t-Contact Transistor – first transistor ever
Point-Contact Transistor – first transistor ever made
“The Wonder child of electronics world”
By
AJAL.A.J ( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)ECE DEPARTMENTMAIL: [email protected]: 8907305642
What is a transistor?A transistor is a 3 terminal electronic device
made of semiconductor material.Transistors have many uses, including
amplification, switching, voltage regulation, and the modulation of signals
This session will help you to understand the,
1.Evolution of transistor 2.Importance of transistor 3.Definition & transistor types 4.Transistor symbol & operation 5.Advantages of transistor
6.Latest in transistor technology
History of transistors In 1906, an American inventor and
physicist, Lee De Forest, made the vacuum tube triode or audion as he called it.
Used in radios Used in early computers
Picture shows the workbench of John Bardeen (Stocker Professor at OU) and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories. They were supposed to be doing fundamental research about crystal surfaces.
The experimental results hadn't been very good, though, and there's a rumor that their boss, William Shockley, came near to canceling the project. But in 1947, working alone, they switched to using tremendously pure materials.
It dawned on them that they could build the circuit in the picture. It was a working amplifier! John and Walter submitted a patent for the first working point contact transistor.
Interesting story…
Shockley was furious and took their work and invented the junction transistor and submitted a patent for it 9 days later. The three shared a Nobel Prize in 1955. Bardeen and Brattain continued in research (and Bardeen later won another Nobel).
Shockley quit to start a semiconductor company in Palo Alto. It folded, but its staff went on to invent the integrated circuit (the "chip") and to found Intel Corporation.
By 1960, all important computers used transistors for logic, and ferrite cores for memory.
Interesting story…
Qualitative basic operation of point-contact transistor
Problems with first transistor…
First Bipolar Junction TransistorsW. Shockley invented the p-n junction transistorThe physically relevant region is moved to the bulk of the material
Moore’s Law
It’s an observation made by Gordon E. Moore, in which he predicted that the number of transistors, inside an Integrated Circuit, could be doubled every 24 months.
At the density that also minimized the cost of a transistor.
Transistor DefinitionTransistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material that can act as an insulator and a conductor.
The three layered transistor is also known as the bipolar junction transistor.
Basic models of BJT
BJTs – Basic Configurations
pnp BJT npn BJT
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT’s)
The term bipolar refers to the use of both holes and electrons as charge carriers in the transistor structure
There are two types of BJTs, the NPN and PNP
Origin of the namesthe Emitter 'emits' the electrons which pass
through the device the Collector 'collects' them again once
they've passed through the Base ...and the Base?...
Transistor operation
force – voltage/currentwater flow – current - amplification
Architecture of BJTsThe bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is
constructed with three doped semiconductor regions separated by two pn junctions
Regions are called emitter, base and collector
Basic construction
Architecture of BJTsThere are two types of BJTs, the npn and pnpThe two junctions are termed the base-emitter
junction and the base-collector junctionThe term bipolar refers to the use of both holes and
electrons as charge carriers in the transistor structureIn order for the transistor to operate properly, the two
junctions must have the correct dc bias voltagesthe base-emitter (BE) junction is forward
biased(>=0.7V for Si, >=0.3V for Ge)the base-collector (BC) junction is reverse biased
Regions of a transistorA transistor has three regions namely,
Emitter- heavily doped
Base- lightly doped
Collector- moderately doped
Transistor symbols Transistor symbols
How does IC vary with VCE for various IB?
Note that both dc sources are variable
Set VBB to establish a certain IB
Transistor biasing The base-emitter (BE) junction is forward
biasedThe base-collector (BC) junction is reverse
biased.
IE=IB+IC
• Output current can toggle between large and small (Switching Digital logic; create 0s and 1s)
Operating regions of BJT
Cut off region
Linear region
Saturation region
Types of transistor
BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor
UJT- Unipolar Junction Transistor
FET - Field Effect Transistor
MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Basic circuits of BJT
Operation of BJTs
BJT will operates in one of following four regionCutoff region (for digital circuit)Saturation region (for digital circuit)Linear (active) region (to be an amplifier)Breakdown region (always be a disaster)
Operation of BJTs
DC Analysis of BJTsTransistor Currents: IE = IC + IB
alpha (DC) IC = DCIE
beta (DC) IC = DCIB
DC typically has a value between 20 and 200
DC Analysis of BJTsDC voltages for the biased transistor:
Collector voltageVC = VCC - ICRC
Base voltageVB = VE + VBE
for silicon transistors, VBE = 0.7 Vfor germanium transistors, VBE = 0.3 V
Q-point
The base current, IB, is established by the base bias
The point at which the base current curve intersects the dc load line is the quiescent or Q-point for the circuit
Q-point
DC Analysis of BJTs
The voltage divider biasing is widely used
Input resistance is:RIN DCRE
The base voltage is approximately:VB VCCR2/(R1+R2)
BJT as an amplifierClass A Amplifiers
Class B Amplifiers
Class A Amplifiers
In a class A amplifier, the transistor conducts for the full cycle of the input signal (360°)used in low-power applications
The transistor is operated in the active region, between saturation and cutoffsaturation is when both junctions are forward biasedthe transistor is in cutoff when IB = 0
The load line is drawn on the collector curves between saturation and cutoff
BJT Class A Amplifiers
BJT Class A Amplifiers
BJT Class A AmplifiersThree biasing mode for class A amplifiers
common-emitter (CE) amplifiercommon-collector (CC) amplifiercommon-base (CB) amplifier
A common-emitter (CE) amplifiercapacitors are used for coupling ac without
disturbing dc levels
BJT Class A Amplifiers
A common-collector (CC) amplifiervoltage gain is approximately 1, but current
gain is greater than 1
BJT Class A Amplifiers
BJT Class A AmplifiersThe third configuration is the common-base (CB)the base is the grounded (common) terminalthe input signal is applied to the emitteroutput signal is taken off the collectoroutput is in-phase with the inputvoltage gain is greater than 1current gain is always less than 1
BJT Class A Amplifiers
BJT Class B Amplifiers
When an amplifier is biased such that it operates in the linear region for 180° of the input cycle and is in cutoff for 180°, it is a class B amplifierA class B amplifier is more efficient than a
class AIn order to get a linear reproduction of the input
waveform, the class B amplifier is configured in a push-pull arrangementThe transistors in a class B amplifier must be
biased above cutoff to eliminate crossover distortion
BJT Class B Amplifiers
When used as an electronic switch, a transistor normally is operated alternately in cutoff and saturationA transistor is in cutoff when the base-emitter
junction is not forward-biased. VCE is approximately equal to VCC
When the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and there is enough base current to produce a maximum collector current, the transistor is saturated
The BJT as a Switch
The BJT as a Switch
An example -- NOR
Transistor as a switch When used as an electronic switch, the transistor is normally operated alternately in cut-off and saturation regions.
Transistor applications
Transistor as amplifierDue to the small changes in
base current the collector current will mimic the input with greater amplitude
Molecular electronicsCarbon nanotube transistorsNano inspiration wire transistorsQuantum computingCMOS devices will add functionality to CMOS
non-volatile memory, opto-electronics, sensing….
CMOS technology will address new markets macroelectronics, bio-medical devices, …
Biology may provide for new technologies bottom-up assembly, human intelligence
Future of Transistors
3D Transistor made using Tri-Gate transistors on its 22nm logic technology.
Advantage of Tri-Gate Transistors ·More than 50% power reduction at
constant performance. ·37% performance increase at low voltage ·Improved performance and efficiency.
What’s new in transistor technology?
BJTs – Practical Aspects
BJTs – Practical Aspects
Heat sink
BJTs – Testing
BJTs – Testing