Transition to the Renaissance • Elements of Scholasticism – Unified church/state – Unified social structure – Unified intellectual structure • Loss of Cohesion -- Nationalism -- Rise of Cities -- Competing regional economies -- Contact with Middle East
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Transition to the Renaissance Elements of Scholasticism –Unified church/state –Unified social structure –Unified intellectual structure Loss of Cohesion.
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Transition to the Renaissance
• Elements of Scholasticism– Unified church/state– Unified social structure– Unified intellectual structure
• Limbourgh• Brunelleschi• Ruysbroeck - Brethern• Thomas a Kempis• Masaccio• Christine di Pisan• Hus• Van Eyck• Fra Angelico• Gutenberg
Council of Constance 1414-1418
• Killed Hus and stopped other separatists movements
• Outlawed the rule of the pope
• Affirmed the rule of the College of Cardinals acting in council
• Deposed all three popes and elected Martin V
• Moved all leadership back to Rome
High Renaissance 1470-1525• Savonarola
• Leonardo
• Machiavelli
• Raphael
• Michaelangelo
• Bosch
• Colet
• Erasmus
• More
• Durer
Reformation – Counter Reformation
• Luther
• Calvin
• Free Churches
• Holbein
• Bruegel
• Loyola
• Teresa
• Metro. Job
• Trent
• John of the Cross
• Cellini
• Tintoretto
Lucus Cranach. Portrait of Martin Luther, 1526. Oil on Panel, 15”X9”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
-On the eve of All Saints’ Day in 1517, German Augustinian, Martin Luther (1483-1546), tacked on the door of the collegiate Church of Wittenberg a parchment containing ninety-five theses.
-Luther’s thesis constituted an attack on the Roman Catholic doctrine and practice, especially indulgences (forgiveness of punishment for sins, usually obtained either through good works or prayers along with payment of an appropriate sum of money). Indulgences were sold in order to fund the rebuilding of Saint Peter’s in Rome. Northern Monks had felt neglected by the leadership in Rome.
The Reformation
Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses– Errors of belif & practice, esp. Indulgences
Luther’s reforms – back to the New Testament– Anabaptists (Peasants’ War 1525)– Swiss Protestants, Calvinists, Anglicans– Dissolution of Catholic Christendom
Luther’s German Psalter. . Taken from one of the Psalms. “God: Our Refuge and Strength”. German.
Germany England Switzerland Scotland HollandLuther Melanchthon CalvinSimons Cranmer
WishartCromwell
Beza Knox ParkerCartwright ArminiusSpilsbury CameronSmyth Williams