united the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England in 1686.

O James II abolished the existing representative assemblies and appointed a single governor, Edmund Andros

O His rigid enforcement of the Navigation Acts quickly made him unpopular.

Glorious RevolutionO Catholic King James II was losing support in

England as well as in AmericaO In 1688, Parliament invited his Protestant

daughter Mary, and her Husband, William of Orange, to assume the throne.

O James fled & the northern colonists dissolved the Dominion of New England.

O News of this Glorious Revolution inspired Jacob Leisler, a German immigrant merchant, to challenge the ruling New York elite.

O He ruled for two years but was ultimately tried for treason and hanged.

MarylandO In Maryland, John Coode:

O Revolted against the proprietor’s governmentO Drove out the ruling officialsO Established a committee to govern the colony

O Although these actions in the wake of the Glorious Revolution validated certain rights of Englishmen, the colonies were more closely bound to royal authority by the end of the century than before.