Traditional announcement: throwing your hat in the ring. The process of nomination has turned into a campaign and of itself. The election process - the.

Traditional announcement: throwing your hat in the ring. • The process of nomination has turned into a campaign and of itself. • The election process - the process takes on average of two years from start to end. • The actual campaign for president - 3 to 4 months. • “Invisible primary” = Between announcement and first primary votes being cast. • Candidates declare - start building organization, seek funds, develop strategy to win nomination.

Traditional announcement: throwing your hat in the ring. • The process of nomination has turned into a campaign and of itself. • The election process - the process takes on average of two years from start to end. • The actual campaign for president - 3 to 4 months. • “Invisible primary” = Between announcement and first primary votes being cast. • Candidates declare - start building organization, seek funds, develop strategy to win nomination.

Nominations, Campaigns, and Elections -12




• Start up fee in presidential races-100 million. • Cost escalated to over 1 billion in 2008. • Candidate appeal for support from party leaders. • Visits key states - Iowa, New Hampshire.• Political ads run in early primary states. • Debates held amongst candidates. • Invisible primary creates a perceived front runner. • Usually defined as the one with the most money. • Pattern broken in 2000 four Howard Dean, raised

more money than any other Democrat, used Internet to raise funds, the scream then ended his

chances.

• Start up fee in presidential races-100 million. • Cost escalated to over 1 billion in 2008. • Candidate appeal for support from party leaders. • Visits key states - Iowa, New Hampshire.• Political ads run in early primary states. • Debates held amongst candidates. • Invisible primary creates a perceived front runner. • Usually defined as the one with the most money. • Pattern broken in 2000 four Howard Dean, raised

more money than any other Democrat, used Internet to raise funds, the scream then ended his

chances.

• Second stage of campaign-the primary season. • By time Iowa and New Hampshire holds primary and Caucus the campaign for the nomination is underway. • 10 months prior to election day. • Early primaries lead to many candidates dropping out. • “Front loading” : creating a primary calendar where each week different primaries are held. • Third stage of the campaign- February and March: regional primaries- “Super Tuesday”. • By this time one candidate usually has enough delegates pledged to become the presumptive nominee.

• Second stage of campaign-the primary season. • By time Iowa and New Hampshire holds primary and Caucus the campaign for the nomination is underway. • 10 months prior to election day. • Early primaries lead to many candidates dropping out. • “Front loading” : creating a primary calendar where each week different primaries are held. • Third stage of the campaign- February and March: regional primaries- “Super Tuesday”. • By this time one candidate usually has enough delegates pledged to become the presumptive nominee.





•Fourth stage-the nominating convention. •By tradition, party out of power holds first convention. •Scripted, pep rally for party days. Key components: adoption of platform, the keynote speech, the nominating speeches, excepting speeches. •After convention parties typically get a bounce.• Election campaign resembles hundred yard dash compared to the process of gaining the nomination. •1992 Bush-decides to take the high road and not campaign until officially nominated: as incumbent. •Lost valuable time because Clinton already on campaign trail. 1996 Clinton ‘Rose Garden” strategy-establish the themes of the campaign.

•Fourth stage-the nominating convention. •By tradition, party out of power holds first convention. •Scripted, pep rally for party days. Key components: adoption of platform, the keynote speech, the nominating speeches, excepting speeches. •After convention parties typically get a bounce.• Election campaign resembles hundred yard dash compared to the process of gaining the nomination. •1992 Bush-decides to take the high road and not campaign until officially nominated: as incumbent. •Lost valuable time because Clinton already on campaign trail. 1996 Clinton ‘Rose Garden” strategy-establish the themes of the campaign.



o Uses primary campaign funds to air political commercials a year and a half before election.

o 2000-Gore campaign on continuing Clinton's programs well distancing himself from Clinton's scandals.

o George W. Bush-campaigns as Washington outsider, but Selects Washington insider Dick Cheney to be his vice Pres.

o 2008 campaign-first time since 1928, no incumbent in the race. o First African-American nominated. o First Republican nominee to vice president that was female. o Primaries-today's candidates use media to promote their

campaign. Sound bites, photo labs, pollsters, media mobile player key role.

o Air Media advisers to determine where to go and who to see and what types of ad campaigns to run.

o Uses primary campaign funds to air political commercials a year and a half before election.

o 2000-Gore campaign on continuing Clinton's programs well distancing himself from Clinton's scandals.

o George W. Bush-campaigns as Washington outsider, but Selects Washington insider Dick Cheney to be his vice Pres.

o 2008 campaign-first time since 1928, no incumbent in the race. o First African-American nominated. o First Republican nominee to vice president that was female. o Primaries-today's candidates use media to promote their

campaign. Sound bites, photo labs, pollsters, media mobile player key role.

o Air Media advisers to determine where to go and who to see and what types of ad campaigns to run.



o First step to the White House is the caucus and primary process.o In the past caucuses were move more common.o Party insiders make decisions on who to nominate. o Dominated by party bosses, at large membership locked out of

the process. o Today Iowa, caucus, involves more party regulars, one of the

most direct forms of democracy, similar to a townhall meeting.o 2004 Howard Dean wins invisible primary, loses the Iowa

caucus and candidacy after the concession speech.o 2008 primaries-Obama wins Democratic primary in Iowa

caucus, Clinton rebounds and wins New Hampshire. o Both candidates split wins on super Tuesday, Clinton won more

delegates, Obama one more states.

o First step to the White House is the caucus and primary process.o In the past caucuses were move more common.o Party insiders make decisions on who to nominate. o Dominated by party bosses, at large membership locked out of

the process. o Today Iowa, caucus, involves more party regulars, one of the

most direct forms of democracy, similar to a townhall meeting.o 2004 Howard Dean wins invisible primary, loses the Iowa

caucus and candidacy after the concession speech.o 2008 primaries-Obama wins Democratic primary in Iowa

caucus, Clinton rebounds and wins New Hampshire. o Both candidates split wins on super Tuesday, Clinton won more

delegates, Obama one more states.



o Turning point - the super delegates throw their support behind Obama.

o The presidential primaries have become the decisive way I candidate wins delegates support.

o Currently 30 states have primaries, others use caucuses or party conventions.

o Some are binding others are nonbinding used in many ways

o 1 -proportional representation-delegates are selected based on the percentage of the vote the candidate received

o Turning point - the super delegates throw their support behind Obama.

o The presidential primaries have become the decisive way I candidate wins delegates support.

o Currently 30 states have primaries, others use caucuses or party conventions.

o Some are binding others are nonbinding used in many ways

o 1 -proportional representation-delegates are selected based on the percentage of the vote the candidate received



o Two - Winner Take All: candidate with plurality receives all delegates.

o Three-non-preferential primary: voters choose delegates not bound to vote for winning primary candidate.

o Four-primary vote were all voters, plus crossover voters, express a preference but don't actually select delegates.

o Five-dual primary: presidential candidates are selected and a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. New Hampshire, example.

o Two - Winner Take All: candidate with plurality receives all delegates.

o Three-non-preferential primary: voters choose delegates not bound to vote for winning primary candidate.

o Four-primary vote were all voters, plus crossover voters, express a preference but don't actually select delegates.

o Five-dual primary: presidential candidates are selected and a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. New Hampshire, example.

Howard Deana little bit too excited

Howard Deana little bit too excited

"the scream"

Lost the Iowa caucus, candidacy ends.....

- composure is an important attribute of a candidate, Howard didn’t have it

"the scream"

Lost the Iowa caucus, candidacy ends.....

- composure is an important attribute of a candidate, Howard didn’t have it

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDwODbl3muE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDwODbl3muE



o Strategy- has changed over the years. o Old axiom: win New Hampshire, win nomination. o Clinton, the comeback kid, defies this axiom in 1992. o New strategy: win as many primaries as you can, gain momentum. o Candidate debates also a major feature of the primary season. o Attracts voters to image rather than issues. o Media coverage and analysis very influential in the process. o The party convention - date back to 1830, first open primary held by

the Jacksonian Democrats. o Since 1952, both parties have selected their nominee the first ballot. o Platform fights - philosophical arguments that can affect the party by

creating conflict within party ranks. Irony, platforms are usually ignored after the honeymoon.

o Strategy- has changed over the years. o Old axiom: win New Hampshire, win nomination. o Clinton, the comeback kid, defies this axiom in 1992. o New strategy: win as many primaries as you can, gain momentum. o Candidate debates also a major feature of the primary season. o Attracts voters to image rather than issues. o Media coverage and analysis very influential in the process. o The party convention - date back to 1830, first open primary held by

the Jacksonian Democrats. o Since 1952, both parties have selected their nominee the first ballot. o Platform fights - philosophical arguments that can affect the party by

creating conflict within party ranks. Irony, platforms are usually ignored after the honeymoon.



o Following the election on the nominee.

o Example 1968, arguments over Vietnam split the democratic convention, hurt Humphreys chances against Nixon.

o Sometimes platform used to heal wounds within the party. Give concessions to runner-up.

o 1988 Dukakis agrees to support Jesse Jackson's modifications to the party platform in order to win his support in the general.

o 2000 George W. Bush: running as a “compassionate conservative” -ask ideological members of the party to tone down

rhetoric

o Following the election on the nominee.

o Example 1968, arguments over Vietnam split the democratic convention, hurt Humphreys chances against Nixon.

o Sometimes platform used to heal wounds within the party. Give concessions to runner-up.

o 1988 Dukakis agrees to support Jesse Jackson's modifications to the party platform in order to win his support in the general.

o 2000 George W. Bush: running as a “compassionate conservative” -ask ideological members of the party to tone down

rhetoric



o Speeches - balloting for Pres. Follows keynote and nomination speeches.

o Speeches made on the national stage can catapult politicians into leadership positions or consideration in the future.

o Example Obama speech in 2004 thrust him into the national spotlight.

o Balloting for the president in recent conventions has been a mere formality.

o Sometimes opponents use tactics that throw the nomination in doubt but concessions are made to delegates who are wavering and ultimately a bandwagon effect is achieved.

o Selection of the vice president - since 1940 the precedent of nominees choosing their running mates has been established.

o Speeches - balloting for Pres. Follows keynote and nomination speeches.

o Speeches made on the national stage can catapult politicians into leadership positions or consideration in the future.

o Example Obama speech in 2004 thrust him into the national spotlight.

o Balloting for the president in recent conventions has been a mere formality.

o Sometimes opponents use tactics that throw the nomination in doubt but concessions are made to delegates who are wavering and ultimately a bandwagon effect is achieved.

o Selection of the vice president - since 1940 the precedent of nominees choosing their running mates has been established.



o Strategy include: balancing the ticket, or paying off political debts.

o Examples: Lyndon Johnson as Kennedy's running mate. o Reagan's choice of George H.W. Bush, surprising since Bush

referred to Reagan's economic plan as voodoo economics. o Mondale's choice of Geraldine Ferraro: historic demonstrating

Democrats willingness to recognize that a woman had the capability to become president.

o VPs must meet the qualifications to be president this fact damaged George H.W. Bush's campaign when he selected Dan Quayle, lack of qualifications were called into question.

o 2008 Obama selects one of his rivals, Joe Biden, because of his experience chairing the Senate Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committee's.

o Strategy include: balancing the ticket, or paying off political debts.

o Examples: Lyndon Johnson as Kennedy's running mate. o Reagan's choice of George H.W. Bush, surprising since Bush

referred to Reagan's economic plan as voodoo economics. o Mondale's choice of Geraldine Ferraro: historic demonstrating

Democrats willingness to recognize that a woman had the capability to become president.

o VPs must meet the qualifications to be president this fact damaged George H.W. Bush's campaign when he selected Dan Quayle, lack of qualifications were called into question.

o 2008 Obama selects one of his rivals, Joe Biden, because of his experience chairing the Senate Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committee's.



o General campaign-the final round. o To win candidates must sustain momentum received in the

convention. o Candidates keep their campaign staff from the primaries as

well as the funds they have collected. o Additional funds are provided by the national committee, new

strategy developed incorporating the media. o Campaign consultants hired, develop and plan the logistics of

the campaign, themes, keep track of daily polls. o Clinton advisor, Dick Morris, triangulation, move away from

his own party as well as the Republicans. o Press Secretary hired, works closely with the candidate and

the campaign team. Presidential hopefuls-target the campaign-plot out the best way to achieve a majority in electoral votes.

o General campaign-the final round. o To win candidates must sustain momentum received in the

convention. o Candidates keep their campaign staff from the primaries as

well as the funds they have collected. o Additional funds are provided by the national committee, new

strategy developed incorporating the media. o Campaign consultants hired, develop and plan the logistics of

the campaign, themes, keep track of daily polls. o Clinton advisor, Dick Morris, triangulation, move away from

his own party as well as the Republicans. o Press Secretary hired, works closely with the candidate and

the campaign team. Presidential hopefuls-target the campaign-plot out the best way to achieve a majority in electoral votes.



o Some use a Southern strategy, others look to large industrial states.

o Consider historical success of candidates of the same party in Differing states.

o 2000 contest, one the closest in our history, Bush wins 271 to 267.

o DC elector abstains - 266.

o 2008 Obama targets former red states, winning Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Nevada, and Colorado.

o He also picked up one vote in the Nebraska, state allocates five electoral votes based on its congressional districts.

o Some use a Southern strategy, others look to large industrial states.

o Consider historical success of candidates of the same party in Differing states.

o 2000 contest, one the closest in our history, Bush wins 271 to 267.

o DC elector abstains - 266.

o 2008 Obama targets former red states, winning Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Nevada, and Colorado.

o He also picked up one vote in the Nebraska, state allocates five electoral votes based on its congressional districts.



o Taking advantage of political assets-if incumbent, candidate takes advantage of the role.

o Presidents use the office to elevate themselves above the fray. o Can hurt President if domestic or foreign-policy is in disarray. o Example: Carter's chances hurt by you Iran hostage crisis. o Incumbent vice president find it much harder to be elected than

presidents. o Into thousand eight, no incumbent running, both candidates tried to run

on changing the direction of the country. o Develop an image voters respond to-public responds to personality

more than issues. o Media investigates intimate details of personal lives. o Candidates try to portray opponents negatively. 2004-George W. Bush

portrays John Kerry is a flip-flop her. o 2008 Obama successfully created a coalition of young voters, African-

Americans, women, Hispanics, to win a popular majority and 52% of the vote.

o Taking advantage of political assets-if incumbent, candidate takes advantage of the role.

o Presidents use the office to elevate themselves above the fray. o Can hurt President if domestic or foreign-policy is in disarray. o Example: Carter's chances hurt by you Iran hostage crisis. o Incumbent vice president find it much harder to be elected than

presidents. o Into thousand eight, no incumbent running, both candidates tried to run

on changing the direction of the country. o Develop an image voters respond to-public responds to personality

more than issues. o Media investigates intimate details of personal lives. o Candidates try to portray opponents negatively. 2004-George W. Bush

portrays John Kerry is a flip-flop her. o 2008 Obama successfully created a coalition of young voters, African-

Americans, women, Hispanics, to win a popular majority and 52% of the vote.



o Attracting the support of divergent groups-ethnic, religious, and other minorities support are crucial for success in the campaign.

o Traditionally: Democrats try to attract organize labor, minorities, use, big city residents.

o Paint picture of Republicans as the party of the rich and of big business interests.

o 1996 Clinton attracts a new group-soccer moms-women voters, some single parents, working mothers.

o Bush-made inroads into increasing gender gap-o single women favored Kerry, o married women favored Bush, “security moms”. o Use issues and events for their advantage-o Roosevelt uses the Great Depression and the promise of a new

deal to win a landslide and 1932. o Dwight Eisenhower uses fear of communism and military

background to be the Republican winner 1952.

o Attracting the support of divergent groups-ethnic, religious, and other minorities support are crucial for success in the campaign.

o Traditionally: Democrats try to attract organize labor, minorities, use, big city residents.

o Paint picture of Republicans as the party of the rich and of big business interests.

o 1996 Clinton attracts a new group-soccer moms-women voters, some single parents, working mothers.

o Bush-made inroads into increasing gender gap-o single women favored Kerry, o married women favored Bush, “security moms”. o Use issues and events for their advantage-o Roosevelt uses the Great Depression and the promise of a new

deal to win a landslide and 1932. o Dwight Eisenhower uses fear of communism and military

background to be the Republican winner 1952.



o Kennedy uses hope for a new generation to defeat Nixon . o 2008 a turning point in the McCain Obama campaign, McCain

admitted that he was not an expert on the economy, and stated the fundamentals of our economy are sound.

o Obama pounced on the remark,

o Take advantage of the media as a primary means of communicating with the public-use of paid political ads to bring a message to voters.

o Ever since Kennedy - Nixon debate in 1960 television has played a decisive role.

o Television viewers thought Nixon lost radio listeners thought he won .

o The creation of 527 independent groups, exempt from McCain-Feingold campaign finance law outlawing soft money, have been created in use since 2004.

o Kennedy uses hope for a new generation to defeat Nixon . o 2008 a turning point in the McCain Obama campaign, McCain

admitted that he was not an expert on the economy, and stated the fundamentals of our economy are sound.

o Obama pounced on the remark,

o Take advantage of the media as a primary means of communicating with the public-use of paid political ads to bring a message to voters.

o Ever since Kennedy - Nixon debate in 1960 television has played a decisive role.

o Television viewers thought Nixon lost radio listeners thought he won .

o The creation of 527 independent groups, exempt from McCain-Feingold campaign finance law outlawing soft money, have been created in use since 2004.



o Cannot legally coordinate their campaigns with the candidates. o Example moveon.org sponsored many anti-Bush ads, o swiftboat veterans ran devastating ads that injured Kerry’s

chances. o Although Kerry is thought to have one all three presidential

debates he became the first selection where the winner of the debates lost the election.

o Using the campaign organization workers to get the vote out-party faithful on local level responsible for getting registered voters to show up at the polls.

o Telephone calls, mailings, door-to-door, driving them.

o Cannot legally coordinate their campaigns with the candidates. o Example moveon.org sponsored many anti-Bush ads, o swiftboat veterans ran devastating ads that injured Kerry’s

chances. o Although Kerry is thought to have one all three presidential

debates he became the first selection where the winner of the debates lost the election.

o Using the campaign organization workers to get the vote out-party faithful on local level responsible for getting registered voters to show up at the polls.

o Telephone calls, mailings, door-to-door, driving them.



o Election Reformo Primaries were introduced during the progressive era. o Attempt to make the process more democratic. o System has sense been expanded to include primaries for every

elective office. o Forces candidates to wage three election campaigns. o If a candidate doesn't win the nomination, and runs an

independent, it is likely the winner of the primary will lose the general election.

o Prerequisite for successful candidacy-ability to raise funds. o Success in early primaries and caucuses necessary to keep money

flowing during the general campaign. o Obama, without the except dents of federal matching funds,

raised over $800 million into thousand eight, compared to 375 million raise by McCain.

o Election Reformo Primaries were introduced during the progressive era. o Attempt to make the process more democratic. o System has sense been expanded to include primaries for every

elective office. o Forces candidates to wage three election campaigns. o If a candidate doesn't win the nomination, and runs an

independent, it is likely the winner of the primary will lose the general election.

o Prerequisite for successful candidacy-ability to raise funds. o Success in early primaries and caucuses necessary to keep money

flowing during the general campaign. o Obama, without the except dents of federal matching funds,

raised over $800 million into thousand eight, compared to 375 million raise by McCain.



o Candidates can win primaries with less than 30% of the registered voters participating.

o In a caucus, with the exception of Iowa, the figures under 10%. o Primary & caucus voters tend to be more educated and

wealthier than those in the general election, suggesting they are less representative.

o To respond to the overall importance of Iowa & New Hampshire, southern states changed their primary to super Tuesday in early March.

o Media coverage of this event provides winners with publicity and momentum.

o 2008 Super Tuesday was moved up to February, - 20 states including New York and California held

primaries.

o Candidates can win primaries with less than 30% of the registered voters participating.

o In a caucus, with the exception of Iowa, the figures under 10%. o Primary & caucus voters tend to be more educated and

wealthier than those in the general election, suggesting they are less representative.

o To respond to the overall importance of Iowa & New Hampshire, southern states changed their primary to super Tuesday in early March.

o Media coverage of this event provides winners with publicity and momentum.

o 2008 Super Tuesday was moved up to February, - 20 states including New York and California held

primaries.



o Alternatives –

o having a national presidential primary-we shorten the season. -- - *Proponents: more people would vote, expenses would be cut down, nomination wrapped up after votes counted.

*Critics: would become as expensive and complex is the regular campaign because of its scope. Role of media will become even more significant, could be accused of playing kingmaker role.

- Alternative to national primary-a series of super Tuesday regional primaries.

o Alternatives –

o having a national presidential primary-we shorten the season. -- - *Proponents: more people would vote, expenses would be cut down, nomination wrapped up after votes counted.

*Critics: would become as expensive and complex is the regular campaign because of its scope. Role of media will become even more significant, could be accused of playing kingmaker role.

- Alternative to national primary-a series of super Tuesday regional primaries.



o Advantage: decentralizing the system, keep attention focused on different regional issues.

o Would not reduce cost for emphasis of media attention. - Advantage would remain to candidate who won the first

regional primary. - Another option-a national primary day. States like New

Hampshire and Iowa would be opposed, don't want to give up their national spotlight.

o Advantage: decentralizing the system, keep attention focused on different regional issues.

o Would not reduce cost for emphasis of media attention. - Advantage would remain to candidate who won the first

regional primary. - Another option-a national primary day. States like New

Hampshire and Iowa would be opposed, don't want to give up their national spotlight.



o Financial reform - correlation between amount of money raised and spent, and who wins. - Freakonomics: it's not the money that creates a winner , it's the most electable

candidate who attracts the most money.o How do they raise funds: small contributions account for the smallest

percentage of funds raised.o Complaints by the average voter that in order to run you must have significant

financial base. o PACs or political action committees donate millions to congressional candidates. o Election committees are set up for candidates, and other means for groups to

channel money into the coffers of political hopefuls.

o Donations considered a direct form of participation, questions raised: what kind of influence and pay back do the contributors expect.

• Federal election campaign act - federal election campaign acts sets restrictions on the amount of advertising, created disclosure of contributions over hundred dollars, limited the amount of personal contributions candidates and the relatives could make on their behalf.

o Financial reform - correlation between amount of money raised and spent, and who wins. - Freakonomics: it's not the money that creates a winner , it's the most electable

candidate who attracts the most money.o How do they raise funds: small contributions account for the smallest

percentage of funds raised.o Complaints by the average voter that in order to run you must have significant

financial base. o PACs or political action committees donate millions to congressional candidates. o Election committees are set up for candidates, and other means for groups to

channel money into the coffers of political hopefuls.

o Donations considered a direct form of participation, questions raised: what kind of influence and pay back do the contributors expect.

• Federal election campaign act - federal election campaign acts sets restrictions on the amount of advertising, created disclosure of contributions over hundred dollars, limited the amount of personal contributions candidates and the relatives could make on their behalf.



o Revenue act of 1971 allowed private contributions through tax credits and tax deductions.

o one for one dollar tax write off was allowed on federal income taxes. o Effect: publicly subsidizing federal elections.o After the Watergate hearings, learned that Nixon had laundered campaign

contributions to support political operatives and used it to pay hush money to organizers of the break in.- Committee to reelect the president also promised favorable treatment from the president for businesses who contributed large amounts of money.

- 1974 federal election campaign act: establishes a six person commission with responsibility to enforce the provisions of law and established federal matching funds for presidential candidates and primaries in general election.

- To receive these funds candidates have to raise at least $5000 in it please 20 states.

o Revenue act of 1971 allowed private contributions through tax credits and tax deductions.

o one for one dollar tax write off was allowed on federal income taxes. o Effect: publicly subsidizing federal elections.o After the Watergate hearings, learned that Nixon had laundered campaign

contributions to support political operatives and used it to pay hush money to organizers of the break in.- Committee to reelect the president also promised favorable treatment from the president for businesses who contributed large amounts of money.

- 1974 federal election campaign act: establishes a six person commission with responsibility to enforce the provisions of law and established federal matching funds for presidential candidates and primaries in general election.

- To receive these funds candidates have to raise at least $5000 in it please 20 states.



o Candidate would then be eligible for matching funds and would have to disclose campaign contributions.

o Citizens limited to $1000 per candidate in primary and general election, $20,000 to parties, $5000 to PACs: Hard Money.

o Total of allowable contributions by an individual was limited in a given year.

o Unlimited and unregulated corporate labor contributions were used to support political parties: Soft Money.

o PACS limited to $5000 maximum contribution to any candidate in any election.

o It did not restrict contributions for other purposes-donations to senators and representatives.

o Candidates who did not except matching federal funds could spend unlimited amounts of personal funds. Example Ross Perot in 1992.

o Candidate would then be eligible for matching funds and would have to disclose campaign contributions.

o Citizens limited to $1000 per candidate in primary and general election, $20,000 to parties, $5000 to PACs: Hard Money.

o Total of allowable contributions by an individual was limited in a given year.

o Unlimited and unregulated corporate labor contributions were used to support political parties: Soft Money.

o PACS limited to $5000 maximum contribution to any candidate in any election.

o It did not restrict contributions for other purposes-donations to senators and representatives.

o Candidates who did not except matching federal funds could spend unlimited amounts of personal funds. Example Ross Perot in 1992.



o Amendments to this law have created opportunities for PACs to be established by special interest groups.

o Each state by law is responsible for setting up its own campaign-finance laws.

o Public funding for presidential campaigns has had a significant impact on the process.

• Monies given to candidates during the primary campaign, to the parties to help fund national conventions, into the candidates general election funds.

• In 2008 McCain received $84 million in matching funds from the federal government..

o Amendments to this law have created opportunities for PACs to be established by special interest groups.

o Each state by law is responsible for setting up its own campaign-finance laws.

o Public funding for presidential campaigns has had a significant impact on the process.

• Monies given to candidates during the primary campaign, to the parties to help fund national conventions, into the candidates general election funds.

• In 2008 McCain received $84 million in matching funds from the federal government..



o If they accept public funding, candidates pledge they will not spend more than what was given to them and not except other kinds of specified donations.

o Loopholes exist - PAC donations, from state and local party organizations. 1996 presidential election-apparent the soft money was abused, for money was laundered, China was using illegal contributions to influence local, congressional, and presidential elections.

o The Democratic Party return millions of dollars to illegal contributors.-Presidential coffees, sleepovers, in the Lincoln bedroom.

•Both parties criticized for soft money being used to run political commercials. • After 2000 election campaign finance reform reemerges is a political issue.• Congress passes comprehensive campaign finance reform bill signed by Bush and 2000. •Main feature-ban on all soft money, increase individual Hard money donations, ban on special-interest political paid for by soft money prior to the primary and general election. •2002 Supreme Court rules the law was unconstitutional. •2004 special interest groups get around the ban on soft money donation by forming 527 independent groups. •Enabling them to run independent advocacy ads

o If they accept public funding, candidates pledge they will not spend more than what was given to them and not except other kinds of specified donations.

o Loopholes exist - PAC donations, from state and local party organizations. 1996 presidential election-apparent the soft money was abused, for money was laundered, China was using illegal contributions to influence local, congressional, and presidential elections.

o The Democratic Party return millions of dollars to illegal contributors.-Presidential coffees, sleepovers, in the Lincoln bedroom.

•Both parties criticized for soft money being used to run political commercials. • After 2000 election campaign finance reform reemerges is a political issue.• Congress passes comprehensive campaign finance reform bill signed by Bush and 2000. •Main feature-ban on all soft money, increase individual Hard money donations, ban on special-interest political paid for by soft money prior to the primary and general election. •2002 Supreme Court rules the law was unconstitutional. •2004 special interest groups get around the ban on soft money donation by forming 527 independent groups. •Enabling them to run independent advocacy ads

Traditional announcement: throwing your hat in the ring. The process of nomination has turned into a campaign and of itself. The election process - the.

Documents

election campaign

primary campaign funds

stage of campaign

primary process

gore campaign

campaign trail

actual campaign

invisible primary