Variety of climatic conditions Geographical position Date of realization Destination use Functional quality Architectural quality Integration with the site Energy Saving and environmental quality 4.1 Natural ventilation Conscious architecture Uuonscious sustainability 1.1 1. THE PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEMS IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE YESTERDAY Design with climate THE PASSIVE COOLING FROM TRAD ITION TO INNOVATION: WIND TOWER Passive coolign strategies Passive and hybrid cooling systems Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input Passive cooling systems among Middle Est and Mediterranean Elements from urban scale Elements form building scale Passive cooling systems in Italian’s traditional architecture The origin of Wind towers The wind towers in Iran: Badgir (wind catcher) THE PASSIVE COOLING FROM TRADITION TO INNOVATION: WIND TOWER 2. WIND TOWER Climatic and architectural context The history and origin Constitutive elements Materials Cooling modality Constructive systems typological classification of Badgir 3.THE PASSIVE & HYBRID COOLING SYSTEM IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 4. STUDY CASES: WIND TOWER IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE The selection criteria The analysis of specifications TRADITION INNOVATION Kingspan Lighthouse - 2007 BedZed, Beddington Zero Energy Development - 2002 Solihull Campus - 2001 New Parliamentary Building (Portcullis House) - 2000 Jubilee Campus - 1999 IGuzzini headquarters - 1998 Building research Establishment (BRE) - 1996 Inland Revenue Center - 1994 Ionica Headquarters Building - 1994 Queens Building, De Montfort University - 1993 Armoury Tower - Unrealized An experimental building in Catania - Unrealized TODAY 1.2 1.3 1.2.1 Evaporative cooling Radiative cooling Ventilative cooling 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.2 1.2.2 1.2.2.3 1.2.2.4 1.2.2.5 Ground cooling Zisa’s palace Camera dello Scirocco Sassi di Matera Dammusi di Pantelleria Trulli di Puglia 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 Direct ventilative cooling Indirect evaporative cooling Indirect ventilative, evaporative and ground cooling 2.2.6.1 2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3 2.1 2.2 Function modality 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 Denomination and location Direction of captation of the wind Geometry Building destination 2.2.7.1 2.2.7.2 2.2.7.3 2.2.7.5 2.2.7.4 Natural ventilation Ventilative passive and hybrid cooling Evaporative cooling Ground cooling Radiative cooling 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.3.1 3.3.2.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 4.1 4.2 A B C I F G H D E J K L 2.2.6 2.2.7 Traditional and popular architecture Relation between climate and architecture connection between architecture and places 1.1 Classification of techniques of passove cooling - Type of heat conductor (enviornmenta, sky, earth) - Heat transfer (Convection, evaporation, conduction) - Climate (dry, wet) - Storage period (day, week, season) - Material (water, rock, ecc.) Building form and orientation Colour and albedo Control of solar radiation Thermal inertia Presence of vegetation Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor Archetypal systems of ventilation Influence of the wind in popular architecture Principals of natural ventilation Natural ventilation techniques according to the movment of air Courtyard house Patio house Flat roof Dome Double-shelled dome Dome with air vent Costozza’s villas in Vicenza 1.4.6 Thermal control Solar control Natural ventilation Natural ventilation and night cooling Ventilative cooling with wind tower Evaporative cooling Ground cooling Night cooling Ground ventilative cooling Symbolic meaning of water Presence of fountain and Salsabil Influence of the climate in city planning Urban texture Lybia Chimney Peru Afghanistan Pakistan Egypt Iraq Persian Gulf Iran Technology evolution of 20th centry Sustainable architecture Sustainable and Bio architecture Bioclimatic architecture Life Cycle Assessment Definition of Climate and Cliamatology Climatic conditions Cliamtic zones Thermal comfort Micro climate Difference between active and passive systems Defination of passive and Hybrid cooling systems Strategies of passive and hybrid cooling systems Building form, morphology and orientation The colour of buildings Control of solar radiation Control of thermal inertia Thermal insulation Benefits of passive and hybrid cooling Ventilative body cooling Ventilative environmental cooling Ventilative structure cooling Natural and hybrid ventilation Site features MORPHOLOGICAL DATA BUILDING DATA Type Orientation Number of occupants Dimensional data Numer of storeys Floor area CONSTRUCTION Structure type External walls Internal walls Roof Internal floor Ground floor Location Latitude Altitude Architect/s Patterns Client Structure engineer Environment and planning Quantity Surveyor Partner Construction Management Destination use GENERAL DATA COOLING STRATEGIES Ventilation strategies Solar control Thermal insolation Thermal inertia Ventilative evaporative cooling Ventilation system Air input system Air output system Air output system Control system Internal solar shading system External solar shading system Control system Windows Walls Floors Roof 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2.1 1.2.2.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 - Stack effect - Ventilation through vertical - Single-sided ventilation - Ventilation combined wind and stack effect - Ventilation through Horizontal of air 2.2.7.4 2.2.7.3 2.2.7.1 2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3 2.2.6.1 2.2.3 2.1 Thermal inertia Catgut and chain Shelf Covrage Partitions and channels Decoration Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the presence of wind, during the night Badgir's connection to the main rooms through horizontal and wet channels Badgir's link through a vertical channel with underground water pipes Functional wind tower only Wind towers with both functional and symbolic validity Square plan Rectangualr plan Octagonal plan Circular plan Multi - directional One - directional Two - directional Three-directional Fuor - directional Multi - directional Circular Esagonal plan Stalk CLIMAT DATA Climate Type Temperature Wind speed Relative humidity Precipitation Degree days for cooling Degree days for heating Collocation of porous pottery jars inside Badgir Of two or more floors Badkesh (wind scape) Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the presence of wind, during the day Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the absence of wind, during the night Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the absence of wind, during the day The main current trend that requires an air conditional system in a building is in great contradiction with the most elementary rules of energy saving and protecting the planet from further environmental pollution. A conscious architecture is the result of a conscious architectural design, where it is required an interdisciplinary jointed approach, in a systemic vision that is able to understand various aspects of a building, considering both the formal and structural as well as the qualitative and technical devices. The solutions offered form traditional architecture can offer, even today, concrete answers to some of the energetic and construction challenges, without the need of large energy consumption, but of a better exploita- tion of natural resources. Through the use of rules and examples of the past, it is possible to pro- duce a new sustainable and bio-climatic architecture that is mainly based on the synthesis of ancient rules and modern technologies. In this new trend, it is possible to insert wind towers, known in persian as ‘Badgir’ that literally means “one who captures the wind”. The sustainability elements in the traditional and vernacular buildings are more or less deliberately designed, however, we consider that they have been designed unconsciously. The principle of sustainabi- lity, and the phrases such as sustainable architecture, green architecture belong to the contemporary world and certainly not to the past. Wind tower is a typical element of Middle East archi- tecture. It is a system of multidirectional collection and extraction of winds, that plays a dual role: it cap- tures air from the outside and lowers the internal temperature (over 20° from 40÷45 °C usually present in the Eastern territories) by exploiting the mass of the structure, which has a high thermal inertia, and transforming the system into a thermal flywheel. In the past man gained considerable knowledge in respecting nature and the environment in the way they built, using only renewable energy sources and materials adapted to local climate and the various latitudes, demonstrating the ability to create extra- ordinary examples of understanding of nature, through a direct relationship with the surrounding environment. The industrialization culture based on individual wel- fare, non observance of the environmental ecosystem and of excessive consumption of non renewable energy sources have produced a building model based on energy dissipation. Nowadays, changes in climatic conditions increase the responsibility of architects and engineers in designing new sustainable cities and buildings even though it becomes more and more difficult to ensure the standards of comfort required by our society. The aim of the research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on wind towers. The work presented is a result of a study focused on traditional passive cooling strategies. More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to different aspects: from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems and construction processes, from “live welfare” to energy efficiency. In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions towards energy efficiency. All the analysis will create a basic knowledge on these ancient passive cooling system that can be often joined in a modern building plan in a contemporary and more efficient view.