Transfusion A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which you receive blood through an intravenous (IV) line inserted into one of your blood.

Transfusion

A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which you receive blood through an intravenous (IV) line inserted into one of your blood vessels.

Transfusion

To replace losses of: Circulating volume and Oxygen carrying capacity .

To restore: Metabolic homeostasis. To replenish: Normal RBC’s (eg. Refractory anemias, Thalassemias, Sickle cell anemias

etc)In cancer patients like ALL; AML; with /or

after Chemothrapy drugsFor emergency surgery, heart surgery

ABO groups

• Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents.

• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.

• These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

Blood groups

• There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today

• The AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions.

• MNS, Kell , Duffy, P, Lewis are the examples of other blood group systems

• Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.

Blood grouping

• Blood group antigens are actually sugars attached to the red blood cell.

• Antigens are “built” onto the red cell.• Individuals inherit a gene which codes for

specific sugar(s) to be added to the red cell.• The type of sugar added determines the blood

group.

Blood grouping

• Blood group antigens are actually sugars attached to the red blood cell.

• Antigens are “built” onto the red cell.• Individuals inherit a gene which codes for

specific sugar(s) to be added to the red cell.• The type of sugar added determines the blood

group.

Landsteiner’s Rule

• Substances are present in nature which are so similar to blood group antigens which result in the constant production of antibodies to blood group antigens they do not possess.

• Critical for understanding compatibility between ABO blood groups.

ABO blood group

• According to this blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types A,B ,AB, O

• Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your RBCs and B antibodies in your blood plasma

AB0 grouping

• Blood group B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B

antigens on the surface of your RBCs and A antibodies in your blood plasma

• Blood group O If you belong to the blood group O (null), you

have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your RBCs but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

Summary

Blood Group Antigens on cell Antibodies in plasma

Transfuse with group

A A Anti-B A or O

B B Anti-A B or O

AB A and B none AB, A, B or O

O None Anti-A & B O

Hemolysis

• If an individual is transfused with an incompatible blood group destruction of the red blood cells will occur.

• This may result in the death of the recipient.

Rh (D) Antigen

• Of next importance is the Rh type.– Term “Rh” is a misnomer.– Rh is a blood group system with many antigens,

one of which is D.

• Rh refers to the presence or absence of the D antigen on the red blood cell.

Rh(D) system

• Unlike the ABO blood group system, individuals who lack the D antigen do not naturally make it.

• A person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies.

• A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems

08 blood groups present in our population

ABO group

Blood type O Rh- is the only type of blood that people of all

other blood types can receive, so it is used in situations when patients need a transfusion but their blood type is unknown. People with blood type O Rh- are called Universal donor.

AB blood group is universal recipient.

Hemolytic Disease of the Neborn – How it Occurs

• A child is Rh pos• B during pregnancy fetal Rh pos rbc’s escape into maternal

circulation• C Mother produces antibodies to Rh (D) antigen• D Second pregnancy with Rh (D) pos child results in destruction of

fetal D pos rbcs

Transfusion reaction

• Blood Transfusion is also a tissue transplant• Immune reactions ( Anaphylaxis) possible, in

both directions (host vs. graft, or graft vs. host)• Transmission of diseases malaria, acute

bacterial, HepB, HepC, , HIV, Prion mediated Creutzfeldt-Jakob (“mad cow”).

• Over load and cardiac failure• And many hazards of Immunological reactions

Transfusion reaction

• Transfusions of blood products are associated with several complications, many of which can be grouped as immunological or infectious

Acute hemolytic reactions• This is due to destruction of donor erythrocytes by

preformed recipient antibodies. Most often this occurs due to clerical errors or improper typing and crossmatching.

• Symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, back pain, hemorrhage, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and rapid drop in blood pressure.

Transfusion reaction

• Immunological reactions occur when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies that work against the donor blood cells.

• Then the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump, or agglutinate.

• The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body.

• The agglutinated red blood cells can also crack open, leaking toxic contents out in the body, which can have fatal consequences for the patient.

Transfusion reaction

• Delayed hemolytic reactions occur more frequently and are due to the same mechanism as in acute hemolytic reactions. However, the consequences are generally mild and a great proportion of patients may not have symptoms.

Transfusion reaction

• Allergic reactions may occur when the recipient has preformed antibodies to certain chemicals in the donor blood, and does not require prior exposure to transfusions. Symptoms include urticaria, pruritus, and may proceed to anaphylactic shock. Treatment is the same as for any other type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

• Transfusion-associated acute lung injury (TRALI)

It is an increasingly recognized adverse event associated with blood transfusion. TRALI is a syndrome of acute respiratory distress, often associated with fever, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and hypotension, which may occur as often as 1 in 2000 transfusions.

• Infectious• Rarely, blood products are contaminated with

bacteria. This can result in life-threatening infection, also known as transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection

Other hazards

• Transfusion-associated volume overload is a common complication simply due to the fact that blood products have a certain amount of volume

• Hypothermia • Metabolic alkalosis can occur with massive blood

transfusions due to the breakdown of citrate stored in blood into bicarbonate

• Hypocalcemia can also occur with massive blood transfusions due to the complex of citrate with serum calcium

Blood donation

• Blood is taken ONLY from Voluntary Donors• Using sterile, disposable blood bags & • instruments• Donated Blood is tested and separated into• components benefiting 3-4 patients• It is safe to donate every 3 months• It is quick and safe.• It doesn’t hurt.• It saves 3 to 4 lives.

• Who can donate?

Age: Blood donors must be at least 17-18 years old in most countries – Weight : > 45 kgs– Hemoglobin level: >12 gms/dl for men and 12.5

gms/dl for women– In good health

screening

• Blood collected at the BDC is screened using highest quality screening tests

• HIV 1 • Hepatitis B • Hepatitis C• VDRL (syphilis) • Malaria

• Blood is taken ONLY from Voluntary Donors• Using sterile, disposable blood bags & • instruments• Donated Blood is tested and separated into• components benefiting 3-4 patients• It is safe to donate every 3 months• It is quick and safe.• It doesn’t hurt.• It saves 3 to 4 lives.

Blood products

• Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood.

• Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors and platelets.

• Units of packed red blood cells are typically only recommended when a person's hemoglobin levels fall below 7g/dL

Measures taken in transfusion reaction

• . When suspected, transfusion should be stopped immediately, and blood sent for tests to evaluate for presence of hemolysis. Treatment is supportive. Kidney injury may occur due to the effects of the hemolytic reaction (pigment nephropathy

Autologus transfusion

• When a patient's own blood is salvaged and reinfused during a surgery (e.g. using a cell salvage machine such as a Cell Saver), this can be considered a form of autotransfusion

Benefit

• Regular donation (2-3 times a year….)– Lowers cholesterol– Lowers lipid levels– Decreases incidence of heart attacks, strokes-