ST ITW’0 1 , 2 0 1 6 TRAINING MANUAL INTERNATIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP ON TAXONOMY OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS ^EStors S. Bijoy N a n d a n P. Graham Oliver Jayacliandran R R. Asha C.V. <Pu6RsfU(( By Directorate of Public Relations and Publications Cochin University of Science & Technology Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
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ST
ITW’0 1 ,2 0 1 6
TRAINING MANUAL
INTERNATIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP ON TAXONOMY OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
^EStors
S. Bijoy N a n d a n
P. Graham O liver
Jayacliandran R R.
Asha C.V.
<Pu6RsfU(( By
Directorate o f Public Relations and Publications
Cochin University of Science & Technology
K ochi 682022, Kerala, India
English Language
Editors Bijoy Nanclan P. G rah am Oliver Jayachandran P.R.Asha C.V.
O C opy rights reser\ ed by the authors,Pirst published in May 2016
Citation:S.U ijoy Nandan, P. Graham O liver Jayachandran P.R. Asha CA^ (eds.). 2(H6. Training manual - 1*' Inrcrnafionai Training W 'orkshop on Tiixonomy o f Bivalve Molluscs. O irectorate ot Ihiblic
Relations and Puhlications, C U SA T, Kochi, hidia.
C over Design x\Ir. Jayachandran PR
Publisher
DirectorD irectorate of Public Relations and Publications C ochin Universit)' o f Scicncc and Technology K ochi- 682022, Kerala stare, India.Website: w'ww.cusat.ac.inEmail: [email protected], b ijoynandan @yahoo.co.in
Prin ted in India at Indus offset printers Kochi-682022, Kerala
N o part o f this publication may be reproduced, o r transmitted in any fo rm o r by any nu.-ans, w ithou t prior written permission o f the publisher o r author. Platcs/Imagcs in the Manual is copy righted to authors especially chapter 8 is the com bination o f power po in t slides with personal collections of Dr, P, G raham Oliver and chapters 1-7, 9 are presentations o f various authors. T hese contents are stricdy limited to personal use o f participants in the w o rk sh o p (nA \’'01, 2016) fo r learning purpose.
CHAPTER O N ETaxonomy and Faunistic Survey’s in India Dr. Ramakrishna / 1
CHAPTER TWOA n n ota ted C la s s i f ic a t io n and D iv e r s i t y o f Marine B iv a lv e M ollu scs o f I n d iaD r. N.V. Subba Rao /2 5
CHAPTER T H R E EOverview of the bivalve fisheries of IndiaD r. K. Sunilkumar M ohamed / 47
CITAPTER FOURAshtamudi clam fishery - 1®* MSG Certified fishery in IndiaD r. K.K. Appukuttan / 54
CmPTER FIVE
Taxonomy of Marine Molluscs o f India: Status and Challenges Ahead
D r. Biju Kumar A. / 65
CHAPTER SIXMolecular approaches in taxonomy w ith specia l reference to bivalve molluscD r. Hari Krishnan K . / 86
CHAPTER SEVENSampling Techniques for molluscan faunaS. Bijoy Nandan,Jayachandran P. R., Asha C.V. / 105
CH/VPTER E IG H T Taxonomy of Bivalve MolluscsD r. P. Graham Oliver / 115
CFIAPTERNINEStatus and species diversity of Tridacna in Indian watersEcological determinants and stochastic fluctuations of Tridacna maxima survival rate in Lakshadweep Archipelago, Monitoring densities of the giant clam Tridacna maxima in the Lakshadweep Archipelago D r. DeepakApte /3 2 6
Glossa^
Overview of Bivalve fisheries of IndiaK. Sunil Mohamed & Geetha Sasikumar
In troduction
Bivalves are commercially important m olluscs belonging to the Class Bivalvia
(Lamellibranchia or Pelecypoda), which is the second largest Class under the
P h y lu m Mollusca. They are bilaterally symmetrical, laterally compressed
molluscs, with extensive mantle lobes w hich secrete a single shell composed
of tw o valves. Bivalves are reported to have originated in the euryhaline
w a rm shallow coastal w aters prior to their gradual invasion to estuarine,
brackish, fresh and all the reaches of m arine, ecosystems. Although, none
h av e invaded the land, the bivalves are m ore successful in m arine and a few
species are found in freshwater habitats. Nearly 652 species of marine
b ivalves are reported from India, of w hich 88 species are endem ic to Indian
w aters.
H ab ita t
The ad u lt bivalves are benthic or bottom dwelling, with vary ing levels of
evolutionary adaptations to the benthic habitat. This can be generally
classified as 1) buried in soft sediments within burrows, 2) cemented or
a ttached by byssal th reads to hard substra tum and 3) semi-mobile as part of
the epibenthos. Thousands of square kilom eters of the shallow coastal waters
encompassing the estuaries as well as the backwaters are habitats for the
bivalves, catering to the regional fishery in India. In estuarine areas, clear
zonation in bivalve resources occur in relation to the salinity gradient, with
the stenohaline species inhabiting the areas n ear the bar-mouths.
Exploitation
The commercially im portan t bivalves in India are the clams, mussel and
oysters. Clams are exploited from the soft substratum by hand-picking or by
using manually operated dredges. In shallow estuaries the clam s are located
Molluscan Fisheries Division Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute [CMFIU]
PO Box 1603, Ernakulam North PO\Kochi 682018 I Kerala I India