TRANSPIRATION

APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Plant’s Physiology Experiment with title “Influence of

Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed” who is made by:

Name : Nur Rezki Octavia

Reg. No : 081404174

Group : II (Second)

Class : Biology ICP

Department : Biology

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, April 2010

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

SULFIANTO ILYAS NURHIKMAH Reg. No: 061404025 Reg. No: 071404085

Lecturer Responsibility

Drs. Ismail, MS NIP: 131625063

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Just as you release water vapor when you breathe, plants do, too—although

the term "transpire" is more appropriate than "breath." During this process,

individual water molecules are released from the surface of the plant body

through tiny structures called stomata. There are many more individual water

vapor molecules inside the air spaces between the tissues of a plant than in the air

surrounding the plant body. Consequently, water vapor will always exit the plant

along a concentration gradient. As more water vapor molecules exit the plant, the

remaining water molecules tug on each other and will pull an entire column of

water throughout the plant body through special tissues called xylem during the

process of transpiration.

Naturally, plant will loss water through transpiration. Transpiration is the

term used to describe the transport of water through an actual, vegetated plant

into the atmosphere. Transpiration is an important part of the evapotranspiration

process, and a major mechanism of the water cycle in the atmosphere.

Transpiration may also refer to the rate of the water vapor transport through the

whole vegetative canopy (that is, through the group of plants). In transpiration,

the important thing is water vapor diffusion from relative air in the inner leaf to

dry air in the outer leaf. Losing of water from leaf involve strength to pull up

water into leaf through artery vessels, from root to tip of leaf, even fro soil to

root.

It is a process in which the plants evaporate water. This transpiration

process is on the leaves when stomata are open during the passing of CO2 and

O2 and that process is called photosynthesis. Talking about the factors which

affect the transpiration function they are mostly the environmental factors.

Based on the above statement, to find out more about transpiration speed

toward environment factor we would use some of Acalypha sp. So, we can prove

or compare directly between theory and observations directly that we observe at

the time of this observation. In addition, in this observation we learned more

lessons about transpiration concept in plant.

B. Purpose

At Influence of Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed

experiment, the purpose is to learn about influence of environment factor like

amount of leaves, air circulation, light, and amount of stomata toward

transpiration speed.

C. Benefit

At Influence of Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed

experiment the benefit is student can know about influence of environment factor

like amount of leaves, air circulation, light, and amount of stomata toward

transpiration speed.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Losing of water because transpiration is happened in all of plant’s part that

connects directly with outer atmosphere. But, there is main is leaf and almost of all

transpiration is happened through stomata pores. Cuticle just release amount of water

steam because cuticle from many kinds of leaves isn’t very permeable toward water.

Losing water speed a plant depends on difference water potential between atmosphere

and inner cell. If room between cells in leaves saturated with water stream, so losing

water speed is determined by air relative humidity in atmosphere. Each environment

condition that cause change of amount difference water potential between leaves cells

and outer air can cause transpiration speed change (Ismail and Muis, 2010).

According to Anonyma (2010), environmental factors that affect the rate of

transpiration are:

1. Light

Plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because

light stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up

transpiration by warming the leaf.

2. Temperature

Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates

more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30°C, a leaf may transpire three times as

fast as it does at 20°C.

3. Humidity

The rate of diffusion of any substance increases as the difference in concentration

of the substances in the two regions increases. When the surrounding air is dry,

diffusion of water out of the leaf goes on more rapidly.

4. Wind

When there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid

thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is

carried away and replaced by drier air.

5. Soil water

A plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its water loss is not made up by

replacement from the soil. When absorption of water by the roots fails to keep up

with the rate of transpiration, loss of turgid occurs, and the stomata close. This

immediately reduces the rate of transpiration (as well as of photosynthesis). If the

loss of turgid extends to the rest of the leaf and stem, the plant wilts.

Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water from

parts of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are

dotted with openings called stomata, and in most plants, they are more numerous on

the undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and

close the pore. Collectively the structures are called stomata. Leaf transpiration

occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with

the opening of the stomata to allow hi the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air

for photosynthesis (Anonymb, 2010).

According to (Lakitan, 2008), transpiration give benefit at plant, transpiration

is said that to plant with some of reasons, they are:

1. Can make grow plant in extortion and transportation, and increase hormone.

2. Influence diffusion of plant as directly and indirectly. Make accelerate of cell

diffusion.

3. Influence mineral and water absorption by root.

4. It has important role in hara substance transportation from a plant part to other

plant part.

5. Maintains leaf temperature stability.

6. Related with open-close of stomata, it is not influenced transpiration and

respiration indirectly.

Transpiration is begun by evaporation by mesophil cell to hole between cell

that in cell (air space). Evaporation between cell space always continue during hole

cell space has not saturated with vapor. Cells that vaporize water to hole cell space

will decrease water on order decrease of water potential. This water decrease will be

filled by water that come from xylem leaf bone, then leaf bone will receive water

from stem. Stem receive from root and continuously. Water stream that collect in hole

cell space will stay in there during stomata at leaf epidermis don’t open. Although

there are water pass epidermis and cuticle has less amount and can be neglectful

(Ismail, 2006).

Pass power is influenced directly by amount of stomata opened. More high

stomata opened, so pass power is higher too. As water is transpired or otherwise used

by the plant, it is replaced from the reservoir on the right. This pushes the air bubble

to the left providing a precise measure of the volume of water used. At some of

references, there is term with stomata resistance. In this case, pass power has straight

relationship with stomata resistance (Campbell, 2003).

Transpiration has function to increase mineral transport speed, keep turgidity

of cell optimum, and keep body temperature by releasing over heat from body.

Transpiration velocity has relationship with open and close of stomata directly.

Amount of water that loss connects with various environment factors, like light

intensity, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and soil water storage. Water volume

that loss in transpiration is very high (Ismail, 2006).

Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is caused by the

decrease in hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the

diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed at the roots

by osmosis, and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem. The

rate of transpiration is directly related to the degree of stomata opening, and to the

evaporative demand of the atmosphere surrounding the leaf. The amount of water lost

by a plant depends on its size, along with the surrounding light intensity, temperature,

humidity, and wind speed (Anonymb, 2010).

CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHODE

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Wednesday/ March 24th 2010

Time : At 01.00 pm until 04.00 pm

Place of experiment : The 2nd floor of Biology laboratory, the west part

Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State

University.

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools:

a. Photometer

b. Stopwatch

c. Chemical glass

2. Materials:

a. Acalypha sp

b. Aquadest

c. Vaseline

C. Work Procedure

1. Cut branch of Acalypha sp enough leaves (15-25 sheath) and entered it into

water immediately.

2. Cut that branch at photometer by entered base of that branch into hole at

rubber closed bottle, so tip of branch appeared less than 5 cm under rubber

closed bottle. While soaked in water, base of branch is cut along 2 cm by

sharp knife.

3. Valve of photometer is opened. Tip of capillary pipe is closed by fingers.

Photometer is filled with water through reservoir.

4. Then valve is closed and tip of capillary pipe is entered into small chemical

glass that contain water.

5. Branch of Acalypha sp is entered. At hole of rubber, closed bottle is braced

that rubber closed bottle at photometer tube. Gave vaselline at point of contact

berween closed bottle with border wall of photometer tube. Keep distance so

don’t are air bubble in big photometer tube.

6. Allowed that branch of plant did transpiration then tip capillary pipe is raised

moment from chemical glass so it made small air bubble at tip of pipe. Then

tip of pipe is entered into chemical glass again and allowed it until air bubbles

reach the scale.

7. Determined transpiration speed (distance of air bubble per time unit) in

conditions:

a. Indoor of laboratory

b. Outdoor of laboratory

8. Remained 7-10 leaves of Acalypha sp branch and determined transpiration

speed.

9. Brushed upper surface with Vaseline and determined transpiration speed.

10. Brushed lower surface with Vaseline and determined transpiration speed.

11. Made graphs and data analysis

CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of Observation

1. Table of Observation

NoPlace of observation

(Treatment)Distance (cm) Time (second)

Velocity

(cm/sec)

1 Indoor of laboratory 1 300 0,0033

2 600 0,0033

3 900 0,0033

4 1200 0,0033

5 1500 0,0033

2 Outdoor of laboratory 2,5 300 0,0083

5,1 600 0,0085

7,7 900 0,0086

10,2 1200 0,0085

12,6 1500 0,0084

B. Data Analyzing

a. Indoor of laboratory

Average of transpiration speed

b. Outdoor of laboratory

Average of transpiration speed

C. Discussion

At this observation, we would observe transpiration in plant especially at

Achalypa sp. We gave them two treatments with put them in indoor of laboratory

and outdoor of laboratory. As we know that transpiration is a process similar to

evaporation. It is the loss of water from parts of plants, especially leaves but also

stems, flowers and roots. From that condition, we could see the factor of

environment that can influence transpiration. Based on our observation, in the

300 second movement of air bubble until 1 cm at indoor of laboratory and there

are significance changes until the fifth observation or 1500 second. While at

outdoor of laboratory, in the 300 second movement of air bubble until 2,5 cm.

From this observation result, we can know that the factors of environment that

can influence transpiration processes in plant among others, temperature,

humidity, wind speed, and light.

According to Ismail (2006), the environment factors that influence of

transpiration speed are:

a. Light

Transpiration of plant is faster if there are light than in dark condition. This is

because light stimulate stomata opening.

b. Temperature

Transpiration is faster at higher temperature because water evaporation is

faster.

c. Humidity

Diffusion speed a material increase if concentration difference material at two

regions increase. If air surrounding is dry, water diffusion from leaf will be

faster.

d. Wind

If there is not slow wind, air surround leaf becomes more humidity. So, it

decrease transpiration speed. If there slow wind, air will humidity and it is

changed by dry air.

So, based on that statement our observation result is suitable with theory

and there are not opposed between them. At outdoor room, transpiration speed is

more quickly than indoor room because intensity of light (temperature) is higher

than indoor room, so it is also for other factors. From graph, we can see that

there are straight line that has mean constant speed of transpiration. More along

time that need, more add movement size.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on observation we can conclude that transpiration process is

influence of environment’s factor like temperature, light, humidity, and wind (air

circulation). Beside that, there are other factors like amount of stomata, if there

are many stomata, transpiration will occur in many amount. More many of leaf

amount, so more doing transpiration and also for effect of light. While effect of

humidity and wind has opposite relationship with transpiration.

B. Suggestion

1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do

observation well.

2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.

3. Practicants must do observation well and must adroit in do experiment..

BIBLIOGRAPH

Anonyma. 2010. Transpiration. http://www.users.rcn.com. Accessed on March 28th

2010 in Makassar.

Anonymb. 2010. Transpiration. http://www.wikipedia.com. Accessed on March 28th

2010 in Makassar.

Campbell, A. Neil, Jane B. Reece and Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2003. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Ismail. 2006. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Ismail and Muis. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Lakitan, Benyamin. 2008. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Anonyma

Transpiration

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants. It occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis. But air that is not fully saturated with water vapor (100% relative humidity) will dry the surfaces of cells with which it comes in contact. So the photosynthesizing leaf loses substantial amount of water by evaporation. This transpired water must be replaced by the transport of more water from the soil to the leaves through the xylem of the roots and stem. As water is transpired or otherwise used by the plant, it is replaced from the reservoir on the right. This pushes the air bubble to the left providing a precise measure of the volume of water used.

Environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration

1. LightPlants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light stimulates the opening of the stomata ( mechanism ). Light also speeds up transpiration by warming the leaf.

2. Temperature Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30°C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it does at 20°C.

3. HumidityThe rate of diffusion of any substance increases as the difference in concentration of the substances in the two regions increases.When the surrounding air is dry, diffusion of water out of the leaf goes on more rapidly.

4. WindWhen there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air.

5. Soil waterA plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its water loss is not made up by replacement from the soil. When absorption of water by the roots fails to keep up with the rate of transpiration, loss of turgor occurs, and the stomata close. This immediately reduces the rate of transpiration (as well as of photosynthesis). If the loss of turgor extends to the rest of the leaf and stem, the plant wilts .

Anonymb

Transpiration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation . It is the loss of water from parts of plants , especially leaves but also stems , flowers and roots . Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Collectively the structures are called stomata . [1] Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with the opening of the stomata to allow hi the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis . Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots .

Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is caused by the decrease in hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere . Water is absorbed at the roots by osmosis , and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem .

The rate of transpiration is directly related to the degree of stomatal opening, and to the evaporative demand of the atmosphere surrounding the leaf. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, along with the surrounding light intensity, temperature , humidity , and wind speed (all of which influence evaporative demand). Soil water supply and soil temperature can influence stomatal opening, and thus transpiration rate.

A fully grown tree may lose several hundred gallons (a few cubic meters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots

is used for this process. The transpiration ratio is the ratio of the mass of water transpired to the mass of dry matter produced; the transpiration ratio of crops tends to fall between 200 and 1000 (i.e., crop plants transpire 200 to 1000 kg of water for every kg of dry matter produced).[2]

Transpiration rate of plants can be measured by a number of techniques, including potometers, lysimeters, porometers, and heat balance sap flow gauges.

APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Plant’s Physiology Experiment with title “Influence of

Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed” who is made by:

Name : Shandra Santika Nur P

Reg. No : 081404190

Group : V (Fifth)

Class : Biology ICP

Department : Biology

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, March 2010

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

SULFIANTO ILYAS NUNU DWI WARTI Reg. No: 061404025 Reg. No: 071404013

Lecturer Responsibility

Drs. Ismail, MS NIP: 131625063

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

There are environment’s factor that influence of transpiration like

temperature, light, humidity, and wind (air circulation). Beside that, there are other

factors like amount of stomata.

B. Suggestion

1. Laboratory: the equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do observation

well.

2. Assistant: assistant can give clear explanation about observation.

3. Practicants: they must do observation seriously