Translator.s Afterword Welcome to Asia. For those of you new to this part of the world, we hope this book - the first in a series - will be a good introduction to the environmentally related prob- lems and potentials of this region. For those already famil- iar with Asia, it is our hope that this volume will provide new insights into a facet of Asia that gets relatively little press coverage in the West. This book is not a word-for-word translation of the origi- nal. In places I have cut and spliced, edited somewhat, and rearranged material slightly in an effort to make it more pre- sentable in English instead of sticking slavishly to the Japa- nese original. Nevertheless, because I did this translation single-handedly and began well after the Japanese version was already on sale, time constraints did not afford the luxury of more editing and rewriting. We hope to remedy this prob- lem in future editions. Moreover, this first edition represents the first such ef- fort for JEC as well as for me. In that respect it has been a real learning process, and we all hope that future editions will benefit from both the successes and failures of this one. What we really need to make this series better in En- glish is feedback from you, the reader. For future editions we need to know specifically what you want to read, and how you would like it presented. That being impossible for this first edition, all changes are entirely the product of my arbitrary, on-the-spot judgments made during the transla- tion process. Constructive feedback is welcomed and should be directed to the email addresses given below. The original contains many more notes and references than given in the footnotes. Except for the figures and tables in Section III, I have omitted nearly all references to sources in Asian languages under the assumption that they would be linguistically inaccessible to Western researchers. Those references could, however, be included in future editions if there is sufficient demand. Finally, I want to thank the writers for their coopera- tion in looking over the draft translations of their respective sections. Despite their busy schedules, they took the time to check spellings of proper names and respond to my numer- ous, annoying questions about facts and content. A few were even gracious enough to rewrite short sections and add more recent information especially for this English-language ver- sion. Nevertheless, I should like to emphasize that any er- rors are my responsibility alone. Special thanks go to Oshima Kenichi for creating the charts and tables in an unbelievably short time. If any errors remain it is certainly because we rushed him so. Rick Davis Ashigawa, Japan, September 1999 Email contacts: Rick Davis: [email protected]TERANISHI Shun'ichi: [email protected]
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Translator.s Afterword
Welcome to Asia. For those of you new to this part of the world, we hope this book - the first in a series - will be a good introduction to the environmentally related problems and potentials of this region. For those already familiar with Asia, it is our hope that this volume will provide new insights into a facet of Asia that gets relatively little press coverage in the West.
This book is not a word-for-word translation of the original. In places I have cut and spliced, edited somewhat, and rearranged material slightly in an effort to make it more presentable in English instead of sticking slavishly to the Japanese original. Nevertheless, because I did this translation single-handedly and began well after the Japanese version was already on sale, time constraints did not afford the luxury of more editing and rewriting. We hope to remedy this problem in future editions.
Moreover, this first edition represents the first such effort for JEC as well as for me. In that respect it has been a real learning process, and we all hope that future editions will benefit from both the successes and failures of this one.
What we really need to make this series better in English is feedback from you, the reader. For future editions we need to know specifically what you want to read, and how you would like it presented. That being impossible for this first edition, all changes are entirely the product of my arbitrary, on-the-spot judgments made during the translation process. Constructive feedback is welcomed and should
be directed to the email addresses given below. The original contains many more notes and references
than given in the footnotes. Except for the figures and tables in Section III, I have omitted nearly all references to sources in Asian languages under the assumption that they would be linguistically inaccessible to Western researchers. Those references could, however, be included in future editions if there is sufficient demand.
Finally, I want to thank the writers for their cooperation in looking over the draft translations of their respective sections. Despite their busy schedules, they took the time to check spellings of proper names and respond to my numerous, annoying questions about facts and content. A few were even gracious enough to rewrite short sections and add more recent information especially for this English-language version. Nevertheless, I should like to emphasize that any errors are my responsibility alone. Special thanks go to Oshima Kenichi for creating the charts and tables in an unbelievably short time. If any errors remain it is certainly because we rushed him so.
absolute liability rule 45 accelerated industrialization 3,5,6,7, 110 Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia
106, 180 acid rain v, 48, 99,102, 104, 112, 180 Act for Promoting Investment in New Industries (Thailand)
64 Action Program to Arrest Global Warming (Japan) 49 afforestation 33,68,72,90,91,102,105,138 Afforestation Law (Thailand) 68, 72 amenity, amenities 44 Antarctic 48, 49 acetaldehyde 26, 40 Africa 4, 137, 148, 149, 150, 170, 171 Agano River 26 Agenda 21 134 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development
of the Mekong River Basin 180 Agreement on Forest Utilization Plans (TGHK, Indonesia)
Air Pollution Control Law (Japan) 43,45,47, 178 Air Pollution Fee Collection Law (Taiwan) 110 air pollution lawsuits 46 Air Pollution Prevention Law (China) 102 Air Quality Preservation Law (South Korea) 56 Akungtien dam 111
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) 10, 16 Bangladesh 17,21,22,28,30, 124, 128, 135, 164, 169 banjir kap 89 Basel Convention 167, 168, 180 Basic Environmental Policy Law (South Korea)
56,59,60 Basic Environment Law (Japan) 43,44,47, 178 Basic Environment Plan (Japan) 44,47 Basic Forestry Law (Indonesia) 91,93 Basic Land Law (Indonesia) 91 Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control (Japan)
41,43,46 Bayan Lepas Industrial Park 76 bear gallbladder 150 Beijing 11,12, 13, 14,31,32,100,103,151,156,157,
58,66,72,90,92,100,104,115,117,118,160,177 concession 68, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95 conditionality 122 congenital disorder 77 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 106 Conference to Promote Ozone Layer Protection (Japan) 49 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR) 29 Consumers Association ofPenang (Malaysia) 77,79,80 Convention for Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 104 Convention on Biological Diversity 28, 34, 49 Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species
of Flora and Fauna (CITES) 48, 147 Convention on Nuclear Safety 104 Convention to Combat Desertification 180 copper 20,40,42,85,87,112,125,167,168,169 coral reef 149, 150 coral bleaching 150 cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 80, 106 cotton 161 Council of Ministers for Global Environmental Conserva
tion (Japan) 49 cyanides 102
o
Dacca 152 Dalai Lama 99 Dalian 98, 105 Dalian Bay 98 DANIDA-ILO 127 Datong 98 Daya Bay nuclear plant 8 Dayak 88,89,90,91,95 debt crisis 122 debt service ratio (DSR) 122, 125 defoliants 24
Delhi 11,12,151,152 democracy 43, 50, 57, 94, 110, 115, 117 democratization 60,71,99, 119 Denmark 126, 175 Department of Agriculture (U.S.) 132, 143 Department of Environment (DOE, Malaysia)
78,157,159,178 Department of Forestry (Taiwan) 113 desertification v, 31, 32, 98, 99, 137, 180 designated wastes 56 desulfurization 40,41,45,104, 154 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) 124, 125 development dictatorship 56,57,60, 116 diesel delivery tax 13 diesel exhaust 18, 44, 47 diesel exhaust particulates (DEPs) 18 dioxin 24 Diponegoro University 92 Dipterocarp tree 89 Director General of Environmental Quality (Malaysia) 79 Directorate General of Nature Protection (PHPA, Indone-
sia) 94 disparity between urban and rural areas 65 DO 8,69,70,78, 79, 126 dry rice 84 dry season 35,68, 70, 71 Dunhua 98 Du Pont 116 dust 3,4,5,6,7,10,11,13,17,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,
Eastern Europe 134,167, 170 EastJava 86,87,92,93 East Kalimantan 88, 89,90, 95 eco-agriculture 134, 135 eco-farming 28,30,31,32,33 Economic Development Plan (Thailand) 56, 64, 67 education
90,101,105,110,117,127,128,129,130,135,177 EIA order 80 electricity 64,65,69,100,114,127,153,154,155,172 electric power 65,99,104,114,118,154 electric power law triad 114 Electro Ceramics 72 Emergency Law for Traffic Safety Infrastructure (Japan) 14 emission levy system 58,59 emission standards 66, 71, 72, 100, 176 emissions trading 106 emission surcharge 59,100,101,102,162 endemic leopard cat 114 ~nergy 7,8,16,17,31,32,33,44,49,50,59,85,86,100,
Energy Conservation Law (Japan) 44, 49 energy-intensive societies 154 "enrich the country and strengthen the military" policy 43 Environment Agency (Japan)
21,42,43,48,49,55,56,58,60,104,167,178 Environment Agency (South Korea)
21,42,43,48,4~55,5~58,6~ 104, 167, 178 Environmental Conservation Law (South Korea)
fast breeder reactor program 154 Federation of Movements for Eliminating Pollution (South
Korea) 60 fee-based trash collection policy 61 F engshan dam 111, 113 Fengshan River Ill, 113 filariae 160 fine 18,176 Finland 175 First Comprehensive National Development Plan (Japan)
40,57 First Comprehensive National Development Plan (South
Korea) 40, 57
fishery resources 142, 143 fish sauce 70 Five-Year National Economic and Social Development Plan
(Thailand) 64,65 five-year plan 64,65, 68, 69, 102 fluorine 22, 99 former Soviet Union 167, 170 foreign capital 14,64,65,66, 76, 79, 93 foreign wastes 100 Forestry Agency (Japan) 104, 138. Forest Law (Thailand) 72 Formosan black bear 114 Formosan gem-faced civet 114 Formosan macaque 114 Formosan salamander 114 Formosan sambar 114 Formosan serow 114 Formosan yellow-throated marten 114 Four Great Pollution Lawsuits 41,45 Four Tigers 4 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)
44,49,174,175,180 France 8,112,124,151,154,167,168,175 Friendship Highway 70 Friends ofPenang Hill (Malaysia) 78,80 Friends of the Earth Malaysia 80 "full set" industrialization 84 Fuchu 162 Fukuoka 40,47 Fushun 98
G
Ganges River 21 gasoline tax 13 genetic resources 28,29,34, 137 genetic variability 29 Germany 41,99,112,124,167,168,169,175 global commons 48,49 Global 500 Best 31, 32 global warming 8, 16, 17,44,49,67, 103, 106, 150, 153,
170,171, f73, 174, 180 golf course 68, 69, 78, 79 graywater 55, 71, 86 Great Britain 151 Greece 175 Green Aid Plan 105 greenhouse gas (GHG)
v, 44, 49, 103, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 Green Korea 60 Greenpeace 30, 143, 167, 169 green revolution 134, 135 ground subsidence 40,43, 117, 161 groundwater
Han River 55, 87 Hansamurin Association 60 Hangzhou 98 Harbin 98 Hazardous Substances Act (Thailand) 65, 72 hazardous wastes
24,48,66,67,78,88,164,165,166,167,169,180 HCFCs 49 Health and Society Ministry (South Korea) 56, 57 Health Compensation Law (Japan) 41,44,45,46,47,50 health damage
Indonesia Forest Conservation Network (SKEPHI) 93,94 Indonesia Institute of Science 86 Indonesian Environmental Forum (WALHI) 87,92,93 Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) 92,93 industrial effiuent 55,93, 111, 112, 176, 177, 178 industrialization v, vi, 3, 5, 6, 7, 20, 54, 57,62,64,65,66,
industrial park 23,54,55,57,59,65,66, 72, 76, 77, 80 industrial tree plantation concession (HPHTI) 89 industrial tree plantations (HTI) 89,90,93 Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal Center (Bangkok)
110,124,125,129,152 INHUTANI 89 Inner Indonesia 84 Inner Mongolia 22,98,99, 103, 162 input-driven growth 4 insect pest 31,32,34,174 Institute of Environmental Sciences (Chongqing City, China)
104,105 Institute of Energy Economics (Japan) 103 Integrated use 102, 135 intellectual property right 29 Inter-Century Green Projects (China) 102 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 103 International Atomic Energy Agency 104 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL) 49, 180 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollu
tion Damage 180 International Energy Agency 103, 170 International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement
(IFOAM) 135
International Treaty on Long Range Transboundary Air Pol-lution 106
Japan Environment Corporation 105 Japanese capital 76, 79 Japan Highway Public Corporation Law (Japan) 13 Japan International Labour Foundation 127 Japan's Federation of Economic Organizations 78 Java 8,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,92,93 JEC (Japan Environmental Council) vii, 60 Jiangsu 32,99, 103 Jilin 24, 98, 103 joint implementation (11) 106 joint torts 45, 46 jute 70
K
Kader toy factory 23 Kanagawa 43 Kalimantan 84,85,87,88,89,90,95 Kankyo to Kogai (Research on Environmental Disruption)
KEDO (Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organiza-tion) 8
Kedung Ombo Dam 92 Keio University 103 Khon Kaen 70 Kimitsu 162 Kim River 55 Kinta Valley 77 Kitakyushu 105 Koryo Zinc Co., Ltd. 21 Korean Church Environmental Research Institute 60 Korean Federation for Environmental Movement (KFEM)
60 Korean Research Institute on Pollution Problems 58, 60 Korean Research Institute On Environmental and Social
Malaysia Tourism Year 79 Maluku 84 Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program 93,94 Manchuria 98 mangrove 67,142,143,149,150 Manila 11,12,15,128,151,152,156,157,159,166 Manwan Dam 160 marine catch 142, 143, 144 marine pollution 49, 56, 57, 79, 86, 117 Marine Pollution Prevention Law (South Korea) 56, 57 market economy 4, 88, 89, 90, 95, 110 martial law 110,114,115,118,119 mass consumption 7,30,41 mass production 41 Mekong River 35,99,160, 180 megadiversity 28, 149 Mentawai Islands 93 mercury
20,22,23,24,25,26,40,41,69,71, 77, 86, 98, 102 methane 111,156,170,171,172 methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas 23 methylmercury 20, 25, 26 Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation Law (Japan)
22,23,24,25,26,40,41,43,45,50,116 Ministry of Fisheries (Thailand) 71 Ministry of Forestry (Indonesia) 31, 94 Ministry of Industry (Thailand) 70, 72 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MIT!, Japan)
17,43, 103, 105, 122, 147, 148, 172 Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (Thailand) 127 Ministry of Population and Environment (Indonesia) 94 Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Malay-
sia) 70, 72, 79, 157, 159, 178 Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Thai
land) 70,72,79,157,159,178 Ministry of State for Population and Environment (Indone-
106,110,113,118,149,150,156,157,180 monoculture 29, 33, 65, 76, 84 Montreal Protocol 49, 180, 181 Mookevart River 87
mortality rate 24, 104, 128, 130 Moscow 12, 151 mosquito 34, 160 Motor Vehicle Noise Control Law (Taiwan) 113 motor vehicle pollution 10, 11, 15, 16,64, 65, 66 MOX fuel 8 municipal solid wastes 118, 166 musk deer 148, 150 musk pouch 150 Musi River 87 Myanmar 99,128,131,149,150
N
Nakajo 22 Nagasaki Spirit 86 Nagoya 13,41,45,46,103 Nagoya Shinkansen lawsuits 45 Nagoya University 103 Nakhodka (Russian tanker) 163 Nakhon Sawan 69 Nakhon Si Thammarat 162 Nakton River 55 Nam Phong River 70 Nanjing 98 Nan River 69 Nantzu 116,118 Narmada River 125 National Afforestation Plan (Thailand) 68 National Atomic Energy Agency (Indonesia) 86, 103 National Comprehensive Waste Management Plan (South
Korea) 61 National Economic Development Agency (Thailand) 64 National Environment Act (Thailand) 65 National Environmental Board (Thailand)
65,69, 71, 72, 176, 178 National Environmental Protection Congress (China) 102 National Environmental Quality Act (Thailand) 72, 178 National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan) 103 National Law on Preserving and Improving Environmental
Quality (Thailand) 65, 72 national park 43,90,93,94,137,138,150,179,181 National People's Congress (China) 99 National Strategy for Biological Diversity (Japan) 49 natural enemy 31, 32 Natural Parks Law (Japan) 43, 179 Natural Resources and Environment Ministry (Thailand) 15 Nature Conservation Law (Japan) 43, 179 Nature Protection Charter (South Korea) 56 negligence 45, 70, 77 Neiho River 113 Nepal 16,60, 128 Netherlands, Holland 124,167,175 New York 12, 143, 151, 152 New Zealand 164,175
179 Noise Prevention Law (China) 102 Noise Regulation Law (Japan) 43, 179 North America 11,134,140,171,173 North Korea 8,116,131 North-South difference 171 Norway 175 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 104 nuclear power
8,41,49,93,103,104,106,114,116,118,154 Nuclear Reactor Regulation Law (Japan) 77 nuclear test 99 nuclear waste facilities 99 Nusa Tenggara 84
Outer Indonesia 84, 88 oxidant 58 ozone 11,12,48,49,58, 156,157, t58 Ozone Layer Protection Law (Japan) 49
p
PabaoRiver 113 paddy-cum-fish farming 28, 33, 34 palm 34,88,93, 114 Panpakhon River 69 Pakistan 30,112,128,154,160,164,169 Pak Jeonghui government 57 Palembang 87 park-and-ride 15 Pasar Baru 12 pastureland 133, 137, 174 Pasuruan River 87 Pat nam 66 Penang 76,77,78,79,80,81 Penang Hill 78,79,80,81
Phuket 66 Phumduang Canal 71 pickup 18 Ping River 69 Pingtong 113 Plan for Inspecting Stationary-Source Smokestack Emis
sions of Air Pollutants (Taiwan) 110 plantation 70,76,79,81,89,90,91,93, 114, 138, 162,
179 plywood 70,85,89,93,139,140,141 PM 10 14,18,110,111,157,158,159 pneumoconiosis 126 Policy and Measures on Development Heedful of the Envi-
ronment (Thailand) 65 pollutant emission surcharge 100, 102 Pollutant Standards Index (PSI, Taiwan) 110 polluter pays principle (PPP) 59, 176 pollution control agreement 44,45, 116 pollution control ordinance 40,41,43,45 Pollution Control Law (South Korea)
43,45,47,56,57,102,178 Pollution Council (South Korea) 57 pollution Diet Session 41, 43
194
Pollution Dispute Management Law (Taiwan) 115, 117 pollution disputes
pan) 26,41,50 Pollution Research Committee vii Porong River 87 Prai Industrial Park 76, 77, 80 project-ism 64 PROKASIH 86, 93 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
(Madrid Protocol) 49 Pry industrial complex 21 Public Health Law (Thailand) 72 public interest 94 Public Liability Insurance Act (India) 177 public transit 14,15,16,17 public works construction 41 Punan 88 Pusan 54,55,59,60 Pusan Marine University 55
Rio de Janeiro 12,28, 151 Rio Earth Summit 20, 42, 60 Road Improvement Special Account Law (Japan) 13 Ron Phibun 22 Ro Taewu government 60 rubber 29,42,56,65,71,76,79,85,87,89,164 Rural Development Plan (Thailand) 64 Russia 8,139,148,163,174
5
Sabah 139 Sab Canal 71 Sadang River 87 Samarinda 89,95 Samut Prakan 66,69, 70 Samut Songkhram 70 Sanhuang 116, 118 Sanyehkung River 113 Sao Paulo 12, 151 Sarawak 80, 139 sardine 142 schistosome 160 screening 29,48, 50, 80, 176 screening committee 80 SDC 87,92 Sea ofJapan 8,49, 104, 163 seed bank 29 seed wars 29 self-help 110,112,114,115,116,117,118,119 Semarang 87,92,93 Senkaku Islands 104 Seoul vii, II, 12, 13, 14,21,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,
128,130,131,144,153,164,165,169,179 Sky Train 16 sludge 26,56,67,86, 166, 167 small government 42, 123 Smoke Control Law (Japan) 40, 43 smokestack 40, 110 smog 40 social cost 10, 16 social forestry 90,91, 138 socialism 98, 102, 106 soft law 181 soi 10 soil contamination 22,43,98, 112, 117 soil erosion 29,31,32 soil pollution 31 Sok Canal 71 solar energy 32 solid wastes 54,67,100,107,118,164,166,172,179 Songhua River 98 Son La 22 S02 11,12,40,41,43,44,46,55,58,59,66,99,102,110,
156,157,158 sore throat 23, 104, 105 SOS Siberut 93, 94 sax 20,41,50,55,66,104,110, Ill, 159 SouthAsia 4,128,170,171,177,179 South Central Asia 7 South China Sea 104, 145, 146 Southeast Asia 4,7,8,34,64,67,76,86,88,95,118,128,
129, 139, 140, 143, 146, 149, 162, 176, 177, 179, 180 South Korea v, 3,4,5,6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 17,20,21,22,24,
South Korean YMCA 60 south sea timber 139, 140 South Sumatra 87 Snow Mountain grass lizard 114 Spain 175 special economic zone 100 spotted owl 139 Spratly Islands 104 squid 144, 146 Sri Lanka 16,60,128,135,164,169 stagnant society v State Environmental Protection Commission (SEPC, China)
99 State Railway of Thailand (SRT) 16 Strait of Malacca 86 strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) 48 structural adjustment 85, 122, 123 sugarcane 34,65,70,71 Suharto government 89 Sulawesi 84 sultan 76, 78
Sumatra 84,87,93,94 Sumitomo Metal Mining 40,41 Surat Thani 71 sustainable agricultural system 34
Index 195
sustainable development 29,42,44,94,137,176,180 Sweden 124, 175 swidden agriculture 84,88,89,95, 137 swidden ecosystem 84, 88 Switzerland 175 Syr Darya 161
T
Tachin River 69 Taegu 54, 55, 60 Taejon 60 Taichung 113,116,118 Taikuo Metal and Chemical Plant 113 Tainan 22, 112 Taipei 14,112,113,116,118,119,156,157 Taishi 162 Taitung 116 Taiyuan 101 Taiwan v, 4,5,6,7,8,11,14,17,22,30,62,66,109,110,
Tali 116, 118 Tangerang 87,92 Taoyuan 112,113,118 Tapak River 87,92 tapioca 87 Tapi-Phum Duang River 71 Tapi River 71 teak 88,89 Thai capital 65 Thai Development Research Institute (TDRI) 71 Thailand 4,5,6,8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18,21,22,23,
Thailand Farmers Bank 10 Thai Ministry of Health 10 Thai Ministry of Railroads 16 thermal power 24, 45, 66, 88, 102, Ill, 114, 118 Third World Network 30,81 thorium 23, 24, 77 thorium hydroxide 77 thorium 232 23, 24 Three Gorges 99, 160 three simultaneous steps 100, 102 Tiananmen Square 13 Tianjin 103,151
196
Tibet 31, 99, 100, 103 Tibet Autonomous Region 31,99,100 tiger 114, 148, 150 tiger bone 114,148,150 tin 4,22,76,77,79,87,89,92,149,151,167,168,169,
170, 178 Tokyo 8,11,12,13,20,40,41,42,43,44,45,50,151,
152,156,157,159,162,166 Tokyo Electric 44, 45 Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank 8 Toroku 20,22,24,162 total pollutant load control 43, 102 Total Pollutant Load Regulation Plan (China) 102 total suspended particulates (TSP)
18,58,110,111,156,159 Toufen 113 traditional Chinese medicine 148 TRAFFIC 147, 148 traffic congestion 10, 12, 15, 17, 64, 128 traffic jam 10,13,65,76 transboundary pollution 98, 104, 180 transnational corporation 21,29,30,42,81,135 triad of environmental problems v trichloroethane 163 "triple H" agriculture 31 tropical forest 76,84,90, 137, 149 tropical forest hotspots 149 tuk-tuk 10,14 tourism 59,68,77, 78, 79, 81 township and village enterprise (TVE)
162, 171, 180 Vision for Nature Conservation (Japan) 49
w
waste deposit and fee system 59 waste plastic 167 Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Law (Japan) 44 waste volume-rate system 59 Water Conservancy Association (Taiwan) 112, 113 water pollution
Water Pollution Control Law (Japan) 43,45,47,102,178 Water Pollution Prevention Law (China) 102 water quality improvement fee system 59 water shortage 68, 69, 98, 101, 131 Water Quality Preservation Law (Japan) 43, 56 Water Quality Preservation Law (South Korea) 43,56 West Asia 7 West Bengal 21,22, 162 West Java 86,87,92 West Pacific 49, 149, 150 wetland 34,35, 179, 180 WHO 11,12,18,134,156,157,158 Wild Animal Breeding Law (Taiwan) 114 wildlife 29,69,94,147,148,149,179,180,181 WTO (World Trade Organization) 29 worker accident 126, 127 Workers' Education-Occupational Safety and Health (WE
OS H) 127 Work Improvement in Small Enterprises (WISE) 126, 127 World Bank v, vi, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16,29,64,66,91,99,
103,105,122,123,125,151,153 World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas 150 World Conservation Monitoring Centre 28, 149, 150 World Heritage Convention 180 world's plywood mall 89 Worldwatch Institute 107, 131, 132 WRI (World Resources Institute)
29,30,149,170,171,172
Wu River 113 WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) 30,93
x
Xiaozhang Village 32, 33 Xinjiang 22,98,99,103 Xinjiang Uighur 22, 99
y
Yang River 69 Yawara 66 Yellow River 99, 162 Yellow Sea 49
yen credit 122 Yeongsan River 55 Yokkaichi 20,40,41,43,45,47,77,'99, 105 Yokkaichi asthma 20,43 Yokohama 44, 45 Yom River 69 Yosan industrial complex 21 Yuncheng 98 Yunnan 99, 103 Yun1in 112,113,116