Transforming Solar Transforming Solar System System Exploration: Exploration: The Applied Physics The Applied Physics Laboratory Laboratory and the and the Origins Origins of the Discovery of the Discovery Program, Program, 198 1989-199 1993 Michael J. Neufeld Michael J. Neufeld National Air and Space Museum National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Institution “Solar S “Solar System Ex stem Exp y p y ploration loration @ 50” 50” @ 25 25-26 Oct. 26 Oct. 2012 2012
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Transforming Solar Transforming Solar System System Exploration: Exploration: The Applied Physics The Applied Physics Laboratory Laboratory and theand the
Origins Origins of the Discovery of the Discovery Program, Program, 19819899--19919933
Michael J. NeufeldMichael J. NeufeldNational Air and Space MuseumNational Air and Space Museum
OriOriggggins of Discoverins of DiscoveryySense of crisis in planetary exploration Sense of crisis in planetary exploration communcommunitititity y 1989198919891989, no , no llllauncaunchhhhes ses siiiince nce 1978197819781978In contrast, Len Fisk’s expansive view as In contrast, Len Fisk’s expansive view as AAssoc. Admin. for Space Science and ssoc. Admin. for Space Science and ApplicationsApplicationsGeoff Briggs’ initiative spring 1989 for small Geoff Briggs’ initiative spring 1989 for small pplanetarlanetaryy s sppp yp y ppacecraft and the SSED acecraft and the SSED stratestrateggic ic planning workshop, UNH planning workshop, UNH 6/89, and NEAR6/89, and NEARTomTomTomTom KKKrimigisKrimigisrimigisrimigis, , APLAPLAPLAPL, , andandandand thethethethe AACECEACEACE talktalktalktalk
2266..10.20110.20122 NeufeNeufelldd,, Origins of Origins of DiscoveryDiscovery
26.10.201226.10.2012 Neufeld, Origins of DiscoveryNeufeld, Origins of Discovery
FY 90FY 90--formation of Discovery Project --formation of Discovery Project SScciiS iS ience ence WWWWororkikikkiing ng GGGGroup anroup andddd nam namiiiing ong off ffBob Farquhar as program mgr. 9/89Bob Farquhar as program mgr. 9/89DPSWG held two meetings during FY, DPSWG held two meetings during FY, inconclusiveinconclusive——NEAR concept NEAR concept languishedlanguished1989/90 went by with 1989/90 went by with little little progress—progress—unclear whunclear whyy: lack of ur: lack of urggencencyyy gy g from the from the yytop?; distracting impact of Pres. Bush’s top?; distracting impact of Pres. Bush’s SEI on sSEI on sppace science ace science pproroggram?ram?p pp p gg
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26.10.201226.10.2012 Neufeld, Origins of DiscoveryNeufeld, Origins of Discovery
HuntressHuntressHuntressHuntress becamebecamebecamebecame SSEDSSEDSSEDSSED Director 8/90Director 8/90—Discovery —Discovery oneoneoneone ofofofof 3333 objectivesobjectivesobjectivesobjectivesRevised DPSWG Revised DPSWG and and createdcreatedcreatedcreated JimJimJimJim MMartinartinMartinMartin’’ss s ts teecctechtechhh. . committeecommitteeNEARNEARNEARNEAR s sttttuuddddy cony conttttracractttts s tttto o JPL and APLJPL and APL——politics of politics of JPLJPLJPLJPL an andddd p pllllaneanettttary llexpary explloorr..
26.10.201226.10.2012 Neufeld, Origins of DiscoveryNeufeld, Origins of Discovery
Huntress/FiskHuntress/FiskHuntress/FiskHuntress/Fisk transferredtransferredtransferredtransferred Ames’ MESUR study and Ames’ MESUR study and PathfinderPathfinderPathfinderPathfinder conceptconceptconceptconcept totototo JPLJPLJPLJPLMicroMicro-rover added, put -rover added, put underunderunderunder DiscoveryDiscoveryDiscoveryDiscovery bannerbannerbannerbanner 3/92, to solve OSSA’s 3/92, to solve OSSA’s problemsproblemsproblemsproblems wwwithwithithith JPLJPLJPLJPL, , strategic plan strategic plan and Code and Code XXXX
26.10.201226.10.2012 Neufeld, Origins of DiscoveryNeufeld, Origins of Discovery
AAPL’s NEAR bumPL’s NEAR bumpppped to ed to second, 1998 launch second, 1998 launch instead of 1997instead of 1997Farquhar finds Farquhar finds 1996 1996 launchlaunchlaunchlaunch ffororforfor Eros,Eros,Eros,Eros, latelatelatelate 1992199219921992Pathfinder still Pathfinder still first, NEAR first, NEAR minimalminimalminimalminimal fundsfundsfundsfunds inininin FYFYFYFY 94949494 budget, Krimigis budget, Krimigis launches launches campaigncampaigncampaigncampaign
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End GameEnd Game
26.10.201226.10.2012 Neufeld, Origins of DiscoveryNeufeld, Origins of Discovery
Krimigis’sKrimigis’s connections to Sen. Barbara connections to Sen. Barbara MikulskiMikulskiMikulskiMikulski’’ssss oofficefficeofficeoffice andandandand maneuveringmaneuveringmaneuveringmaneuvering overoveroverover thethethethe FFYYFYFY 94 NASA budget, summer 199394 NASA budget, summer 1993CCononff. . C fC f CttCttCttCttee. approves ee. approves DiDiDiDiscovery wscovery withithithith bbbboothththth NEAR and Pathfinder NEAR and Pathfinder –starts better funded –starts better funded anandd ffd fd foresoresttttaalllllllls s ttththhhreareatttt o offff one one--mmiissssiii ii ion programon programKrimigis and Huntress as 2 key actorsKrimigis and Huntress as 2 key actorsDiscovery’s impact on US planetary and Discovery’s impact on US planetary and ssppace science ace science pproroggramsramsp pp p gg