Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future Jack Kitowski May 10, 2001 Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency Air, Energy.

Transforming Transportation:

Now and for the Future

Jack KitowskiMay 10, 2001

Air Resources Board

California Environmental Protection Agency

Air, Energy & Transportation Challenges

Transforming Transportation:Transforming Transportation:Overview

Goal: Clean and healthful air

Progress: – Light-duty Vehicles

Zero Emission Vehicles Advanced Transportation

– Heavy-duty Vehicles Transit Buses

Vision: “conventional technologies and fuels are not enough”

Air Resources Board’s Goal

Ensure all individuals in California, especially children and the elderly, can live, work and play in a healthful environment -- free from harmful exposure to air pollution.

Air Quality TrendsHighest Ozone: Greater Los Angeles

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Daily VMT Increasing Faster Than Population

Daily VMT Increasing Faster Than Population

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Transforming Transportation:Transforming Transportation:

Light-duty vehicles

Reducing Motor Vehicle Emissions in California

1990 Low Emission Vehicle (LEVI) Program – Emissions reduced 50% - 75% – Vehicle + fuel = system– ZEV Mandate: 10% of sales

Resulting technologies:– Better fuel control– Catalysts: Quick warm-up– On-board diagnostics

– EVs, hybrids, natural gas, fuel cells

LEVII: “Near Zero” Emissions

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0.150.2

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NOx(g/mile)

LEV I LEV II

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Cars and Light TrucksCars and Light Trucks

Gasoline engines:Near-zero vehicle emissions possible

– 2000 & 2001 Nissan Sentra CA– Honda ZLEV

Emissions remain from fuel distribution– Terminals– Cargo tankers– Service stations

Fuel Distribution EmissionsFuel Distribution Emissionsvs. vs. Cleanest Gasoline Car*Cleanest Gasoline Car*

Fuel

DistributionTailpipe*

* PZEV



Nissan Sentra CA



Battery electric vehicles: >2000 on-road in California No vehicle emissions - ever! Minimal fuel distribution emissions (in CA) Better efficiency (lower CO2)

Low operating cost Limited range ~70 miles High battery cost



Toyota RAV4



Ford Ranger



Daimler-Chrsler EPIC



HondaEV Plus



Nissan Altra



Ford Th!nk -

City



Toyota Ecom



Fuel cell electric vehicles: DaimlerChrysler NECAR, Ford P2000 . . . . California Fuel Cell Partnership Zero or near zero emissions No range limits Better efficiency (low CO2) Cost reduction needed



DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell

Electric Vehicle

Revisiting the ZEV Mandate:2001

Mandate stays– Reduce uncertainty– No more reviews

Modify to address– Near term availability– Cost– Market sustainability

Key Elements of the Revised Mandate

More gradual phase-in – Lower numbers early years

Incentives needed for new technologies– Hybrids & natural gas vehicles count toward up to half of ZEV

requirement.

– Bigger credits for early introduction (4x)

– Bigger credits for hydrogen fuel cells (10x)

– Efficiency credits

Extend and increase mandate beyond 2010

ZEVs: Revised Mandate

10 % Mandate

2 %

ZEV

6 % PZEV

2 % Hybrids, natural gas

2 %



Natural gas engines– Near-zero tailpipe emissions– No evaporation emissions– Minimal fuel distribution

emissions– Adequate range: ~ 200 miles– ~ $3,000 premium– Home refueling possible



2001 Honda

Civic GX

(natural gas)



Hybrid electric vehicles:– No range limitations

With ‘no all electric range’– 2000 Honda Insight, Toyota Prius

– Big 3: Diesel hybrids, “light” hybrids

– No urban emission advantages

– Better efficiency (lower CO2)

With ‘electric range’– Emission advantages of battery EV



Honda Insight



Toyota Prius

Transforming Transportation: Transforming Transportation: (ZEV Sales Requirement in CA)

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Assumes equal mix of full function and city EVs

Transforming Transportation: Transforming Transportation: (Preliminary Sales Requirements)

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ZEVs

Hybrids & CNG


Heavy-duty vehicles

Transforming Transportation:Transforming Transportation: Urban Transit Buses

New bus emission standards– 90% lower emissions

– Ultra-low sulfur (15 ppm) fuel

– Two paths: Diesel or Alternative fuel

Older buses– Retrofit with soot filters

– Ultra-low sulfur fuel

Zero emission buses– Likely fuel cells, Demos: 2003

– 15% purchase requirement: beginning 2008


Heavy-Duty Trucks & BusesHeavy-Duty Trucks & Buses

CNG Transit Bus



Fuel cell engines: Transit buses

– Hydrogen fueled– Zero emissions– Fuel efficiency better than diesel– Commercial as soon as 2002– Challenge: Cost reduction

Other applications– Line haul trucks, locomotives



Ballard Fuel Cell Engine

Vision for the Future

Light-duty vehicle fleet being transformed:– natural gas vehicles, hybrids, battery electric

vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles

Your vehicle choices will increase dramatically over the next 5-10 years !

Heavy-duty trucks/buses being transformed: – natural gas and fuel cell vehicles

Transforming Transportation:

Now and for the Future

Jack Kitowski

Air, Energy & Transportation Challenges

Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future Jack Kitowski May 10, 2001 Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency Air, Energy.

Documents

transforming transportation

pzev slide

light trucks ford ranger

light trucks toyota

light trucks toyota

nk city slide

light trucks ford th

light trucks honda ev