Training on Livestock Management

BY

LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS

IN COLLABORATION WITH

DEPTT: OF LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT KP AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PESHAWAR

For

UN-SKILLED LABOUR OF SWAT BY USAID PAKISTAN JOB PROJECT/PaRRSA

Basics of Livestock Management & Animal Husbandry

TRAINING REPORT

TRAINING REPORT

Livestock Trainers & Consultants (www.ltc.org.pk)

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© 2010-Livestock Trainers & Consultants All rights reserved All materials appearing in this report are copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission of LTC. Any reproduction in full or in part must credit LTC as the copyright© owner.

Produced by: Dr. Zakir Hussain (Course Coordinator)

Reported by: Dr. Shaista Jan & Miss. Rehana Yasmeen

(Female Trainers LTC)

Photography by: Dr. Shasta Jan & Miss Tafhim Bibi

Pp: 33

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TABLEOF CONTENTS

ACRONYMES ............................................................................................................................................. 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................................................. 4

LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS ........................................................................................ 5

THE TRAINING PROGRAMME ............................................................................................................... 6

OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 6

DESIGNING OF TRAINING CURRICULUM ..................................................................................... 6

TRAINING APPROACHES ................................................................................................................... 7

TRAINING METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 7

TRAINING SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................................. 8

DAY -1 .................................................................................................................................................... 10

DAY -2 .................................................................................................................................................... 12

DAY -3 .................................................................................................................................................... 13

DAY-4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

DAY-5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 16

DAY-6 ..................................................................................................................................................... 18

DAY-7 ..................................................................................................................................................... 20

DAY-8 ..................................................................................................................................................... 21

DAY-9 ..................................................................................................................................................... 23

DAY-10 .................................................................................................................................................. 24

DAY-11 .................................................................................................................................................. 26

DAY-12 .................................................................................................................................................. 28

ANNEX -1 LIST OF TRAINEES FOR THE TRAINING ON LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY .................................................................................................................. 29

ANNEX- 2 FINAL EXAMINATION ......................................................................................................... 31

ANNEX-3 TRAINING EVALUATION ..................................................................................................... 33

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ACRONYMES

AUP Agricultural University Peshawar

BQ Black Quarter

BQV Black Quarter Vaccine

CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia

ETV EnteroToxaemia Vaccine

FAHVS Faculty of Animal Husbandry &Veterinary

Sciences

HS Hemorrhagic Septicemia

HSV Hemorrhagic Septicemia Vaccine

KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

LM Livestock Management

LTC Livestock Trainers &Consultants

PJP Pakistan Job Project

PPR Peste des Petits Ruminants

USAID United States Agency for International

Development

UST Urea Straw Treatment

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

LTC works as Training Services Provider and is imparting training in various disciplines of livestock sector in collaboration with Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences KP Agricultural University Peshawar. Training on the Basics of livestock Management and Animal Husbandry for female farmers of District Swat was first collaboration of Lasoona, Society for human and Natural Resources Development, a well reputed organization in Malakand division, and LTC. By Grace of ALLAH ALMIGHTY, LTC has tried its best to provide quality training as per its commitment.

First of all I am Thankful to ALLAH ALMIGHTY for His Blessings and Help. Secondly I extend my sincere gratitude to the whole management of Lasoona in general and Mr. Ihsan, Project Manager Pakistan Job Project Lasoona, in particular for his support, best coordination and trust.

I am grateful to the Executive Director Lasoona Mr. Azam Khan and Mr. Asghar Khan, Program Manager Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation, for their trust and confidence shown in LTC. Let me extend my gratitude to Mr. Hakim Khan Agriculture Sector Specialist Pakistan Job Project for his full support and cooperation. I applaud the remarkable efforts of Dr. Ihsan Ullah, Livestock Specialist PJP Lasoona, for his zeal, effective coordination, overall supervision and successful arrangements of this training. The services and cooperation of the female staff of Lasoona, involved in the said training is also highly commendable.

The training was conducted with technical collaboration of Department of LM Agricultural University Peshawar. I am grateful to the Chairman Department of LM Prof: Dr. Muhammad Subhan Qureshi for his technical support and cooperation in this regard.

The conduction of this training was a team work and I appreciate the efforts of my team members. Eng: Zia Ullah Khan, Dr. Zakir Hussain, Dr. Saeed Ullah Khan, Dr. Shaista Jan, Miss Rehana Yasmeen, Miss Hamida and Miss Tafhim Bibi. They have supported me and made the training a successful event.

In last but not the least, I extend my personal feelings of gratitude to the Chairman LTC Dr. Nazir Ahmad. I felt his presence and support whenever I needed. I am highly thankful to him and expect his support in future also.

Shaukat Khan Program Director

LTC KP Peshawar

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LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS

Introduction:

Livestock Trainers & Consultants (LTC) is a provincial based registered non-governmental, non-profitable organization dedicated to provide quality services to the farming community without discrimination & regardless of race, religion, creed or political affiliations.

The organization is being run by highly qualified well energetic and devoted professionals while supervised by a panel of experts both at national and international level.

Recently the organization has signed MoU with the Department of Livestock Management Faculty of Animal husbandry and Veterinary Sciences NWFP Agriculture University Peshawar to utilize their dairy farm, Dairy Technology Center and Feed Technology Center for capacity building of Livestock Extension Workers and Livestock Farmers. LTCis delivering quality services to the farming community, with the objective to uplift their socio-economic conditions via better animal health and production. To achieve the desired goals and objectives it is joining hands with the governmental and non-governmental organizations to seek monetary funds to benefit all its stakeholders in the country. LTC is utilizing these funds for the capacity building of the farming community and is providing consultancy services to the rest of the organizations in the field of veterinary and animal sciences to identify potential pockets, conduct baseline surveys, proposal writing and even to implement various projects in the said field.

LTC believes in quality and is therefore committed to deliver quality services to its stakeholders in the field of Livestock Trainings and Consultancies having all the capabilities as well as expertise in the mentioned field.

Currently LTC is working on the following programmes:

♣ Poverty Alleviation through skill Development

♣ Farmer’s linkages development with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar

♣ Women Empowerment through Layer farming in District Chitral

♣ Working as BDSP to conduct various baseline surveys, feasibility studies for individuals as well as organizations regarding dairy farming, feedlot farming, feed milling and poultry farming.

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THE TRAINING PROGRAMME

“People are born with intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and dignity, curiosity to learn and joy in learning”

W. Edwards Deming

Livestock plays a vital role in the national economy which accounts 51.8% of the agriculture value added and 11.3% of the total GDP. The contribution of livestock is 6.1% more than the combined contribution of major and minor crops (Economic survey of Pakistan 2009). The role of livestock in the rural economy may be realized from the fact that 30-35 million of the rural population is involved in livestock raising, having household holdings of 2-3 cattle/buffalo and 5-6 sheep/goat per family which help them to drive 30-40 % of their income from it.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the above training were as under:

♣ To impart skills to the female farmers regarding general livestock management.

♣ To develop the abilities of target female regarding feeding management, especially balance feeding, fodder conservation and minerals supplementation.

♣ To skilled them regarding animal housing management.

♣ To create awareness regarding prophylaxis of animal diseases.

♣ To transfer modern animal husbandry practices for wider adoption and replication.

♣ To create self-employment opportunities at rural level.

DESIGNING OF TRAINING CURRICULUM The training curriculum contains most of the topics which were of crucial importance for the farmers that are involved in dairy. This curriculum has been developed for dairy farmers and tested with successful results in the farming community during the trainings. Timely suggestions and valuable inputs both from the farmers and experts have been incorporated for improvement. However for further improvement, there is still a vacuum that has to be filled from time to time with valuable inputs from the farmers and experts as well. But after the arrival of the trainees, Livestock Trainers & Consultants conducted a Training Need Assessment session to evaluate the participants and to address the problems faced by them in their real life so that to make the training programme more purposeful.

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TRAINING APPROACHES LTC believes in quality and is therefore committed to conduct practical based trainings so as to equip the trainees with new skills and knowledge. Our trainers are more person’s centered and less subject centered by exercising unique training approaches

Participatory training approach Hands on training approach.

TRAINING METHODOLOGY The most important thing in a training programme is its training methodology that can make the training programme more fruitful and result oriented. The result of every training programme is the acquisition of knowledge, building of skill and change in the attitude of the participants. This training was more than 70% practical oriented with unique training methodologies of Trail Error and Learning by Doing. Our training methodologies enable the trainees to feel the gap where they were and where they wanted to be.

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TRAINING SCHEDULE To achieve the desired objectives and outcomes following activities were scheduled in the 12 days training programme.

Day-1

• Registration and distribution of the school items. • Official opening. • Training Need Assessment • Introduction to livestock feeding • Health signs

Day-2

• Maintenance and production requirements of animals • Pre-requisites of animal housing. • Advantages of AI • Disease signs.

Day-3

• Feeding of dairy animals. • Live weight estimation • H.S & its control

Day-4

• Hand milking. • Feeding of dry animals • Heat detection • FMD & its control

Day-5

• Calf feeding • Lighting in animal shed and its effect on fertility • Cleaning of animal shed • Urea straw treatment

Day-6

• Calving Management • Feeding of young stock • Flushing & fertility Management of sheep and goat • Hay making • Black Quarter Disease and its Control

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Day-7

• Concentrates preparation from local ingredients • Seasonal pneumonia • Judging of dairy animal • Sheep and goat housing & its effect on production

Day-8

• Mastitis and Surf test • Management of pregnant animal • Feeding of sheep & goat • Watering and its effects on production

Day-9

• Restraining of animal • Colostrum feeding • Enterotoxaemia • First Aid

Day-10

• PPR • CCPP • Vaccination Schedule

Day-11

• Vaccination of animals • Feeding of pregnant animal • Ventilation and its importance • Ecto &endo parasites • Deworming of animals

Day-12

• Record keeping • Examination • Evaluation • Closing Ceremony & award of Certificates

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DAY -1

The registration of the trainees was conducted by Dr. Shaista Jan and Miss Tafhim Bibi for group A and Miss Rehana Yasmin and Miss Hamida for group B. They also distributed school items including a file bag, a writing pad and a ball point, among the participants. The participants were also told about the roles and regulations during the training so as to make the training more purposeful.

1.1-Registration and distribution of the school items

The official opening was started with the name of Allah almighty. The ceremony was attended by the Agriculture Sector Specialist Pakistan Job Project Mr. Hakim Khan with male and female staff of Lasoona Organization Swat. Mr. Hakim Khan briefed the participants regarding Pakistan Job Project. He also stressed the need for the adoption of modern Animal Husbandry practices in order to get high production from their livestock. Miss Tafhim Bibi the Female trainer of LTC lauded the enthusiasm and role of female community in livestock keeping.

1.2- Official opening

Figure 1.1 Registration of the trainee

Figure1.2 Mr. Hakim Khan Pakistan Job Project addressing the participants

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The aim of this session was to get inputs from the participants to make the training more need based and goal oriented. During the training charts& markers were distributed among the female participants. They were guided by the trainers to write down their problems that would be incorporated in the curriculum in order to fulfill their need. They problems faced by them were already existed in the curriculum; therefore no substantial changes have been made in the curriculum already designed for the said purpose. After the successful conduction of TNA, it was inferred that most of the female were worried about the low production and bad health conditions of their animals.

1.3-Training Need Assessment

1.4-Introduction to livestock feeding

The trainer for the session thoroughly discussed the importance, functions, composition and role animal feed in livestock production. The participants were involved by asking telling technique to make the session more interactive. The trainees were made aware regarding the need for high production and its direct relation with animal feed.

1.5- Health signs

The objective of the session was to enable the participants to differentiate the healthy animals from diseased one. As in our rural Community female members of the family interact with animals in their houses and they are the first observer of any deviation from health conditions of the animal. The session was practically demonstrated with the help of charts and leaflets designed especially for this training. Besides this, live animal practical was conducted in the nearby animal shed, in which the participants were asked to point the signs of healthy animals. The participants with great zeal carried out the practical and deficiencies were filled on the spot by the trainers.

Figure 1.3 Problem census

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DAY -2 2.1-Maintenance and production requirements of animals

The objective of the session was to enable the trainees so that they can provide sufficient feed to their animals for maintenance of their bodies and production in form of milk and meat. The participants were trained with the help of charts regarding proper feeding of their animals.

A peaceful and comfortable animal housing is directly contributing to better health and production. The target females ware told about the pre- requisites for the construction of an animal house. They were made aware regarding the importance of proper site selection, proper shed maintenance and cleaning of animal shed. They were told

how the manger should be and how and which type of animal Shed’s floor and roof should be constructed. The session was demonstrated practically by visiting the nearest animal house.

2.2-Pre-requisites of animal housing

Artificial Insemination is one of the cheapest and reasonable ways in breed improvement. There are also concerns of the community regarding Artificial Insemination. In the session the trainees were told with help of A.I leaflets and messages posters about the advantages of A.I. The session was totally interactive in nature, where participants took keen interest. The participants were also told about the proper timing of A.I in order to get high conception rate.

2.3-Advantages of AI

In previous day the trainees were told about the health signs while in this session they were enabled to easily identify and could notice disease signs in their animals. The trainers asked about various signs observed by the trainees during animal keeping, the knowledge of the participants was extended by elaborating the signs & symptoms during a disease.

2.4-Disease signs

Figure 2.1 trainees visiting Animal shed for practical demonstration

Figure2.1 Observing response of animal

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DAY -3

Mostly people ignore proper feeding of dairy animals. The aim of the session was to sensitize the participants about proper feeding especially in dairy animals. The learned trainers told the participants about the requirements of dairy animals on basis of their body weights and kg of milk production. Besides this economic aspects of the feed was highlighted, as the feed costs about 70-80% of the total costs of animals keeping. They stressed the need for efficient utilization and minimum losses of the animal feed so as to reduce the cost of production.

3.1-Feeding of dairy animals

Weight estimation is required for proper medication, animal marketing and animal feeding. Weight estimation was performed practically on live animal. There are various ways to estimate the live weight of an animal but the most practical and easy method (measuring weight with inch tape) was exercised here. Learning by doing technique was applied during the session.

3.2-Live weight estimation

3.3-H.S & its control

Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a very fatal highly contagious disease of large animals that is endemic in Swat and cause huge losses in the form of animal mortality. Early diagnosis and early treatment is the only mean to save animal life. The participants were told about the visible signs and symptoms of the disease so that in case of breakout they could timely detect the disease. The trainees were also told about the prophylactic measures regarding this fatal disease.

Figure 3.1 Conventional feeding of straw & wheat bran to dairy animals

Figure 3.2 Live weight Estimation Figure 3.2 Learning by doing

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DAY-4

Improper and faulty hand milking practices prone the animal to mastitis that causes huge financial loss to the farmers. The participants of the training were guided in proper hand milking techniques. Learning by doing technique and hands on training approach was fully applied during the session. The participants practiced proper hand milking on live animal.

4.1-Hand milking

4.2-Feeding of dry animals

It is a usual practice in our farming community that they ignore proper feeding of dry animals. This practice leads to infertility, emaciation and low production in next lactation. The participants were sensitized about the proper feeding of dry animals. They were told that minerals has significant role in fertility of animals that is why all animals in general and dry animals in particular should be provided with sufficient minerals like DCP and common salt. They also informed the participants about the supplementation of concentrates in the feeding of animals and its effects in the long run on animal production.

Figure 4.1 Demonstration with the help of Message colored pictures

Figure 4.2 Look at me how I do ---- and now do with your own hands

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Proper heat detection has a significant role in fertility management. The trainees were taught regarding proper heat detection. The session was demonstrated with the help of message posters and charts. The whole sessions was based on asking telling techniques. The methods and timings of heat detection were discussed in very detail and emphasis was given to the in time inseminations of animals in order to get more animals in calf and shortened the calving interval. These practices will save them money and will result in profitable farming.

4.3-Heat detection

4.5-FMD & its control

Foot & Mouth Disease locally called TABAQ causes huge financial losses to farmers. Proper awareness regarding this disease is of utmost importance. The trainees were told about the signs & symptoms of the disease, supportive therapy and preventive measures. The trainers emphasized on regular vaccination against the disease.

Figure 4.3 heat detection and Insemination time

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DAY-5 5.1-Calf feeding

Improper calf feeding is one of the most important pre-disposing causes of early mortality in calves. The aim of this session was to educate the female participants regarding proper calf feeding. The learned trainers demonstrated calf feeding with the help of charts and leaflets. The activity was participatory where the trainees shared their experience and the trainers fully guided them on proper feeding. During the session special attention was paid to colostrum, (the first milk after calving having a lot of antibodies) that provides maternal immunity to the calves in the inception of their life.

The participants were told about the importance of light in animal shed. Presence of light on one hand is important for dryness and cleaning of animal shed while on other hand it has a very significant role in fertility of an animal. It was quite a new discovery for the female farmers and they took keen interest. The session was demonstrated in nearby animal shed. Light that acts as a stimulating factor for the release of various reproductive hormones, which results in bringing animals into heat and to make strong the skeletal system of the animal as well.

5.2-Lighting in animal shed and its effect on fertility

The session was very important as clean and comfortable animal shed is important not only for high yield but also in control of Ecto and endo parasites. The trainers’ demonstrated cleanliness practically in animal shed.

5.3-Cleaning of animal shed

Figure 5.1 lack of light in animal shed badly affect fertility

Figure 5.2 Cleanness in animal shed control Ecto & endo

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Figure 5.3 Urea Straw Treatment “Learning by doing”

Wheat straw is an integral part of animal feed especially in scarcity period during winter and early summer. Nutritive value of straw is very low and cannot provide sufficient energy for maintenance of animal body. Treating wheat straw urea has a profound impact on the nutritive value i.e. TDN and DCP components of the feed are enhanced. After treating wheat straw with urea it can fulfill at least maintenance requirement of the animal. The session was practically demonstrated and the participants actively participated and successfully treated straw with Urea. Both theoretical and practical aspect of the subject was given due preference.

5.4-Urea straw treatment

Figure 5.4 Air tight packing of Urea treated Straw for 3 weeks

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Figure 6.1 Hay Making Demonstration

DAY-6 6.1-Calving Management

Care of mother and calf before, during and after caving is highly significant. The participants were properly educated about calving management. They were told the pre- delivery management, including suitable place with enough space, soft bedding, presence of an attendant etc. During parturition assistance should be provided if there is any difficult birth or veterinary doctor should be called immediately. They were also guided regarding post parturition management including mother and new born care. The session was based on asking telling approach.

6.2-Feeding of young stock

Today She calf of today is the she cow of tomorrow that is why proper feeding should be provided to them. The trainers of the session with help of specially designed charts and leaflets demonstrated tools and techniques of proper feeding to the young stock. They were told about the routine feed requirements of young stock and its impact on early puberty. The session was interactive in nature incorporated with experiences and observations of the participants.

6.3-Flushing & fertility Management of sheep and goat

Flushing is a practice which is carried out before the start of the breeding season and has great impact on the fertility especially in sheep& goat. The trainees were guided about the practice of flushing and their proper seasons in the year. They were also told that how they can manage fertility in sheep and goats.

Hay making locally known as “Pashakale” is a local practice, but the farmers due to their unawareness are unable to maintain its nutritive value. The aim of the session was to educate the trainees regarding proper hay making and its storage to maintain its nutritive value. The session was practical oriented where the learned trainer demonstrated the whole mechanism practically and the trainees performed with their own hands.

6.4-Hay making

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6.5-Black Quarter Disease and its Control

Black Quarter or Black Leg is a very fatal disease where mortality rate reaches to 100%. The disease is endemic in Swat and its usual out breaks occur causing huge animal losses. The resource person discussed in detail its causes, mechanism of communication and disease signs& symptoms. The participants of the training were also told about the treatment and prevention of the disease. The trainees were emphasized specially on regular vaccination against this disease.

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Figure 7.1 Concentrates preparation: When I do my self I remember for whole of my life

DAY-7

Balance concentrates feeding is a very rare practice in our traditional farming system. People mostly provide cotton seed cake to their lactating animals. The objective of this session was to guide and skill the trainees regarding concentrates preparation from locally available ingredients. The participants were provided with cotton seed cake, Wheat bran, breads, rice polish and minerals. They prepared concentrates (Vanda) with their own hands.

7.1-Concentrates preparation from local ingredients

7.2-Seasonal pneumonia

Seasonal Pneumonia is a common disease of sheep, goats and large animals as well. The trainers discussed the signs and symptoms of the disease with the participants of the training. The discussion was mostly focused on the control of predisposing factors of the disease. They were also told about the treatment and preventive measures of seasonal pneumonia.

7.3-Judging of dairy animal

In the third session of 7th day of the training the trainers demonstrated to the participants that how to judge an animal for dairy purpose. They were told about the important points of animal judging that they can easily differentiate a high producing animal from a low producing one. The trainers discussed and showed practically the points of judging in dairy animals. The participants showed high level of participation in training session.

7.4-Sheep and goat housing & its effect on production

This was the last session of the day. The aim of the session was to enable the participants to understand the pre-requisites of a proper housing of sheep and goats in order to get maximum benefits. The trainers with the help of charts and message posters thoroughly discussed all the requisites of sheep & goats housing.

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Figure 8.1 Trainer distributing Leaflets ---- Ingredients for Surf Test with Method in LTC Leaflet

DAY-8

8.1-Mastitis and Surf test

The objective of the session was to make aware the trainees from the hazards of mastitis and it’s after effects. The trainers demonstrated the condition with the help of charts and leaflets. Special designed message posters were displayed in the class room. Later on the learned trainer demonstrated surf test for detection of sub-clinical mastitis. Surf test is a very easy and field applicable test which can be performed by every female at her home irrespective of her education. The participants took keen interest and performed the test with their own hands as LTC applies hands on training approach in its trainings.

8.2-Management of pregnant animal

Management of pregnant animal is of utmost importance. Farmers usually ignore pregnant animals regarding their proper feeding, watering and housing. The objective of the session was to guide the trainees regarding management of pregnant animals. The session was composed on sharing of experiences, communication of new practices and ideas and demonstrations. The participants were told that if they want to get high yield from their animals in the next lactation they should manage properly their animals during pregnancy.

Figure 8.2 Demonstration followed by doing by themselves key to skill imparting

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8.3-Feeding of sheep & goat

Sheep & goats are mostly kept by poor farming community and need proper feeding to get high yield. The trainees were told about feeding in general and during scarcity period in particular. The training was based on asking telling technique and demonstration with the help of various charts and leaflets.

To get one liter of milk from an animal we should provide five liters water as a thumb rule. The trainees were told about the significance of water in Milk Production. Usually farmers provide one or two times water to their animals while according to animal Husbandry practices animals should be provided with free access to fresh water. The trainees were also told about the significance of fresh and clean water. The participants visited the nearby animal shed and observed and examined the source and type of drinking water for animals.

8.4-Watering and its effects on production

Figure 8.3 Clean and fresh water is the right of our animals

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DAY-9

In this training session the aim of the activity was to skilled the trainees in proper restraining techniques. The trainers demonstrated restraining techniques on live animals and the participants did with their own hands applying Learning by doing Methodology.

9.1-Restraining of animal

9.2-Colostrum feeding

Colostrum is a special gift from Allah Almighty to the new born. Colostrum is the initial lacteal secretion just after parturition that is rich in anti-bodies against various diseases. The trainers described in detail the significance of colostrum and its daily requirement for the new born. The participants took keen interest in the topic.

9.3-Enterotoxaemia

Enterotoxaemia is a very fatal disease of sheep & goats and cause huge mortality in case of outbreak. The trainers discussed with participants signs and symptoms of the disease. The participants of the training were also told about the possible treatment and prevention of the disease.

9.4-First Aid

There are various emergency conditions like tympani, shock, impaction, wound, bleeding and fracture etc. that needs first aid on emergency basis. The objective of this session was to enable the participants to provide first aid to their ailing animals at their home. Various methods were taught to deal with such emergencies while utilizing the available resources before the arrival of the veterinarian.

Figure 9.1 Restraining of Animal in practical

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DAY-10

10.1-PPR

Peste des Petits Ruminants is a viral disease of sheep & goats with very high mortality rate. The disease is usually seen in hilly areas of KP and FATA. The trainer discussed about the signs and symptoms of the disease. She told the participants regarding supportive therapy and emphasized on vaccination against PPR.

10.2-CCPP

Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia is the second very fatal disease which causes huge mortality in sheep & goats. The disease is endemic in most areas of Malakand Division. The participants were made aware about the signs and symptoms of the disease. They were also informed about the possible treatment and vaccination against the disease.

10.3-Vaccination Schedule

That was the 2nd last session of the training. The aim of the session was to make aware the trainees regarding vaccination Schedule against various contagious diseases both in small and large animals. In the session the trainers enlist all the endemic diseases and their expected outbreak timings. Then as a thumb rule the participants were told that one month before each out break season the animals should be vaccinated. The participants themselves put months in the vaccination schedule. The session was quite interactive and participatory. The participants were also told about the significance of vaccination and following of vaccination schedule.

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Figure 10.1 Silage Making Step wise on Chart and in practical

10.4- Silage Making

The objective of the session was to enable the participants so as to preserve green fodder in the form of silage that will be offered to the animals during green fodder scarcity period. The trainers practically demonstrated the whole procedure. The participants were eager to see the whole demonstration. When they saw they did and learnt for whole life.

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DAY-11

Previous day in last session the participant were told about the vaccination schedule and on that day in first morning session the participants were going to practically vaccinate animal. The aim of the session was to demonstrate practically the vaccination technique. The participants observed the demonstration and actively participated in the activity. As the trainees were female and mass vaccination was not feasible for them keeping in view the local norms and values that is why the demonstration was done with goat available for that purpose.

11.1-Vaccination of animals

11.2-Feeding of pregnant animal

Proper feeding of pregnant animal is of utmost importance that was the main reason to give a separate class to the topic. The participants were told that what is feeding requirement of a pregnant animal and what type of feed should be given to the animal during pregnancy in general and in the last trimester of pregnancy in particular. The session was based on asking telling technique.

Fresh air has same importance for human and animals. Farmers ignore this especially in winter season, when due to severe cold they block all the means of ventilation to the animal shed. The objective of the activity was to maintain circulation of fresh air in animal shed even in winter season. The session was consisting on class room discussion followed by visit to nearby animal shed. The trainees were told the importance of the existing ways of ventilation and they were also guided in proper positioning of ventilators.

11.3-Ventilation and its importance

Figure 11.1 Vaccinating of a goat against Enterotoxaemia

Figure 12.2 Ventilation in an Animal Shed

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Figure 11.5 Deworming of a goat Practical Demonstration

The session was started in the training hall. The trainers demonstrated with the help of charts and message posters of various types of ecto and endo parasites. They were also told the losses caused by these parasites to animals. Later on the participants also observed ecto parasites e.g. ticks in live animals. The trainers tried their best to educate the participants regarding control of ecto and endo parasites to avoid losses in terms of money and animal lives.

11.4-Ecto-endo parasites

11.5-Deworming of animals

The previous session was followed by practical demonstration. First the participants were told about the dewormers and their routes of administration and then practically they administered dewormers to a goat. The session was totally practical oriented.

Figure 11.3 Ecto Parasites Infestation Figure 11.4 LTC Chart showing Endo parasites Cycle and signs

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DAY-12

12.1-Record keeping

That was the last teaching session of the training. The objective of the session was to enable the participants that they could keep record like date of Insemination, date of parturition and date of calf birth, list of expenditures and income etc. They were told about the significance of record keeping especially in pregnancy and heat cycle.

12.2-Examination

Examination was the second last activity of the last day. A specially designed proforma by LTC for the said training was provided to the participants. The proforma contained relevant questions about livestock management and animal health that were already taught to them during the training. The participants who could not write were assisted by trainers and on the basis of that examination proforma a result was prepared to know the improvement in the approach, skill and knowledge of the trainees. The result is annexed as annex-2

12.3-Evaluation

The aim of this activity was to evaluate LTC trainers by participants. The participants were provided with already designed proforma and were asked to tick mark honestly for our improvement. The participants were asked to evaluate training materials, training methodology, trainers methodology and approach, practical demonstrations and in last short comings in the training. The proforma is annexed as annex-3.

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ANNEX -1 LIST OF TRAINEES FOR THE TRAINING ON LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

GROUP A: VENUE BARA BANDAI

S.# Reg: No Name Address 1. 296-LTC/2010 Bacha Sardara Vill & P/o Bara Banda Tehsil & Distt Swat 2. 297-LTC/2010 Bakth Rana Koza Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 3. 298-LTC/2010 Bakth Raja Azaz Bara Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 4. 299-LTC/2010 Amina Mohalla Sarhad Colony No 20 P/o Bara

Bandai Kabal Thesil & Distt Swat 5. 300-LTC/2010 Maraj Bibi Dailay P/o Bara Bandai Kabal Tehsil & Distt

Swat 6. 301-LTC/2010 Rohi Mohalla Sarhad Colony P/o Bara Bandai

Kabal Tehsil & Distt Swat 7. 302-LTC/2010 Jawhar Begum Mathra P/o Bara Bandai Kabal Tehsil & Distt

Swat 8. 303-LTC/2010 Bibi Haleema P/o Bara Bandai Kabal Tehsil & Distt Swat 9. 304-LTC/2010 Shtamana P/o koza Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 10. 305-LTC/2010 Ulfat Begum Mohalla Kass Koza Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 11. 306-LTC/2010 Nasreen P/o Bara Bandai Kabal Tehsil & Distt Swat 12. 307-LTC/2010 Hameeda Begum Mohalla Sarhad Colony Matra Bandai Tehsil

& Distt Swat 13. 308-LTC/2010 Singa MohallaAjukheil Bara Bandai KabalTehsil &

Distt Swat 14. 309-LTC/2010 Janat Nazeera Mathra P/o Bara Bandai Kabal Tehsil & Distt

Swat 15. 310-LTC/2010 Salma Koza Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 16. 311-LTC/2010 Zenatbibi Mohalla Ajukheil Bara Bandai Kabal Tehsil &

Distt Swat 17. 312-LTC/2010 Shazia Mohalla Chacho Masjid Bara Bara Bandai P/o

Bara Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 18. 313-LTC/2010 Amina Bibi Mohalla Kass Koza Bandai Tehsil & Distt Swat 19. 314-LTC/2010 Bakth Zenab Mohalla Sheer Abad Koza Bandai Tehsil &

Distt Swat 20. 315-LTC/2010 Jawahir Bibi Mohalla Ganucham Koza Bandai Tehsil &

Distt Swat 21. 316-LTC/2010 Bakth Haram Mohalla Ganucham Koza Bandai Tehsil &

Distt Swat 22. 317-LTC/2010 Nadia Begum Mohalla Bacho Kheil P/o Bara Bandai Tehsil

& Distt Swat 23. 318-LTC/2010 Lubna Muftah Mohalla Ganucham Koza Bandai Tehsil &

Distt Swat 24. 319-LTC/2010 Saima Mohalla Sheer Abad Koza Bandai Tehsil &

Distt Swat 25. 320-LTC/2010 Bakth Jehan Mohalla Sarhad Colony street No 20 Bandai

Tehsil & Distt Swat

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GROUP B: VENUE NIGUALAI

S.# Reg: No Name Address 1. 337-LTC/2010 Bacha Izat Bibi Shahjahan Dari Nangoli P/o Nangolai Distt Swat 2. 339-LTC/2010 Bakth Begum Bakthi Nangolai Tehsil & Distt Swat 3. 323-LTC/2010 Bakth Haram Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 4. 342-LTC/2010 Bakth Haram Mohalla Malalk Abad Nangolai P/o Nangolai Distt

Swat 5. 338-LTC/2010 Bakth Raja Nangolai Bandai Kabal Swat 6. 340-LTC/2010 Bakth Shahida Bibi Bakthi Nangolai P/o Nangolai Distt Swat 7. 343-LTC/2010 Baktha Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 8. 327-LTC/2010 Bibi Sajaiyna Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 9. 329-LTC/2010 Chand Bibi Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 10. 336-LTC/2010 Farhat Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 11. 325-LTC/2010 Jehan Zeba Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 12. 322-LTC/2010 Kishwar Sultan Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 13. 324-LTC/2010 Mahall Bibi Dari P/o dari Baba Jee Tehsil & Distt Swat 14. 341-LTC/2010 Mohammad Nazira Mohalla Bakthi Nangolai P/o Nangolai Distt Swat 15. 331-LTC/2010 Naseem Akthar Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 16. 345-LTC/2010 Naseem Akthar Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 17. 326-LTC/2010 Nehayt Bibi Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 18. 332-LTC/2010 Qadar Mubeena Mohalla Bakthi Nangolai P/o Nangoli Distt Swat 19. 330-LTC/2010 Seema Village Nangoli Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 20. 334-LTC/2010 Shahi Bakth Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 21. 344-LTC/2010 Shaista Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 22. 333-LTC/2010 Shameem Akthar Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 23. 328-LTC/2010 Sira Banu Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 24. 321-LTC/2010 Sultan Begum Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat 25. 335-LTC/2010 Umar Zadgai Village Nangolai Mohalla Banar Tehsil & Distt

Swat

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ANNEX- 2 FINAL EXAMINATION GROUP A: VENUE BARA BANDAI

S.# Name Marks 1. Amina 82 2. Amina Bibi 80 3. Bacha Sardara 78 4. Bakth Haram 88 5. Bakth Raja 95 6. Bakth Jehan 82 7. Bakth Rana 81 8. Bakth Zenab 81 9. Bibi Haleema 82 10. Hameeda Begum 78 11. Janat Nazeera 84 12. Jawahir Bibi 89 13. Jawhar Begum 75 14. Lubna Muftah 82 15. Maraj Bibi 81 16. Nadia Begum 88 17. Nasreen 95 18. Rohi 84 19. Saima 80 20. Salma 72 21. Shazia 90 22. Shtamana 69 23. Singa 78 24. Ulfat Begum 81 25. Zenat bibi 82

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GROUP B: VENUE NIGUALAI

S.# Name Marks 1. Bacha Izat Bibi 65 2. Bakth Begum 68 3. Bakth Haram 69 4. Bakth Haram 69 5. Bakth Raja 59 6. Bakth Shahida Bibi 68 7. Baktha 65 8. Bibi Sajaiyna 64 9. Chand Bibi 64 10. Farhat 63 11. Jehan Zeba 64 12. Kishwar Sultan 71 13. Mahall Bibi 60 14. Mohammad Nazira 67 15. Naseem Akthar 71 16. Naseem Akthar 68 17. Nehayt Bibi 67 18. Qadar Mubeena 64 19. Seema 75 20. Shahi Bakth 64 21. Shaista 71 22. Shameem Akthar 67 23. Saeeda Banu 73 24. Sultan Begum 63 25. Umar Zadgai 63

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ANNEX-3 TRAINING EVALUATION

Training on Livestock Management

Documents