Transfer of learning

Transfer of LearningPrepared by:

Gracetyl Mae B. Calago

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Explain how transfer of learning occurs

Identify the factors that affect transfer of learning

Apply principles of transfer in facilitating transfer of learning

Objectives

Advance Organizer

Transfer of Learning

Types of Transfer

Conditions and Principles of Transfer

Five Stages of Transfer

Refers to the ability to apply knowledge learned in one context to new contexts (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking 1999)

Originally introduced as transfer of practice by Edward Thorndike and Robert S. Woodworth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_learning)

Transfer of Learning

Transfer of learning occurs when the learner:

recognizes common features among concepts, skills, or principles

links the information in memory

sees the value of utilizing what was learned in one situation in another

Transfer of Learning (cont.)

Knowledge of French may help the student learn Spanish

Example

Learning to drive a car helps a person to later drive a truck

Example

Learning mathematics prepares students to study physics

Example

If we did not transfer some of our prior knowledge, then each new learning situation would start from scratch.

Is transfer of learning important?

Assumption of education: what is taught in a course will be used in relevant situations in other courses, in the workplace and out of school

Is transfer of learning important?

SOURCE: http://www.slideshare.net/FydaRahim/transfer-of-learning-29002564

All new learning involves transfer based on previous learning (Bransford, 41).

Is transfer of learning important?

Types of Transfer

Positive Transfer

Negative Transfer

Near Transfer

Far Transfer

It occurs when learning in one context improves performance in some other context.

Positive Transfer

!

Japanese Language

Mexican Language

It occurs when learning in one context impacts negatively on performance in another.

Negative Transfer

Negative Transfer (cont.)

Example:

A student previously learned that when thesubject is singular, you will put an ‘s’ at the end ofthe verb and when it is plural, you do not put an‘s’ at the end of the verb. However, the subjects‘I’ and ‘You’ do not follow the rule. If the studenthave not learned the exception properly, he willbe adding an ‘s’ at the end of the verb.

It refers to transfer between very similar contexts.

Also referred to as specific transfer

Near Transfer

S4

S5

It refers to transfer between contexts that, on appearance, seem remote and alien to one another.

Also referred to as general transfer

Far Transfer

A chess player may apply basic strategies to investment practices or policies

Far Transfer (cont.)

“… that almost magical link between classroom

performance and something which is supposed to

happen in the real world” – Swinney (1989)

“Transfer”

Five Stages of Transfer

Transfer Intention

Transfer Initiation

Partial Transfer

Conscious Maintenance

Unconscious Maintenance

1

2

3

4

5

SOURCE: Foxon, Marguerite. A process approach to the transfer of training. Australian Journal of Educational Technology. 1993, 9 (2), 130 -143

This is the end-of-course motivation of the learner to apply aspects of the learning in the work environment (Huczynski & Lewis, 1980; Noe, 1986).

Five Stages of Transfer (1st Stage)

Transfer Intention

It refers to the attempts to apply any aspect of the learning in the work environment (Laker, 1990), and is a necessary precursor to partial transfer and transfer maintenance.

Five Stages of Transfer (2nd Stage)

Transfer Initiation

It occurs when only some skills are transferred.

Five Stages of Transfer (3rd Stage)

Partial Transfer

In this stage, the learner makes a conscious choice to use the skills whenever their use is appropriate.

Five Stages of Transfer (4th Stage)

Conscious Maintenance

In this stage, the skills have been integrated into job behavior, and transfer has occurred in full.

Five Stages of Transfer (5th Stage)

Unconscious Maintenance

Conditions and Principles of Transfer

Similarity between two learning situations

Degree of meaningfulness/relevance of learning

Length of instructional time

Variety of learning experiences

Context for learner’s experiences

Focus on principles rather than tasks

Emphasis on metacognition

Similarity between two learning situations

Principle of Transfer Implication

The more similar the two situations are, the greater the chances that learning from one situation will be transferred to the other situation.

Involve students in learning situations and tasks that are similar as possible to the situations where they would apply the tasks.

Degree of meaningfulness/relevance of learning

Meaningful learning leads to greater transfer than rote learning

Remember to provide opportunities for learners to link new material to what they learned in the past.

Principle of Transfer Implication

Length of instructional time

The longer the time spent in instruction, the greater the probability of transfer

To ensure transfer, teach a few topics in depth rather than many topics tackled in a shallow manner

Principle of Transfer Implication

Variety of learning experiences

Exposure to many and varied examples and opportunities for practice to encourage transfer

Illustrate new concepts and principles with a variety of examples. Plan activities to practice their newly learned skills.

Principle of Transfer Implication

Context for learner’s experiences

Transfer of learning is most likely to happen when learners discover that what they learned is applicable to various contexts.

Relate topic in one subject to topics in other subjects or disciplines. Relate it also to real life situations.

Principle of Transfer Implication

Focus on principles rather than tasks

Principles transfer is easier than facts

Zero in on principles related to each topic together with strategies based on those principles

Principle of Transfer Implication

Emphasis on metacognition

Student reflection improves transfer of learning

Encourage students to take responsibility for their own learning, and to reflect on what they learned

Principle of Transfer Implication

What does transfer of learning mean?

When can you say that transfer of learning has occurred?

Why is transfer of learning important?

What are the types of transfer?

What are the five stages of transfer?

What are the conditions/factors that affect the transfer of learning?

Summary

Thank you …