Transfer Pricing • BY, • KARAN WADHERA MBA 4 TH SEM
Transfer Pricing
• BY, • KARAN WADHERA MBA 4TH SEM RT1803A16
TRANSFER PRICING
Transfer Price is the price one subunit charges for a product or service supplied to another subunitOf the same Organization
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Transfer Pricing
Business Unit
Profit Centre
Input Output
Money Cost Money ProfitEC RC
Production Marketing
Input are related to Output
Selling costVariable costFixed costProfit margin
Buying costVariable costFixed cost
Buying cost Selling cost
TRANSFER PRICING CYCLE
TRANSFER PRICE REGULATIONS
• The Finance Act 2001 introduced the detailed TPR w.e.f. 1st April 2001
• The Income Tax Act• AS-18
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSFER PRICE
• INTERNAL FACTORS:
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT EVALUATION
• EXTERNAL FACTORS:
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
INCOME TAX AUTHORITY
CUSTOM DUTY CURRENCY
FLUCTUATIONS
METHODS FOR TRANSFER PRICING
MARKET BASE TREANFER PRICING
COST BASE MARKET PRICING
NEGOTIATED TRANSFER PRICING
MARKET BASE TRANSFER PRICING
TRANSFERRING AT MARKET PRICE
IS BEST IF:-
• PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKET• INTERDEPENDENCE OF SUBUNIT IS MINIMAL• NO ADDITIONAL COST-BENEFITS TO COMPANY
ADVANTAGES
–Forces selling division to be competitive with market conditions–Does not penalize buying division by
charging a price greater than it would have to pay on the market
DISADVANTAGES
May lead selling division to ignore negotiation attempts from buying division and sell directly to outside customers• Could cause an internal shortage of materials• Forces buying division to purchase materials from the
outside• Overall company profits may fall even though selling
division makes a profit
DRAWBACKS
• The major drawback to market-based prices is that market prices are not always available for items transferred internally
COST BASE TRANSFER PRICING
• About half of the major companies in the world transfer items at cost.
COST BASE TRANSFER PRICING
• SOMETIMES THE MARKETS ARE UNAVAILABLE ,INAPPROPIATE OR TOO COSTLY TO BE USED AS TRANSFER PRICE.
• IN SUCH CASE WE SHALL FOLLOW THE COST BASE TRANSFER PRICING
COST BASE TRANSFER PRICING
VARIOUS METHODS ARE:- FULL COST COST + MAKE UP MARGENAL COST MARGENAL COST +ROI
PROBLEM
• XYZ CO. HAS TWO SUB UNITS A&B. DIVISION A PURCHASES CERTAIN UNITS FROM B @ RS. 7500/UNIT.
• DIVISION B PLANS TO RASE TO RAISE THE PRICES FROM RS.7,500 TO 10,000.
• VARIABLE COST FOR DIVISION B IS RS. 7000/ UNIT & FIXED COST IS RS.15,00,000 AND ITS OUTPUT IS 1,00,000 UNITS.
• IF DIV. A BUYS FROM OUTSIDE DIV. B WILL RERMAIN IDEAL AND A CAN PURCHASE THESE @ RS. 7500 / UNIT FROM OUTSIDERS
SO FRIENDS SHALL THE CO. ALLOW TO MAKE PURCHASES FROM OUTSIDERS OR NOT??????????????
NEGOTIATED TRANSFER PRICING
• Companies heavily committed to segment autonomy often allow managers to negotiate transfer prices.
NEGOTIATED TRANSFER PRICING
Negotiated transfer prices arise from the outcome of a bargaining process between selling and buying divisions.
• Where subunits of a firm are free to negotiate the transfer price between themselves and then to decide whether to buy and sell internally or deal with external parties
• May or may not bear any resemblance to cost or market data
• Often used when market prices are volatile• Represent the outcome of a bargaining process between
the selling and buying subunits
DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR
Virtually any type of transfer pricing policy
can lead to dysfunctional behavior – actions
taken in conflict with organizational goals.
ADVANTAGES
• Decentralisation• Better information about costs and benefits • Most appropriate where there are market
imperfections for the intermediate product and when managers have equal bargaining power.
• To be effective, managers must understand how to use cost and revenue information.
DISADVANTAGES
• Can lead to dysfunctional behavior• Time - consuming• Divisional profitability may be strongly
influenced by the bargaining skills and powers of the divisional managers.
BENEFITS OF TRANSFER PRICING
• COST CONTROL• MAXIMISING PROFITS• HELPS TO MEASURE THE
PERFORMANCE OF RESPONSIBILITY CENTER
• GOAL CONGRUANCE
QUESTIONS
THANKS