Transformation Practice.docx

7/26/2019 Transformation Practice.docx

1/40

CHAPTER 7TRANSFORMATION POSITION:Educational PracticeHISTORICAL BACKGRON!Hi"toricall#$ t%e tran"&or'ation (o"ition %a"

)een re(re"ented )# t*o di&&erent current" o&t%ou+%t, One i" t%e ro'antic or %u'ani"ticele'ent$ *%ic% can )e traced to Rou""eauand i" al"o &ound in t%e *or- o& Froe)el$Tol"to#$ A,S, Neil$ and .o%n Holt, T%e ot%er i"t%e "ocial c%an+e (o"ition/ Geor+e Count"$T%eodore Bra'eld$ .onat%an Ko0ol$ andMic%ael A((le are "o'e o& t%e 'a1or"(o-e"(eo(le &or t%i" orientation,

Jean Jacques Rousseau

T%e ro'antic ele'ent o& t%e tran"&or'ation(o"ition can )e traced in (articular toRou""eau2" E'ile 345446458$ *%ere %e"tate"$ 9T%e education o& t%e earlie"t #ear""%ould )e 'erel# ne+atie, It con"i"t" not inleac%in+ irtue or trut%$ )ut in (re"erin+ t%e%eart &ro' ice and &ro' %e "(irit o& error9,3(,78, Rou""eau &elt t%at c%ildren in t%eirnatural "tate are +ood$ and t%at t%e# )eco'ecorru(ted t%rou+% t%eir contact *it% "ociet#,Education$ t%en$ "%ould not atte'(t to'ani(ulate t%e c%ild$ )ut "i'(l# let t%e c%ild2"inner nature un&old, Education a" un&old'ent%" )een a (era"ie t%e'e in t%e ro'anticele'ent *it%in t%e tran"&or'ation (o"ition,

Friedrich FroebelFroe)el 34;;78 *a" in&luenced )# )ot%Rou""eau and Pe"tallo00i, Ho*eer$ %i"'#"tici"' clearl# (lace" %i' *it%in t%etran"&or'ation (o"ition, T%e &ollo*in+

"tate'ent re&lect" %i" )elie& in t%einterde(endence o& all t%in+":In all t%in+" t%ere lie" and rei+n" an eternalla*, To %i' *%o"e 'ind$ t%rou+% di"(o"itionand &ait%$ i" &illed$ (enetrated$ and


2/40

"(irit 3t%e internal8$ and in li&e *%ic% unite"t%e t*o, T%i" all>controllin+ la* i" nece""aril#)a"ed on an all>(eradin+$ en er+etic$ liin+$"el&>con"ciou"$ and %ence eternal nit#, T%i"&act$ a" *ell a" t%e nit# it"el&$ i" a+ain

iidl# reco+ni0ed$ eit%er t%rou+% &ait% ort%rou+% in"i+%t$ *it% e8

Froe)el i" )e"t -no*n &or %i" deelo('ent o&t%e -inder+arten, Fro)el" *or- in&luencedHorace Mann2" "i"ter>in>la*$ Eli0a)et%Pea)od#$ to "tart t%e -inder+arten 'oe'entin t%e nited State", S%e lectured *idel# int%e ,S, on t%e -inder+arten and *a"in"tru'ental in "tartin+ t%e &ir"t trainin+"c%ool &or -inder+arten teac%er" in Bo"ton,

Leo TolstoyTol"to# *a" anot%er '#"tic *%o *a"intere"ted in education, He e"ta)li"%ed a"c%ool &or t%e c%ildren o& (ea"ant" *%o

*or-ed on %i" e"tate at a"na#a Pol#ana inRu""ia, In&luenced )# Rou""eau$ Tol"to# *a"a &ir' )elieer in ne+atie education$ *%ic%*a" one o& t%e (rinci(le" on *%ic% %i" "c%ool*a" )a"ed, Student" did not attend "c%oolunle"" t%e# *anted to/ i& t%e# did co'e$ t%e#could (rett# 'uc% do a" t%e# (lea"ed, Tro#at345;D8 de"cri)e" t%e "c%ool:

At ei+%t in t%e 'ornin+ a c%ild ran+ t%e)ell, Hal& an %our later$ 9t%rou+% &o+$ rain$or t%e "lantin+ ra#" o& t%e autu'n "un$9

t%e )lac- "il%ouette" o& little 'u0%i-"a((eared )# t*o" and t%ree" "*in+in+


3/40

t%eir e'(t# ar'", A" in t%e (reiou"#ear"$ t%e# )rou+%t no )oo-" ornote)oo-" *it% t%e'?not%in+ at all$ "aet%e de"ire learn, T%e cla""roo'" *ere(ainted (in- and )lue, In one$ 'ineral

"a'(le"$ )utter&lie"$ dried (lant" and(%#"ic" a((aratu" lined t%e "%ele", Butno )oo-", %# )oo-" T%e (u(il" ca'e tot%e cla""roo' a" t%ou+% it *ere %o'e/t%e# "at *%ere t%e# li-ed$ on t%e &loor$ ont%e *indo*led+e$ on a c%air or t%e cornero& a ta)le$ t%e# li"tened or did not li"ten to*%at t%e teac%er *a" "a#in+$ dre* near*%en %e "aid "o'et%in+ t%at intere"tedt%e'$ le&t t%e roo' *%en *or- or (la#called t%e' el"e*%ere?)ut *ere "ilenced

)# t%eir &ello* (u(il" at t%e "li+%te"t"ound, Sel&>i'(o"ed di"ci(line, T%ele""on"?i& t%e"e ca"ual c%at" )et*eenan adult and "o'e c%ildren could )ecalled t%at?*ent on &ro' ei+%t>t%irt# tonoon and &ro' t%ree to "i= in t%ea&ternoon$ and coered eer# conceia)le"u)1ect &ro' +ra''ar to car(entr#$ )# *a#o& reli+iou" %i"tor#$ "in+in+$ +eo+ra(%#$+#'na"tic"$ dra*in+ and co'(o"ition,T%o"e *%o lied too &ar a*a# to +o %o'eat ni+%t "le(t in t%e "c%ool, In t%e "u''ert%e# "at around t%eir teac%er outdoor" int%e +ra"", Once a *ee- t%e# all *ent to"tud# (lant" in t%e &ore"t$ 3(, @@78

A.S. Neill/Summerhill

Per%a(" t%e 'o"t &a'ou" e=a'(le o& t%eRou""eauian (o"ition in (ractice i" t%eSu''er%ill "c%ool in Great Britain, Founded

in 45@4 )# A,S, Neiil$ t%i" "c%ool i" "till ino(eration, Neill 3I5D8 de"cri)e" t%e(%ilo"o(%# o& t%e "c%ool in %i" )oo-$Summerhill:

%en '# &ir"t *i&e and I )e+an t%e "c%ool$*e %ad one 'ain idea: to 'a-e t%e "c%ool&it t%e c%ild?in"tead o& 'a-in+ t%e c%ild &itt%e "c%ool, , , ,ell$ *e "et out to 'a-e a "c%ool in *%ic%*e "%ould allo* c%ildren &reedo' to )et%e'"ele", In order to do t%i"$ *e %ad to

renounce all di"ci(line$ all direction$ all"u++e"tion$ all 'oral trainin+$ all reli+iou"


4/40

in"truction, e %ae )een called )rae$)ut it did not reactiated'a-er o& 'eanin+ an actie a+ent in %i" o*nlearnin+ (roce"" ,,, a "el&>actuali0in+

indiidualJ 3(, 4DD8,


5/40

Raitc% 345;8 ar+ue" t%at t%e o(en>education 'oe'ent &ailed:

T%e o(en education 'oe'ent,,, did not"urie a" a 'oe'ent )ecau"e$ lac-in+ a

de&inition$ it )eca'e identi&ied *it% idea"and (ractice" o& it" e=tre'el# c%ild>centered adocate"$ t%o"e *%o 0ealou"l#o((o"ed *%ateer *a" traditional in t%e"tructure$ content or 'et%od" o& t%ecla""roo', T%eir ideolo+ical tenet""tre""ed t%e &reedo' o& t%e c%ild$ t%e(a""iit# o& t%e teac%er$ ec%an+e (o"ition,Hi"toricall#$ t%i" (o"ition i" "een in t%e *or-o& Count" 345@8$ *%o )elieed t%at teac%er"

"%ould )e actiel# inoled in "ocial c%an+eand een run &or (olitical o&&ice, In %i" )oo-


6/40

!are t%e Sc%ool" Build a Ne* Social Order$%e (rodded (ro+re""ie educator" to ta-et%i" "tand, Count" ar+ue" t%at educator""%ould colla)orate *it% ot%er +rou(" to e&&ect"ocial c%an+e and t%at educator" "%ould

clari t%eir a""u'(tion" and alue" and'a-e t%e' e=(licit, He al"o contend" t%at"c%ool" cannot )e 'orall# neutral, Count"345@8 *a" (articularl# critical o& (ro+re""ieeducator" *%o e"(ou"ed a (o"ition o& alueneutralit#:I& Pro+re""ie Education i" to )e +enuinel#(ro+re""ie$ it 'u"t e'anci(ate it"el& &ro't%e in&luence o& t%i" cla""$ &ace "4D8 ,

Count"2" (o"ition *a" ta-en u( )# t%eSocial Recon"tructioni"t", Bra'eld 3458$&or e=a'(le$ %a" called &or educator" to ta-ea "tron+er (o"ition in (ro'otin+ "ocialc%an+e, Bra'eld re&er" to t%e C%ica+oco''unit# actii"t Saul Alin"-# and t%econ"u'er adocate Ral(% Nader a" 'odel"&or %o* teac%er" "%ould )eco'e inoled inoerco'in+ in1u"tice and inec%an+e orientation "o'eti'e"%ae )een 1u=ta(o"ed, Ho*eer$ in (ro+ra'""uc% a" 9Social Literar# Trainin+9 3Al"c%uler$45;D8 t%e# are e&&ectiel# inte+rated,

TRANSFOR!AT%ON &OS%T%ON %N#ONT!&ORAR' ()#AT%ON

*umanistic Orientation


7/40

Hu'ani"tic education )eca'e a do'inant&orce in education in t%e 45D", Hu'ani"ticeducator" &elt t%at t%e &ocu" at t%at ti'e onacade'ic di"ci(line" i+nored t%e intrin"ic

need" o& t%e c%ild, T%e"e educator"turned to t%e *or- o& Ro+er" and Ma"lo*3"ee C%a(ter 8 and ot%er %u'ani"tic("#c%olo+i"t" to (roide t%e rationale &ort%eir o*n *or-, Hu'ani"tic (ro+ra'" are)a"ed on t%e &ollo*in+ a""u'(tion" *%ic%$ in(art re&lect t%e in&luence o& %u'ani"tic("#c%olo+#: Hu'an )ein+" %ae a tendenc# to reali0e

t%eir (o"itie inner (otential, Alt%ou+%"tudent" are ca(a)le o& a ran+e o&

)e%aior"$ i& t%e ri+%t condition" are(roided t%e# *ill 'oe to*ard %i+%erleel" o& &unctionin+,

Indiidual" %ae t%e ca(acit# to>direct t%eiro*n )e%aior, Alt%ou+% #oun+ c%ildrenneed t%e teac%er2" a""i"tance$ a" t%e#'ature t%e# are increa"in+l# a)le to carr#out t%eir o*n learnin+,

alue" (la# an e""ential role in t%e learnin+(roce"", It i" i'(ortant t%at "tudent"under"tand and deelo( a co%erent alue"#"te' t%at +ie" 'eanin+ to t%eir lie" and(roide" inner direction to t%eir action",

Sel&>conce(t i" inte+ral to %o* a "tudentlearn" and deelo(", Hu'ani"t" citeeidence correlatin+ (o"itie "el&>conce(t*it% "tudent learnin+ and ac%iee'ent,T%u"$ t%e# tr# to deelo( a cla""roo'cli'ate and curricula t%at are conducie todeelo(in+ a (o"itie "el&>conce(t,

Co+nitie$ a&&ectie$ and ("#c%o'otor

learnin+ are interrelated, Hu'ani"ticeducator" e'(%a"i0e t%at co+nitielearnin+ 'u"t )e +eared to "tudent"2a&&ectie and ("#c%o'otor deelo('entleel",

Teac%er" "%ould )e &acilitator" o& learnin+,Alt%ou+%$ at ti'e"$ t%e teac%er" 'a# )edirectie$ t%eir 'ain ta"- i" to deelo( atru"tin+ and o(en cla""roo' cli'ate andt%en to %el( "tudent" ac%iee t%eir learnin++oal",

In t%e %u'ani"tic cla""roo'$ t%e "tudent"2concern" are acce(ted a" alid content,


8/40

Alt%ou+% t%e teac%er 'a# not )e a)le tore"(ond to all o& t%eir concern"$ at lea"t %eor "%e can create a cli'ate in *%ic% t%e"econcern" can )e ac-no*led+ed3Kir"c%en)au'$ 4578,

Sel&>ealuation i" central to %u'ani"ticeducation, Kir"c%en)au' 34578 "tate" t%at9%u'ani"tic education tend" to 'oe a*a#&ro' teac%er>controlled ealuation and "%i&tto t%e "tudent a" %e learn" to ealuate %i"o*n (ro+re"" to*ard %i" +oal"9 3(, @58,

Man# (ro+ra'" in %u'ani"tic educationcan )e +rou(ed under t*o +eneralcate+orie": T%e &ir"t %a" it" root" in Ma"lo*2"*or- and &ocu"e" on t%e deelo('ent o&

(o"itie "el&>conce(t, T%e "econd 'a1or areao& e'(%a"i" i" related to Ro+er"2 t%eor# and&ocu"e" on )uildin+ inter(er"onal "-ill",

Sel+-#oncept &ro$rams.Man# %u'ani"tic(ro+ra'" are )a"ed on re"earc% t%at lin-"(o"itie "tudent "el&>conce(t *it% "c%oolac%iee'ent, Pur-e# 3457;8 "tate" t%at a9"tudent2" "el&>conce(t doe" not cau"e t%e"tudent to 'i")e%ae in t%e cla""roo', A)etter e=(lanation i" t%at t%e di"ru(tie"tudent %a" learned to "ee %i'"el& or %er"el&a" a trou)le 'a-er and )e%ae" accordin+l#93(, 458, T%u"$ a "tudent2" "el&>conce(t doe"not cau"e t%e "tudent to )e%ae in a(articular *a#$ )ut interact" *it% ot%eraria)le" 3e,+,$ teac%er e=(ectation"$(ro+ra''in+$ and cla""roo' eniron'ent8to a&&ect %o* t%e "tudent )e%ae" and(er&or'" in "c%ool,

To &acilitate a (o"itie "el&>conce(t and

(o"itie "c%ool cli'ate$ Pur-e# 3457;8 %a"deelo(ed t%e conce(t" o& t%e 2initationalteac%er9 and t%e 9initational "c%ool,9 T%einitational teac%er i" one *%o intentionall#"end" initation" to t%e "tudent to encoura+elearnin+, Suc% 9initation"9 include li"tenin+to "tudent" *it% care$ )ein+ aut%entic *it%"tudent" and one"el&$ and reac%in+ out to"tudent", Pur-e# 3457;8 "u++e"t" a nu')ero& "(eci&ic initation" teac%er" can utili0e$ &orin"tance$ u"in+ "tudent e=(ert" "o t%at

indiidual "tudent e=(erti"e i" ac-no*led+ed$


9/40

or lettin+ "tudent" -no* t%e# are 'i""ed )#"endin+ t%e' note" *%en t%e# are a)"ent,

ARTHRCOMBS Co')"2 t%eor# o&education$ )a"ed on *%at %e call":

perceptual psychology$ "tate" t%at$ in orderto encoura+e a (o"itie "tudent "el&>conce(t$t%e teac%er "%ould %ae a (o"itie ie* o&%i'"el& or %er"el&, Co')" 34578 a""ert" t%att%e teac%er can u"e %i" or %er o*n (o"itie"el&> conce(t a" an in"tru'ent in teac%in+/ a"t%e teac%er e=(erience" %i" or %eruni

conce(t,ALESCLARIFICATION, alue" clari&ication

i" anot%er %u'ani"tic (ro+ra' t%at atte'(t"to &acilitate a (o"itie "el&>i'a+e, Initiall#deelo(ed )# Rat%", Merrill$ and Si'on3457;8$ t%i" a((roac% atte'(t" to deelo((o"itie$ (ur(o"e&ul$ and con"i"tent )e%aiorand attitude" in "tudent" t%rou+% a (roce""o& aluin+, Si'on and %i" a""ociate" "u++e"tt%at$ a" "tudent" clari and identi t%eiralue"$ t%e# )eco'e le"" a(at%etic$ dri&tin+$

and con&or'in+, To ac%iee t%e"e +oal"$ t%ealue" clari&ication 'oe'ent %a" deelo(ed


10/40

a nu')er o& "tructured e=erci"e" (u)li"%edin a ariet# o& )oo-" and -it", Teac%er"2co''unication "-ill al"o are i'(ortant in t%i"a((roac%, So'e acade'ic" 3Loc-*ood$4578 %ae ar+ued t%at alue" clari&ication

lac-" an adeSCIENCEE!CATIONein"tein2" "el&>"cienceeducation (ro+ra' i" anot%er a((roac% to"el&>conce(t education, He &ir"t (re"ented

t%i" a((roac% in To*ard Hu'ani"ticEducation 3ein"tein Fantini$ 457D8$ *%ic%)eca'e a -e# te=t in t%e &ield o& %u'ani"ticeducation, Since t%en$ %e %a" deelo(ed %i"idea" in Education o& t%e St 34578,Accordin+ to ein"tein$ Hardin$ andein"tein 34578$ t%ere are &ie criteria &ordeelo(in+ %u'ani"tic (ro+ra'":4, T%e need" o& t%e indiidual are t%e central

data "ource &or deci"ion 'a-in+,@> Hu'ani"tic education increa"e" t%e

o(tion" o& t%e learner",


11/40

, Per"onal -no*led+e +et" at lea"t a"'uc% (riorit# a" (u)lic -no*led+e

, No "in+le indiidual2" deelo('ent i"&o"tered at t%e e=(en"e o& an# one el"e2"deelo('ent

, All ele'ent" o& t%e (ro+ra' contri)ute tot%e "en"e o& "i+ni&icant alue$ and *ort%o& eac% (er"on inoled,

Sel&>"cience education a((lie" an inconce(t i"$ in (art$ aclu"ter o& %#(ot%e"e" a)out one"el&/ %i" "el&>"cience education (ro+ra' con"i"t" o&e=a'inin+ t%e"e %#(ot%e"e" to "ee %o*accurate t%e# are, So'eti'e" *e %old

)elie&" a)out our"ele" t%at *e %ae neerc%ec-ed out, ein"tein" (ro+ra'$ *%ic% i"de"i+ned to %el( indiidual" "ee t%eir o*nuni"cience educationi" a 'et%od o& teac%in+ called t%e Tru'(et:T%e *ord trumpeti" u"ed )ecau"e t%e "%a(eo& t%at in"tru'ent i" "uc% t%at "o'et%in++oe" in t%e narro* end and )eco'e"e=(anded *%en it co'e" out, Accordin+ toein"tein et al, 34578$ t%i" al"o %a((en" int%e (roce"" o& ac%iein+ "el&>-no*led+e, T%eTru'(et$ *%ic% a((lie" (ro)le>"o/in+ "-ill"to "el&>in


12/40

"ituation" ((, 4?@8, Allo*alternatie", 6 tern" o& re"(on"eT%e central tool in "el&>"cience education

i" a 'et%od o& teac%in+ called t%e Tru'(et:T%e *ord tru'(et i" u"ed )ecau"e t%e "%a(e

o& t%at in"tru'ent i" "uc% t%at "o'et%in++oe" in t%e narro* end and )eco'e"e=(anded *%en it co'e" out, Accordin+ toein"tein et al, 34578$ t%i" al"o %a((en" int%e (roce"" o& ac%iein+ "el&>-no*led+e, T%eTru'(et$ *%ic% a((lie" (ro)le'>"olin+"-ill"to"el&>in


13/40

*%at it +et" &or 'e i" t%e &eelin+ t%at I2'not du')9 3ein"tein et al,$ 457$ (, 48,

, Con"ider con"e@8,

Allo* alternatie", At t%i" "ta+e t%e indiiduale=a'ine" alternatie (attern" o& re"(on"e,9In t%e e=a'(le *e are u"in+$ t%e (er"on'a# decide t%at$ durin+ t%e co'in+ *ee-"$%e or "%e *ill tr# to o&&er a: one o(inion int%ree di&&erent cla""e", In order toacco'(li"% 'a# )e nece""ar# to re%ear"e alldurin+ t%o"e cla""e", Re(eati "entence$%at I "a# i" +ood and intelli+ent "o I don2t%ae to '# "'art" to an#one2 oer and oer)e&ore enturin+ t%e o(i a "u++e"ted route93ein"tein et al,$ 457$ (, 8,7, Ma-e ealuation", A&ter u"in+ a ne*

)e%aior$ t%e (er"on can a"l it *or-ed,a" t%e ne* re"(on"e "ati"&actor# or"%ould anot% "(on"e )e tried

;, C%oo"e, In t%i" la"t "te($ t%e (er"ondecide" *%et%er %e or "%e * ado(t t%ene* (attern$ return to t%e old (attern$ or

tr# anot%er re"(on"e",T%e Tru'(et i" not 'eant to )e "i'(l#anot%er (ro)le'>"olin+ ni


14/40

relation" deelo('ent9 (ro+ra'", Bot% o&t%e"e (ro+ra'" *ere i enced )# Ro+er"2*or- on condition" 3e,+,$ e'(at%#$ re+ard8t%at & taite (er"onal +ro*t%, A"(# andRoe)uc- 345778 al"o %ae in&luenced )#

Ro+er" in t%eir re"earc%$ carried out oer a47>#ear ( *%ic% &ound t%at 9"tudent" learn'ore and )e%ae )etter *%en t% ceie %i+%leel" o& under"tandin+$ carin+ and+enuinene""$ t%an t%e# are +ien lo* leel"o& t%e'9 3A"(# ;c Roe)uc-$ leel inter(er"onal "-ill",T%i" "tud# &ound t%at "tuderu t%e teac%er"*%o *ere trained to )e &acilitatie e=%i)it t%e&olio trait":L Mi"" &e*er da#" o& "c%ool durin+ t%e #ear/@, Hae increa"ed "core" on "el&>conce(t

'ea"ure"$ indica 'ore (o"itie "el&re+ard/

> Ma-e +reater +ain" on acade'icac%iee'ent 'ea"ure"$ in in+ )ot% 'at%and readin+ "core"/

$ Pre"ent &e*er di"ci(linar# (ro)le'"/ Co''it &e*er act" o& andali"' to "c%ool

(ro(ert#/$ increa"e t%eir "core" on I,Q, te"t" 3+rade"

K?8/7, Ma-e +ain" in creatiit# "core" &ro'

Se(te')er to Ma/ and;, Be 'ore "(ontaneou" and u"e %i+%er

leel" o& t%in-in+, 3A"(# : Roe)uc-$

More "tudent (ro)le' "olin+, More er)al initiation, More er)al re"(on"e to teac%er, More a"-in+ o&


15/40

4D, Greater creatiit# 3A"(# Sc Roe)uc-$

)rain re"earc% %a" %el(ed to de"cri)e%o* *e t%in- )ot% anal#ticall# and

intuitiel#, T%e le&t "ide o& t%e )rain tend"to o(erate in a linear$ "te(>)#>"te(&a"%ion$ *%erea" t%e ri+%t "ide *or-" inan intuitie$ %oli"tic 'anner a" it(roce""e" in&or'ation, Creatie t%in-in+e'(lo#" )ot% t#(e" o& t%ou+%t,Tran"(er"onal education atte'(t" to&acilitate interaction )et*een t%e t*o"(%ere" o& t%e )rain,

C%ildren are ie*ed &ro' a %oli"tic(er"(ectie, Tran"(er"onal educator" a">"ert t%at *e "%ould not i+nore t%ee'otional and "(iritual need" o& t%e c%ildand &ocu" on (ro+ra'" t%at ac-no*led+et%e ariou" need" 3e,+,$ intellectual$"(iritual$ e'otional8 o& t%e *%ole c%ild,For e=a'(le$ t%e art" o&ten are inte+rated*it% readin+ and *ritin+ actiitie",

Sel&>in


16/40

e' reaction" are central$ to %i+%er leel"$in *%ic% dee( "(iritual9 reali0ed,

Teac%er" can &acilitate learnin+ anddeelo('ent )# *or-in+ *it% )ot% andt%eir "tudent"2 indiidual leel" o&

con"ciou"ne"", Learnin+ t%eori"ereco+ni0ed t%at "tudent" ar# in t%eirlearnin+ "t#le", T%e"e "t#i related to t%edi&&erent leel" o& con"ciou"ne""/t%ere&ore$ t a*arene"" o& t%e leel" can&acilitate )ot% t%e teac%er2" "el&>a*a: andinterco''unication )et*een teac%er and"tudent",

Tran"(er"onal Pro+ra'", T%e "'allnu')er o& (ro+ra'" in "(er"onal educationinclude 9aldor& education$9"#nectic"r"u(e

in+$ and>con&luent education, e *illde"cri)e aldor& educaL "o'e detail and+ie a )rie& oerie* o& t%e ot%er (ro+ra'",

4AL!ORFE!CATIONaldor&education i" a co'(re%en"i (roac% to"c%oolin+ t%at i" )a"ed in tran"(er"onalt%eor#, aldor& cation *a" deelo(ed )#Rudol(% Steiner$ an Au"trian (%ilo"o(%er>educator, Steiner *a" %eail# in&luenced )#Goet%e2" )elie& t%at t%e it# o& (eo(le i"deter'ined )# t%eir 9'oral i'a+ination,9Steiner: oretical *or- "#nt%e"i0ed "cienti&ict%in-in+ *it% "(iritual in*in+ nationali"t" 3Na0i"8 and ort2 reli+iou"+rou(" &or %i" nonconentional t%in-in+,

Steiner 34578 *a" concerned *it% t%e(er"on2" inner deelo($ *it% 9reconnectin+t%e in*ardne"" o& 'an *it% t%e unier"e or%o* 'an and t%e unier"e are (art o& t%e

co''on (%#"ical "(iritual a+e9 3(, 8,Accordin+ to Steiner$ 9T%e outer *orld *it%all it" (%e ena i" &illed *it% diine "(lendo$)ut *e 'u"t %ae e=(erience: diine *it%inour"ele" )e&ore *e can %o(e to di"coer itin our en 'ent9 3(, 78,

Steiner outline" %i" a((roac% toeducation in Education o& llu in t%e Li+%t o&Ant%ro(o"o(%# 34578$ *%ic% )e+in" *it% ane=(lanaL %o* t%e nature o& t%e c%ild &or'"t%e )a"i" o& aldor& education "%all not "et

u( de'and" nor (ro+ra''e"$ )ut "i'(l#de"cri)e t%e nature, Fro' t%e nature o& t%e


17/40

+ro*in+ and eolin+ %u'an )ein0 (ro(er(oint o& ie* &or Education *ill$ a" it *ere$"(ontaneou"l# r 3(, ;8, He "tate" t%at c%ilddeelo('ent occur" in "een>#ear c#cl eac%"ta+e$ or durin+ eac% "een>#ear (eriod$ t%e

c%ild %a" a di&&9)od#,9 Steiner call" t%e &ir"t 9)od#$9 *%ic%la"t" to a)out a+e "een$ t%e (%#"ical )od#,!urin+ t%i" (eriod it i" i'(ortant t%at t%e(%#"ical eniron'ent )e a((ro(riate$ "o t%att%e )od# can deelo(, Steiner "u++e"t" t%atto#" and +a'e" allo* &or &anta"# andi'a+ination$ )ut reco''end" t%at c%ildren"%ould not )e +ien co''ercial to#"$ onl#t%o"e t%e# can *or- *it%$ "uc% a"%o'e'ade doll" and (icture )oo-" *it%

'oa)le &i+ure", He al"o )eliee" t%at"on+"$ 'u"ic$ and dance are i'(ortant to t%ec%ild2" deelo('ent at t%i" a+e, Son+" and%and>cla((in+ are u"ed in a""ociation *it%learnin+ letter" and *ord", Son+" and 'u"ical"o (roide (art o& t%e ritual o& eac% da# at"c%ool, In -inder+arten$ "o'eti'e" t%e da# i""tarted *it% t%e c%ildren and teac%er "ittin+ ina circle, At t%e end o& t%e da# t%e teac%er'a# "tand at t%e door and "a# +ood)#e toeac% c%ild a" %e or "%e leae",

!urin+ t%e ele'entar# #ear"$ *%ic% )e+inaround a+e "een$ t%e "econd 9)od#$9 *%ic%Steiner call" t%e et%eric )od#$ deelo(",Education in t%e ele'entar# #ear" i" not)a"ed on t%e intellect$ )ut i'a+ination andinner i'a+e", Steiner 34578 "a#"$ 9T%e&or'ation and +ro*t% o& t%e et%eric )od#'ean" t%e 'ouldin+ and deelo(in+ o& t%einclination" and %a)it"$ o& t%e con"cience$t%e c%aracter$ t%e 'e'or# and te'(era'ent,

T%e et%eric )od# i" *or-ed u(on t%rou+%(icture" and e=a'(le"$ i,e,$ )# care&ull#+uidin+ t%e i'a+ination o& t%e c%ild9 3(, @58,

Anot%er c%aracteri"tic o& c%ildren t%i" a+e37>48 i" t%eir de"ire to loe and re"(ect t%eirteac%er", Accordin+ to Steiner$ t%i" need i"'et in t%e aldor& "c%ool )# %ain+ t%e"a'e teac%er *or- *it% t%e c%ild t%rou+%outei+%t #ear" o& ele'entar# "c%ool, Alt%ou+%ot%er teac%er" *or- *it% t%e c%ildren in"(ecial "u)1ect area"$ t%e )ene&it o& %ain+

one teac%er *%o *or-" *it% t%e c%ild oer a


18/40

lon+ (eriod i" t%at t%i" teac%er can clearl#identi a c%ild2" "tren+t%" and need",

Steiner )eliee" t%at "c%ool *or- "%ouldnot )e oerconce(tuali0ed oroerintellectuali0ed durin+ t%e ele'entar#

"c%ool #ear"/ t%i" can occur later$ durin+adole"cence, He "u++e"t" t%at olderele'entar# "tudent" can )ene&it &ro' t%e"tud# o& %i"tor# and )io+ra(%ie" o& +reat 'enand *o'en and t%at c%ildren in t%e earl#ele'entar# "c%ool #ear" "tud# &air# tale"$le+end"$ '#t%", Li-e Bettle%ei' 345778$Steiner )eliee" t%at &air# tale"$ '#t%"$ and(ara)le" can reac% t%e inner c%ild, Steineral"o adocate" t%e u"e o& (icture" andi'a+e"$ *%ic% can attune t%e inner li&e o& t%e

"tudent to t%e "u)1ect 'atter t%at i" to )elearned,

it% re+ard to readin+ and *ritin+$Steiner "u++e"t" t%at c%ildren i,ould *rite toe=(lain t%eir dra*in+", Colored (encil" andcra#on" can e u"ed, A&ter t%e"e e=(erience"$readin+ can )e+in,

Education in lan+ua+e art" center" on&eelin+ and arti"tic e=(erience, Accordin+ toSteiner 34578$ 9S(eec% i" rooted in %u'an&eelin+, n &eelin+" #ou are lin-ed to t%e *%ole*orld and +ie *%ole *orld"ound" t%at in "o'e *a# e=(re"" t%e"e lin-"o& &eelin+9 3(, 8, For +ua+e education to )e+rounded in &eelin+$ *ord" 'u"t 'a-e a cotion *it% t%e inner li&e o& t%e "tudent,

Feelin+ i" deelo(ed )# e=(o"ure to t%eart", In &act$ central to dor& education i"arti"tic actiit#$ *%ic% inole" &ocu"in+ on%o* & color$ and r%#t%' are (art o& t%e*%olene"" o& e=(erience and % and &eelin+

are related to learnin+,Moe'ent e=erci"e" are al"o i'(ortant*%en "een in t%i" li+%t ner 34578 "a#":To t%in- out +#'na"tic e=erci"e" &ro' t%i"(oint o& ie* r 'ore t%an an intellectual-no*led+e o& %u'an anato'# and )iolo+#, Itre


19/40

li')" (roduce" an ea"# &eelin+ o& "tren+t%$and anot%er$ ner lo"" o& "tren+t%$ 3(, 8

Ric%ard" 345;D8 "u++e"t" t%at t%edeelo('ent o& a "en"e o& nectedne"")et*een one"el& and t%e unier"e i" at t%e

%eart o& education:I )eliee t%e tone o& %i" Steiner " 'eanin+i" t%i": in eer# in ual t%ere i" an in"tinctie"en"e o& connection )et*een one"el: t%eunier"e, T%ere i" a )uilt>in "en"e o&'eanin+ and o& id T%ere i" an inner *orld o&"(iritual )ein+ and o& "(iritual )eir, @ *%ic%'an-ind$ nature$ and unier"e (artici(ate, A"en"e o& nection *it% t%i" inner "(irit i" *%ati" ordinaril# called reli+i i" a" natural to(eo(le a" a "en"e o& "el& and a &eelin+ &or

nat i" a cro""in+ (oint )et*een in"ide andout"ide$ 3(, 58>T%i" connection i" al"o at t%e center o& atran"(er"onal orientation,, t%ou+% %olida#"are cele)rated$ t%ere i" no &or'al reli+iou"in"tru in aldor& "c%ool", In"tead$ "i'(leritual" are (er&or'ed$ "uc% a" " in a circleand "in+in+, T%e &ocu" on creatiee=(erience atte'(t" c%ildren and teac%er"%ae acce"" to t%eir inner li&e,

For Steiner$ education i" an art, T%eteac%er$ li-e t%e arti"t$ " )e in touc% *it%one2" inner re"ource" and creatiei'a+ination, E tion "%ould (roide a &or' &ore=(re""ion o& t%e inner li&e$ "o t%at co'e"(erce(ti)le, In ele'entar# "c%ool$ t%e 9MainLe""on$9 *%i tau+%t in t%e 'ornin+$ &ocu"e"on lan+ua+e deelo('ent or 'at% ic"/%o*eer$ t%e"e "u)1ect" are inte+rated *it%art, In +eo'etr#$ &or e=a'(le$ t%e c%ildren'a-e colored &i+ure" and "trin+

con"truction", Ric%ard" 345;D8 de"cri)e" t%e+eneral &or' o& t%e 9Main Le""on9:Eac% Main Le""on *ill call u(on t%e c%ild2"(o*er" o& li"tenin+$ o& )od# 'oe'ent$ o&t%in-in+$ and o& &eelin+, Arti"tic actiit# i" (ar>ticularl# related to t%e *ill: it i" an e=(erienceo& doin+$ o& 'a-in+, Art*oral"o inite" t%ec%ild2" &eelin+ &or e=(re""iene"" and en>coura+e" a -ind o& intuitie t%in-in+ a)out%o* to +et t%in+" done, In t%e earl# +rade"$"o'e teac%er" allo* t%e c%ildren to co(#

*%at %a" )een dra*n on t%e )oard "o t%att%e# 'a# learn to dra* in *a#" t%e# *ould


20/40

not ot%er*i"e -no*, Ot%er ti'e" t%e c%ildrendra*> &reel#, ariet# e=i"t"$ accordin+ toteac%er and +rade$ 3(, @8In t%e a&ternoon$ t%e c%ildren learn ot%er"u)1ect"$ "uc% a" &orei+n lan+ua+e"$ 'u"ic

%and*or-$ +ardenin+$ (%#"ical education$and eur%#t%'#$ a &or' o& 'oe'enteducation t%at i" u"uall# (er&or'ed to"(o-en (oetr# and atte'(t" to (ut *ord" into'otion,

In %i+% "c%ool 3a+e" 4?@48$ t%e "tudent'oe" to t%e ne=t "ta+e in Steiner " c#cle$*%ic% %e call" t%e a"tral (eriod, T%i" "ta+e i"c%aracteri0ed )# inde(endent 1ud+'ent$a)"tract t%in-in+$ and critical a""e""'ent,T%e %i+% "c%ool "tudent *or-" *it% ariou"

teac%er"$ )ut *ill o&ten "tud# one "u)1ect *it%t%e "a'e teac%er oer &our #ear", Hi+%"c%ool "u)1ect" include 'at%$ c%e'i"tr#$(%#"ic"$ )otan#$ )iolo+#$ 0oolo+#$ +eo'etr#$&orei+n lan+ua+e"$ %andicra&t"$ 'u"ic$ and(aintin+, M#t%olo+# i" "till (art o& t%ecurriculu'$ a" it i" lin-ed *it% %i"tor#, Artcontinue" to )e inte+rated *it% all ot%er"u)1ect"$ a" it *a" in ele'entar# "c%ool,Ric%ard" 3:5;D8 de"cri)e" t%e )ene&it" t%atre"ult &ro' t%i" (ractice: 9Mat%e'atic" and+eo'etr# lead not onl# to ca(acitie" &ort%in-in+$ )ut to "ure#or2" a(" and(ro1ection" o& (lanetar# or)it" and arti"tic'odelin+, Connection" )et*een (ro1ectie+eo'etr# and (lant +ro*t% are rendered in :ro*in+" and in *atercolor (late"9 3(, 58,

Hi+% "c%ool "tudent" "%are in runnin+ t%e"c%ool, T%e# rai"e 'one# r &ield tri(" )#(uttin+ on dinner"$ )a0aar"$ and (la#", T%ecul'inatin+ > ent o& eac% #ear i" a (la# (ut

on )# t%e "enior", Accordin+ to Ric%ard" >SO8$ 9T%e (roduction 'a-e" u"e o& t%eirtalent" and "-ill" *%ic% are t i"idera)le )#t%i" ti'e in (aintin+$ art"$ "in+in+$ actin+(la#in+$ in"tru> ' it"$ doin+ eur#t%'#$ and)rin+in+ into t%eir c%aracteri0ation" a de(t% i%u'an under"tandin+9 3(, D8,SNECTICSGordon2" a((roac% to creatiet%in-in+$ *%ic% %e call" tic"$ *a" initiall# u"edin indu"tr#$ )ut %a" )een de"i+ned &or u"e incla""roo' al"o, T%e u"e o& 'eta(%or i"

central to "#nectic", Gordon 8 ar+ue" t%atan indiidual" creatie "-ill" can )e


21/40

en%anced )# u"in+ (%or, Cla""roo''aterial" %ae )een deelo(ed t%atencoura+e t%e"tudent to u"e ariou" &or'" o& analo+ou"t%ou+%t, In +eneral$ "#n +et" t%e "tudent to

'a-e t%e -ind o& 9intuitie lea("9 t%at *e a""*it% ri+%t>)rain t%in-in+,4SPERLEARNINGS#nectic" &ocu"e" oncreatie t%in-in+$ *% "u(erlearnin+ deelo("t%e indiidual2" a)ilit# to recall lar+e a'oun&actual in&or'ation, Su(erlearnin+$ al"o-no*n a" "u++e"tolo+#$ *a" elo(ed )# t%eBul+arian ("#c%olo+i"t Geor+i Lo0ano34578 and i" )ein+ u"ed in Nort% A'erica/ itco')ine" rela=ation e=erci"e"$ +u i'a+er#$and 'u"ic$ to %el( t%e (er"on a)"or) lar+e

a'ount" o& in&or'ation, For e=a'(le$"u(erlearnin+ tec%nilan+ua+e oca)ular#, So'e "tudie"indicate t%at "tudent" t%e"e 'et%od" learna" 'an# a" 4$DDD *ord" o& a ne* lan+ua+ein a In Nort% A'erica$ O"trander andS%roeder 345758 %ae )een "( (er"on" &ort%e "u(erlearnin+ a((roac% to education,3 2CONFLENTE!CATIONS#nectic" and"u(erlearnin+ are ec tional a((roac%e" t%at%ae a &airl# "(eci&ic &ocu", Ot%er (ro+ra'"$a" con&luent education$ *%ic% co')ine" )ot%%u'ani"tic and tran"(er tec%niucator" contend t%at teac%er" "%ould )e ont%e &ore&ront o& "ocial c%U T%e 'a1ora""u'(tion" o& t%e "ocial>c%an+e orientation

are a" &olic


22/40

Sc%ool" traditionall# tend to rein&orcea(at%# and (a""iit#, Mo"t: c%an+e t%eori"t"ar+ue t%at t%e %idden curriculu' o& t%e"c%ool 'ote" con&or'it# and counteract" t%edeelo('ent o& citi0en"%i(

Sc%ool" "%ould e')od# t%e de'ocratic(roce"", In"tead o& rein&or con&or'it#$"c%ool" "%ould )e (lace" *%ere "tudent"and teac%eri colla)orate in an eniron'entt%at (ro'ote" autono'#, Social>action (ro1ect" can (ro'ote a"en"e o& e&&icac#, Student" teac%er"2(artici(ation in actiitie" t%at (ro'ote "ocialc%an+e c duce a(at%# and %el( deelo( a"en"e t%at t%e# can a&&ect t%e "ocialeniron'ent, Accordin+ to Ne*'ann 34578$

"ocial action (ro1ect" can include t%e&ollo*in+:Tele(%one coner"ation"$ letter *ritin+$(artici(ation in 'eetin+"$ re"earc% and "tud#$te"tiin+ )e&ore (u)lic )odie"$ door>to>doorcana""in+$ &und>rai"in+ 'edia (roduction$)ar+ainin+ and ne+otiation/ and al"o (u)licl#i"i)le actiit# a""ociated *it% t%e 'ore'ilitant &or'", Social action can ta-e (lace inor out o& "c%ool and$ i& out o& "c%ool$ notnece""aril# in t%e "treet"$ )ut in %o'e"$o&&ice"$ and *or- (lace", It 'i+%t inole'oe'ent a'on+ "eeral location" orconcentration at one, 3((, ?8 Social>c%an+e education can &acilitate

citi0en (artici(ation in t%e (olitical(roce"", %en citi0en (artici(ation i" lo*$t%e de'ocratic (roce"" can )e'ani(ulated )# a &e* "(ecial intere"t+rou("/ )# inolin+ teac%er" and"tudent" in ariou" a"(ect" o& t%e (olitical

(roce""$ "ocial>c%an+e education canen"ure a 'ore )roadl# )a"ed de'ocrac#, Social c%an+e tend" to rel# on an

ecolo+ical (er"(ectie, Pro)le'" are"een in ter'" o& role"$ "tructure"$ andnor'" t%at do'inate "ocial interaction,T%u"$ t%e &ocu" i" on c%an+in+ t%e"erole"$ "tructure"$ and nor'" rat%er t%anon c%an+in+ a &e* indiidual",

Per"onal +ro*t% and "ocial deelo('entare interrelated, Indiidual +ro*t% "%ould

)e ie*ed in relation to t%e "ocialeniron'ent/ (eo(le cannot 'erel# 9do


23/40

t%eir o*n t%in+$9 )ut 'u"t )e a*are o& t%ei'(act on "ociet# o& t%eir )e%aior,Coner"el#$ i& t%e indiidual can deelo(t%e a)ilit# to a&&ect t%e eniron'ent$ %e or"%e *ill deelo( a "en"e o& e&&icac#,

Social>C%an+e Pro+ra'", T*o (ro+ra'" t%at&ocu" on "ocial c%an+e are Ne*'ann "34578 Social Action Model and Al"c%uler "345;D8 Social Literac# Trainin+,VV228 &red , NEMANN6SOCIALACTIONMO!ELNe*'ann" (ro+ra' atte'(t" todeelo( eniron'ental co'(etence in"tudent"?in ot%er *ord"$ t%e a)ilit# to e&&ectcertain con"e inco'e %ou"in+$ a9&reer9 "c%ool$ t%e o(enin+ o& a dru+coun"elin+ ccnter$ t%e election o& a (articularo&&icial, T%e# 'i+%t *i"% to o((o"e a cur&e*ordinance$ %i+%>ri"e a(art'ent"$ credit(ractice" o& a (articular &ir'$ or a "c%ool"dre"" code, 3Ne*'ann$ 457$ (, 8T%e Social Action 'odel i" de"cri)ed in 'oredetail in T%e Educ S(ectru',

ALFRE!ALSCHLER6SOCIALLITERACTRAINING%erea" N 'ann2" Social ActionModel &ocu"e" on t%e "tudent$ Al"c%uler "Social erac# Trainin+ "tre""e" teac%erinole'ent in (ro)le'" at t%e "cT leel,Al"c%uler )a"ed %i" 'odel on t%e *or- o&Paulo Freire$ a Bra0 educator$ *%o %a"e=erted a "tron+ in&luence on "ocial c%an+eeduca in t%e nited State", Freire" )oo-$T%e Peda+o+# o& t%e O((re""ed 345 outline"an a((roac% to teac%in+ illiterate (ea"ant" in

Bra0il, He d o(ed a 'et%od &or teac%in+)a"ic literac# "-ill" to Bra0illian "tudent"inole" rai"in+ t%eir "ocial a*arene"",Freire de"cri)e" %o* indiid can 'oet%rou+% di&&erent "ta+e"$ leadin+ ulti'atel# toa "ta+e in &t t%e# are a)le to ta-e action tooerco'e o((re""ion, In t%e Fir"t "ta+e'a+ical con&or'in+ "ta+e$ (eo(le are(a""ie and do not "ee t%eir "-ua a"o((re""ie, In t%e ne=t "ta+e$ t%e naiere&or'in+ "ta+e$ indiidual "u'e t%at

(ro)le'" can )e "oled *it%out re&erence tolar+er "ocial " ture", At t%e t%ird leel$ t%e


24/40

critical tran"&or'in+ "ta+e$ (eo(le )e+iranal#0e t%eir culture and to )eco'e actie(artici(ant" in c%an+in+ o*n "tatu" t%rou+%"ocial action t%at ai'" at c%an+in+ t%e lar+er"#"te',

To 'oe to*ard t%e critical tran"&or'in+"ta+e$ Freire deelo t%ree>"te( (rocedure:

4, Na'e t%e i'(ortant con&lict" in t%e"ituation, In Bra0il$ a tea' teac%er"$ "ocial*or-er"$ and ("#c%olo+i"t" *or-in+ *it%Freire2" +ra' *ould enter a co''unit# andinterie* t%e (eo(le in t%at 'unit#, T%rou+%t%e"e di"cu""ion"$ t%e tea' *ould deelo( ali"t c: *ord" to re(re"ent con&lict "ituation" int%e "ociet#?&or e=a'(le$ *ord "lu' 'i+%t)e a -e# *ord, T%e teac%er" *ould introduce

-e# to t%e (eo(le in t%e co''unit#$ inorder to encoura+e anal#"i" o& conce(t, T%e#'i+%t a"-$ &or e=a'(le$ 9%at are t%ecau"e" o& (o %# i" %ou"in+ inadeladen "ituation"93(, 48,


25/40

Al"c%uler "u++e"t" t%at in t%e ne=t "ta+e$naie re&or'in+$ indiidual" &ocu" ont%e'"ele" rat%er t%an on t%e "#"te', At t%i""ta+e$ t%e indiidual *ill tr# to i'(roe%i'"el& or %er"el&/ t%e "#"te' i" acce(ted$ "o

t%e onu" &or c%an+e lie" *it% t%e indiidual,Peo(le in t%e t%ird "ta+e$ t%e critical

tran"&or'in+ "ta+e$ are a)le to criticall#e=a'ine t%e "tructure in *%ic% t%e# are*or-in+, T%e re"(on"i)ilit# &or c%an+e i" nolon+er on t%e indiidual$ )ut$ in"tead$ on(eo(le *%o *or- colla)oratiel# to education teac%er" todeelo( an in>"erice (ro+ra' &or t%e


26/40

re+ular cla""roo' teac%er, !urin+ t%i"(roce"", t%e# &ocu"ed on deelo(in+ ne*'et%od" &or indiiduali0in+ in"truction,

T%e Social Literac# +rou( identi&ied t%e u"eo& t%e interco' a" a (ro)le' in t%e

"c%ool$ )ecau"e it" u"e *a" leadin+ tolon+ di"ru(tion" in die

cla""roo', T%e teac%er" 'et *it% t%e(rinci(al$ *%o a+reed to li'it u"e o& t%einterco', Teac%er" "et u( a 9care9 roo' int%e "c%ool$ *%ere a teac%er *a" aW a)le to+ie "(ecial %el( to "tudent" *%o needed it,T%e roo' al"o (i ided a coolin+>do*n(eriod &or "tudent", Teac%er" *%o (artici( int%i" (ro1ect *ere entitled to "end "tudent" tot%e roo',

Al"c%uler 345;D8 co''ent" on t%e"e"olution":T%e"e e=a'(le" illu"trate "eeral uni"olin+ (roce""$ i" )e"t done in a "'all &ace>t +rou( o& &ie or "i= teac%er", T%ere are &our"te(" to t%i" (ro)le'>"ol 'et%od:

4, Na'in+ t%e (ro)le'atic incident, Att%e )e+innin+$ one t (o"e" a (ro)le', He or"%e %a" &ie 'inute" to do t%i", T%e (ro)le'ar# &ro' a di"ci(line (ro)le' to aninter(er"onal di&&icult#, In e= in+ t%e(ro)le'atic incident$ t%e teac%er "%ould&ocu" on *%o * oled and *%at %a((ened,Ne=t$ t%e teac%er "%ould identi *% u( tot%i" incident, Finall#$ t%e teac%er "%ouldoutline t%e con"e


27/40

@, Identiin+ (attern" o& con&lictSocial Literac# +rou(" "%ould on (attern"rat%er t%an on "(eci&ic incident", Succe""&ul"olution" d deal *it% i"olated (ro)le'"$ )ut$in"tead$ ari"e &ro' an under"tand t%e

underl#in+ (attern", For e=a'(le$ oneteac%er *%o *7a" %ain ci(line (ro)le'" in%i" cla""roo' ideota(ed %i" cla""roo' in oridenti an underl#in+ (attern to t%e di"ci(line(ro)le', He di"c a (attern o& out"ideinterru(tion" t%at *a" cau"in+ t%e di"ci(linele'", To &ind a "olution to a (ro)le'$ t%e)rain"tor'in+ tec%n: u"ed to deelo( a"'an# "olution" a" (o""i)le, T%ere i" no li'itnu')er o& alternatie" and t%e +rou( doe"not ealuate t%e alter a" t%e# are )ein+

(ro(o"ed, T%e +rou( "%ould encoura+eunu"u atie "olution",

> Brain"tor'in+ alternatie "olution",T%e +rou( al"o e=a'ine" t%e 9rule" androle" t%at +oern (eo(le" )e%aior93Al"c%uler$ 45;D8, Al"c%uler (roide" ane=a'(le &ro' one 'iddle "c%ool in *%ic%t%ere *ere a nu')er o& di"ci(line (ro)le'",In"tead o& "tartin+ a "c%ool>*ide9crac-do*n$9 t%e teac%er" e=a'ined t%erule" and &ound t%at t%e# *ere incon"i"tent,T%e Social Literac# +rou( deelo(ed a ne*"tudent %and)oo-$ )a"ed on "u++e"tion"&ro' "tudent"$ teac%er"$ and "u((ort "ta&&,

, !eelo(in+ de'ocratic (lan" &ori'(le'entin+ one "olution, T%e teac%er *%o(o"ed t%e (ro)le' in t%e &ir"t "te( c%oo"e"one o& t%e "olution" and di"cu""e" an action(lan to i'(le'ent t%at "olution, T%e +rou("%ould t%en a+ree on a &ollo*>u( 'et%od toc%ec- out %o* t%e "olution i" *or-in+,

Al"c%uler 345;D$ ((, 44>4478 %a"deelo(ed a 'et%od &or ealuatin+ t%enuclear (ro)le'>"olin+ (roce"", T%e(roce"" i" 'ore e&&ectie i& t%e &ollo*in++uideline" are u"ed: T%e (ro)le' i" identi&ied a" a (attern o&)e%aior, T%e anal#"i" &ocu"e" on rule" and role"rat%er indiidual", T%e )rain"tor'in+ +enerate" a lar+enu')er o& alternatie",

T%e (eo(le a&&ected )# t%e c%an+e in t%erule" are inoled in (roidin+ a "olution,


28/40

T%e "olution i" deelo(ed )# a con"en"u"a((roac% t%at i" 'utuall# "ati"in+ to t%o"einoled, T%e "olution (roide" a (er'anent"olution to t%e (ro)le',

T%e nuclear (ro)le'>"olin+ (roce"" canal"o )e u"ed *it% "tudent" in t%e cla""roo',Al"c%uler 345;D8 +ie" an e=a'(le o& oneteac%er *%o u"ed t%i" (roce"" a&ter &ir"tintroducin+ an in"olin+ (roce"" in t%e cla""roo':4, Teac%er" and "tudent" en+a+e indialo+ue@, Teac%er" and "tudent" "%ould "(ea-true *ord" a)out central con&i, T%e 'eta+oal o& "(eci&ic (ro)le' "olin+$

in ter'" o& Freire2" "ta: o& con"ciou"ne""$i" to deelo( critical con"ciou"ne""$ not'a+ical naie con"ciou"ne""

T%e"e ele'ent" re&lect Freire2" in&luence onAl"c%uler2" (ro&or Social Literar# Trainin+,W31 NEO>MARXISTPROGRAMSAN!THEHI!!ENCRRICLMT%e S3 c%an+e (o"ition toda#al"o i" re(re"ented )# Neo>Mar=i"t"$ *%o"ee ti "c%ool in ter'" o& it" "ocial6cultural

role, In t%e *ord" o& A((le and Y45778$ Neo>Mar=i"t educator"$


29/40

T%e curriculu' &ield e"(eciall#$ a'on+ ot%ereducational area"$ )een do'inated )# a(er"(ectie t%at 'i+%t )e"t )e called 9tenolo+ical9 in t%at t%e 'a1or intere"t +uidin+it" *or- %a" inoi i &indin+ t%e one )e"t "et o&

'ean" to reac% (rec%o"en educatic end",A+ain"t t%i" relatiel# a'elioratie anduncritical ): +round$ a nu')er o& "ociolo+i"t"and curriculu' "c%olar"$ in: enced "tron+l#)# t%e "ociolo+#7o& -no*led+e in )ot% it"Mar=i": 9Neo>Mar=i"t9 and (%eno'enolo+icalariant"$ %ae )e+un to "eriou" Mar=i"t" "uc% a" Mic%ael A((le and

Henr# Girou= %ae (laced a "tron+ e'(%a"i"on anal#0in+ t%e %idden curriculu', Girou=and Pur> (el2" 345;8 )oo-$ T%e HiddenCurriculu'$ include" t%e *or- o& A((le$ An>#on$ Lund+ren$ Bo*le"$ and Ginti"$ and$al"o$ .ac-"on" 345;8 cla""ic de"cri(tion o&t%e %idden curriculu',

.ac-"on i" not a Neo>Mar=i"t, Hi" &ocu" i"

not on t%e econo'ic and "ocial conte=t o&"c%oolin+$ )ut$ rat%er$ on %o* t%e in"titutional


30/40

li&e o& t%e "c%ool a&&ect" t%e ("#c%olo+ical li&eo& t%e c%ild, .ac-"on di"cu""e" t%ree 'aint%e'e" in "c%ool li&e?cro*d"$ (rai"e orealuation$ and (o*er, Student" 'u"tcon"tantl# deal *it% t%e"e a"(ect" o&

in"titutional li&e in order to "urie or to"ucceed, .ac-"on "tate" t%at t%e "tudent9'u"t al"o deelo( "trate+ie" &or dealin+ *it%t%e con&lict t%at &re


31/40

t%at i" a((lica)le to 'an# ot%er ele'entar#and "econdar# "c%ool cla""e" a" *ell:Bori" %ad trou)le reducin+ 4@64 to t%elo*e"t ter'"$ and could onl# +et a" &ar a"6;, T%e teac%er a"-ed %i' 'are al"o, To )e"ucce""&ul in our culture one 'u"t learn todrea o& &ailure$ 3((, @5>@58In ot%er *ord"$ "o'e "tudent" internali0e t%e9ni+%t'are o& de&eat9 order to ac%iee or"ucceed in "c%ool and$ in t%eir o*n *a#$)eco'e "e alienated )# incor(oratin+ &ear a"

a "(rin+)oard to 9"ucce"",9.ac-"on 345;8 dra*" t%e conclu"ion t%at"tudent" learn to 9e'(l ("#c%olo+ical )u&&er"to (rotect t%e' &ro' "o'e o& t%e *ear andtear cla""roo' li&e9 3(, @78, Ho*eer$ %e"tate" t%at detac%'ent i" not eit%er6or "tateo& a&&air": 9To an#one *%o %a" )een in acla""roo' it al"o eident t%at "o'e "tudent"end u( )ein+ 'ore in"ulated t%an ot%er, 3(,@78, .ac-"on2" o)"eration" lead %i' to t%econclu"ion t%at 9t%e do inant relation"%i( in

t%e cla""roo' i"


32/40

3(, @58, Not onl# i" t%e teac%e: "tudentrelation"%i( o&ten an i'(er"onal one$ )utin"titutional (re""ur encoura+e lac- o&co''unication a'on+ t%e "tudent",Becau"e t%e e (%a"i" in 'an# cla""e" i" on

di"ci(line or control$ t%e "tudent" learn to nco''unicate *it% one anot%er$ e=ce(t in t%e'anner (re"cri)ed )# t teac%er, A" .ac-"on(ut" it$ 9In a "en"e$ t%en$ "tudent" 'u"t tr# to)e%a a" i& t%e# *ere in "olitude$ *%en in(oint o& &act t%e# are not9 3(, 48,

Li-e,.ac-"on$ t%e Neo>Mar=i"t" &ocu" onin"titutional e&&ect", Ho eer$ t%e# clai' t%att%e in"titutional li&e o& t%e "c%ool i" a'icroco"' t%e lar+er econo'ic and "ocialconte=t, In t%e *ord" o& Girou= an Penna:

ie*ed &ro' t%e "tudent2" (er"(ectie$ t%ecla""roo' )eco'e" 'iniature *or- (lace in*%ic% ti'e$ "(ace$ content$ and "tructu are&i=ed )# ot%er", Re*ard" are e=trin"ic$ andall "ocial interacti )et*een teac%er" and"tudent" i" 'ediated )# %ierarc%icall# orni0ed "tructure", T%e underl#in+ 'e""a+elearned in t%i" conte (oint" le"" to "c%ool"%el(in+ "tudent" to t%in- criticall# a)out t*orld in *%ic% t%e# lie t%an it doe" to"c%ool" actin+ a" a+ent" o& "ocial control,3Quoted in Girou= and Pur(el$ 45;$ (, Ill8CONCL!ING COMMENTST%e tran"&or'ation (o"ition con"i"t" o& t%e&ollo*in+ c%aracteri"tic"Conte=t, T%i" 'etaorientation i" rooted in anecolo+ical (aradi+' t%at ac-no*led+e" t%einterde(endence o& (%eno'ena, T%i"(aradi+' i" lin-ed *it% ariou" &or'" o&'#"tici"'$ tran"cendentali"'$ and "o'e&or'" o& e=i"tentiali"' 3e,+,$ Heide++er8,

Tran"(er"onal ("#c%olo+#$ *it% it" "tre"" on"(iritualit#$ and %u'ani"tic ("#c%olo+#(roide t%e ("#c%olo+ical )a"e, Finall#$ t%i"orientation i" lin-ed *it% "ocial 'oe'ent""uc% a" t%e Aactuali0ation$ "el&>tran"cendence$and "ocial inole'ent are t%e (rinci(al+oal" o& t%i" orientation,Learnin+ E=(erience", Learnin+ &ocu"e" oninte+ration o& t%e (%#"ical$ co+nitie$

a&&ectie$ and "(iritual di'en"ion"/ t%ecurriculu' tend" to center around learnin+


33/40

e=(erience" t%at &ocu" on interdi"ci(linar#actiitie", Connection" )et*een di"ci(line"$)et*een one " inner and outer *orld"$ and)et*een "c%ool and co''unit# are "ou+%t/t%e curriculu' tend" to )e oriented around

(ro1ect" o& a "ocial nature or actiitie" relatedto "el&>in Teac%er" tr#to )e in touc% *it% t%eir inner li&e$ and$ at t%e"a'e ti'e$ to *or- on t%eir co''unication"-ill" "o t%at t%e# are in touc% *it% t%eir"tudent", Finall#$ teac%er" *ill 'a-e lin-"*it% t%e co''unit#$ *%ic% *ill$ in turn$

&acilitate "tudent contact *it% t%e co''unit#,Ealuation, Ealuation$ to "o'e e=tent$ 'a#include conentional 'ode" t%at &ocu" on"-ill and "u)1ect 'a"ter#, Ho*eer$ t%ere i"u"uall# a "tron+ e'(%a"i" on in&or'al ande=(eri'ental &or'" o& ealuation$ includin+"tudent "el&>ealuation$ &eed)ac- &ro' (eer"and t%e teac%er$ and "tudent interaction *it%teac%er" in criti


34/40

i'(ortance (er"onal a" *ell a" (u)lic-no*led+e, Fro' t%e tran"&or'ation (er"tie$ -no*led+e i" al*a#" &iltered t%rou+%(er"onal (erce(tion and$ rl one o& t%e 'ainta"-" o& education i" to &acilitate a*arene""

o& t%e"e ce(tion", T%e *or- o& Co')"34578$ in (articular$ deal" *it% *%at call"(erce(tual ("#c%olo+#,Kno*led+e a" Content er"u" Kno*led+e a"Proce"", Becau"e o& e'(%a"i" ,on (er"onal(erce(tion *it%in t%e tran"&or'ation (o"i-no*led+e i" ie*ed 'ore a" (roce"" t%ana" content, It i" rarel# "c "o'et%in+ t%at i"9Fi=ed9 or "e(arate &ro' t%e indiidual/rat%er$ - ed+e i" ie*ed a" )ein+ rooted in(er"onal 'eanin+, Tran"&or'atior ucator"

%ae turned to t%e 9ne* (%#"ic"9 to "u((ortt%eir clai' t%at in t%e 9%arde"t9 "cience t%eo)"ered cannot )e "e(arated &ro' t%0"erer,Intrin"ic Motiation er"u" E=trin"icMotiation, T%e tran"&o tion educator"2 ie*o& (erce(tion in&luence" t%eir conce(tion o&ation a" (ri'aril# an intrin"ic (%eno'enon,T%ere&ore$ t%e teac%er to relate t%e "u)1ect'atter to "tudent intere"t" and concern"/ leaand deelo('ent *ill &lo* naturall# i& t%e(ro(er connection c 'ade )et*een diee=ternal curriculu' and t%e inner li&e o& t%e"t*Learnin+ I" Holi"tic er"u" Learnin+ I"Molecular, In t%e tra 'ation (o"ition$ t%ee'(%a"i" i" on %oli"tic learnin+, In &act$ %learnin+ i" at t%e %eart o& t%e tran"&or'ation(o"ition, T%e tran"&o tion educator a""ert"t%at "tudent" "%ould learn to "ee relation"%i(t*een t%e'"ele" and t%eir "ocial

eniron'ent$ and )et*een t%e' and alla"(ect" o& t%e curriculu', Connection" can)e (erceied )# L*it%in 3e,+,, 'editation8and )# actin+ con"ciou"l# in t%e "ocial rea:Eac% C%ild ni


35/40

concern"$ "uc% a" t%e need &or 'eanin+ andconnectedne"",Learnin+ I" Social er"u" Learnin+ I"Indiidual In t%e tran"&or'ation (o"ition$learnin+ i" "een a" )ot% "ocial and indiidual,

For e=a'(le$ t%e %u'ani"tic andtran"(er"onal orientation" tend to &ocu" ont%e indiidual$ *%erea" t%e "ocial c%an+eorientation$ )# de&inition$ "tre""e" "ocialinteraction, So'eti'e" t%e"e di&&erentconce(tion" %ae )een e&&ectiel# inte+rated,At ot%er ti'e" t%e# %ae )een dic%oto'ou"/&or e=a'(le$ *it%in t%e (ro+re""ie education'oe'ent$ t%e ro'antic and t%e "ocialt%ru"t" *ere at o((o"ite end" o& t%e"(ectru',

C%ild a" Per"on er"u" C%ild a" Client,Teac%er" *it%in t%e tran"&or'ation (o"itiontr# to *or- *it% t%e c%ild a" a *%ole (er"onrat%er t%an a" a client, T%e e'(%a"i" in t%i"(o"ition i" to ac-no*led+e t%e inner "u)>1ectiit# o& t%e c%ild and )a"e one"re"(on"e" on an a*arene"" o& t%i""u)1ectiit#,Ar+u'ent" &or and a+ain"t t%eTran"&or'ation Po"ition, Teac%er" *or-in+*it%in t%e tran"&or'ation (o"ition 'a#e'(%a"i0e one o& t%e 'ore "(eci&icorientation" oer t%e ot%er", Certainl#$ t%e'o"t (o(ular o& t%e"e orientation" %a" )eent%e %u'ani"tic, Alt%ou+% it reac%ed it" (ea-in t%e earl# 457D"$ it continue" to e=ertcon"idera)le in&luence, At t%e center o& t%e%u'ani"tic orientation i" a re"(ect &or(er"on%ood, In t%e *ord" o& T%eodore Ro0a-345758:T%e e=(erience o& (er"on%ood, , , , %a" t%e

"a'e uncann# &eelin+ o& a trut% al*a#"-no*n$ )ut onl# no* called u( tore'e')rance, T%o"e *%o %ae a*a-ened tot%e "u''on" o& "el&>di"coer#$ *%o %ae&ound t%eir *a# to t%e (oint o& "a#in+$ 'atter$I a' "(ecial$ t%ere i" "o'et%in+ 'ore in 'e*aitin+ to )e di"coered$ na'ed$ li)erated*ill neer ta-e )ac- t%e *ord", nder t%e(re""ure o& t%at declaration o& uni


36/40

(er"on%ood *ill not allo* t%e' to &ollo* ando)e# a" (art o& an or+ani0ed 'a""$ 3(, @78

Parent" toda# are a"-in+ t%at t%eirc%ildren2" need" )e re"(ected, One couldar+ue t%at "(ecial education (ro+ra'" %ae

)een deelo(ed$ in (art$ &ro' t%e %u'ani"ticconcern t%at ail c%ildren$ no 'atter t%eirdi"a)ilit#$ "%ould )e treated e


37/40

Mo"t tran"(er"onal (ro+ra'"$ "uc% a" education$ lie on t%e ed+e o& t%e education"#"te', T%e i'(act o& (er"onal education*ill (ro)a)l# )e related to t%e &ate o& t%e lar+tural 'oe'ent identi&ied a" t%e AHill,

A"(#$ !,N,$ Roe)uc-$ F,N, 345778, Kid"don t learn &ro' (eo(le t%e# don2t li-e,A'%er"t$ MA: Hu'an Re"ource!eelo('ent Pre"",

Bettle%ei'$ B, 345778, T%e u"e" o&enc%ant'ent, Ne* or-: inta+e,Bra'eld$ T, 3458, To*ard a recon"tructed

(%ilo"o(%# o& education, Ne* or-: Holt$Rine%art and in"ton,

Bro*n$ G,I, 3457 I8, Hu'an teac%in+ &or%u'an learnin+: An introduction tocon&luent education, Ne* or-: i-in+,

Co')"$ A, 34578, T%e (ro&e""ionaleducation o& teac%er", Bo"ton: All#n andBacon,

34578, T%e (er"onal a((roac% to +oodteac%in+, In Rcau$ !,A,$ Sc Si'on$


38/40

S,B, 3Ed",8, Hu'ani"tic education"ource)oo-, En+le*ood Cli&&"$ N.: Prentice>Hall,Count"$ G, 345@8, !are t%e "c%ool" )uild a

neio "ocial order Ne* or-: !a#,

Freire$ P, 3457@8, T%e (eda+o+# o& t%eo((re""ed, Ne* or-: Herder and Herder,

Froe)el$ F, 34;;78, T%e education o& 'an,Ne* or-: A((leton>Centur#>Cro&t",

Ga0da$ G,$ A")ur$ F,$ Bal0er$ F,$ C%ilder"$\ !e"elle$ R,$ alter"$ R, 34578, Hu'anrelation" deelo('ent: A 'anual &oreducator", Bo"ton: All#n and Bacon,Girou=$ H,$ : Pur(el$ !, 345;8, T%e %idden

curriculu', Ber-ele#$ CA: McCutc%an$Gordon$ T, 34578, T,E,T,$ Teac%er

e&&ectiene"" trainin+, Ne* or-: Peter#den,

Gordon$ ,.,., 3458, T%e 'eta(%orical*a# o& -no*in+, Ca')rid+e$ MA: Por(oi"eBoo-",Grau)ard$ A, 3457@8, Free t%e c%ildren:Radical re&or' and t%e &ree "c%ool'oe'ent, Ne* or-: Pant%eon,Henr#$ ., 3458, Culture a+ain"t 'an, Ne*

or-: inta+e,.ac-"on, P, 345;8, Li&e in cla""roo'", Ne*

or-: Holt$ Rine%art,Kir"c%en)au'/ H, 34578, %at2" %u'ani"ticeducation In Ro)ert"$ T,B, 3Ed,8, Four("#c%olo+ie" a((lied to education,Ca')rid+e$ MA: Sc%en-'an,Ko0ol$ ., 34578, !eat% atan earl# a+e,

Bo"ton: Hou+%ton,Mi&&lin,]]]]3457;8, C%ildren o& t%e reolution,Ne* or-: !elacorte,

Loc-*ood, A, 34578, A critical ie* o& alue"

clari&ication, In Pur(el, !,$ Ker> *in$ R,Moral education: It co'e" *it% t%eterritor#, Ber-ele#$ CA: McCutc%an,

Lo0ano$ G, 34578, T%e nature and %i"tor#o& t%e "u++e"to(edia "#"te' o& teac%in+&orei+n lan+ua+e" and it" e=(eri'ental(ro"(ect", Su++e"tolo+# and Su+>+e"to(edia . ou 'a I,

Miller$ ., 345;^8, T%e co'(a""ionate teac%er,En+le*ood Cli&&"$ N.: Prentice>Hall,

Neill$ A,S, 345D8, Su''er%ill: A radical

a((roac% to c%ild rearin+, Ne* or-: HartPu)li"%in+ Co,


39/40

Ne*'ann$ F, , 34578, Education &or citi0enaction: C%allen+e &or "econdar# curriculu',Ber-ele#$ CA: McCutc%an,O"trander$ S,$ S%roeder$ .L 345758,

Su(erlearnin+, Ne* or-: !elacorte

Pur-e#$ ,, 3457D8, Sel&>conce(t and"c%ool ac%iee'ent, En+le*ood Cli&&"$Prentice>Hall,3457;8, Initin+ "c%ool "ucce"": A "el&>conce(t a((ioac% to teac%in+ and lea

Bel'ont$ CA: ad"*ort%,Rat%)one$ C,H, 345748, T%e i'(licit rationale

o& t%e o(en education cla"" In Rat%)one$C,H, 3Ed,8, O(en education: T%e in&or'alcla""roo', Ne* o tation Pre"",

Rat%"$ L,E,$ Merrill$ H,$ Si'on$ S,B, 3457;8,

alue" and teac%in+: or-in+ alue" int%e cla""roo', Colu')u"$ OH: Merrill,

Raitc%$ !, 345;8, T%e trou)led cru"ade:A'erican education 45>45;D, Ne* Ba"ic Boo-",

Ric%ard"$ M,C, 345;D8, To*ard *%olen""":Rudol(% Steiner education in A'erica,dleton$ CT: e"le#an nier"it# Pre"",

Rou""eau$ .,., 3458, E'ile, Ne* or-:Eer#'an2" Li)rar#, 3Ori+inal *or- ii"%ed45448,

Ro+er"$ C, 345;8, Freedo' to learn &or t%e45;D", Colu')u"$ OH: C%arle" M

Ro0a-$ T, 345758, Per"on^(lanet: T%ecreatie di"inte+ration o& indu"trial "ociet#den Cit#$ N: Anc%or Pre""6!ou)leda#4575,

Sil)er'an$ C, 3457D8, Cri"i" in tiu cla""roo',Ne* or-: Rando' Hou"e,

Steiner$ R, 34578, Education o& t%e c%ild int%e li+%t o& ant%ro(o"o(%#, London

t%ro(o"o(%ic Pre"",]]]] 34578, Practical adice to teac%er",London: Rudol(% Steiner Pre"",

Tro#at$ H, 345;D8, Tol"to#, Ne* or-: Cro*nPu)li"%er"$ Har'on# Boo-"

ein"tein$ G,$ Faritini$ M, 3457D8, To*ard%u'ani"tic education: A curric a&&ect, Ne*2or-: Prae+er,

ein"tein$ G,$ Hardin$ .,$ ;c ein"tein$ M,34578, Education o& t%e "el&, A MA:Manaala,

i.)er$ K, 345;8, A "ocia)le +od, Ne* or-:McGra*>Hill,


40/40

ILLIAMPRKE6THEINITATIONALTEACHERAN!THEINITATION/SCHOOLSo'e o& t%i" re"earc% %a" )een"u''ari0ed )# Pur-e# in Set Conce(t and

Sc%ool Ac%iee'ent 3457D8 and in Initin+Sc%ool Succe"" ri57; i

Transformation Practice.docx

Documents