Tracing immigrant integration policies' capacity to mediate xenophobic attitudes in Post-Apartheid South Africa and Germany after reunification

Do Policies make a Difference?TRACING IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION POLICIES’ CAPACITY TO MEDIATE XENOPHOBIC ATTITUDES IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA AND GERMANY AFTER REUNIFICATION

Two Tales of Anti-Foreigner Sentiment

1995-1998 1999-2004 2005-2009 2010-20140

10

20

30

40

50

13.3

21.4

8.9

19.621

13.7

7.27

11

78

53

2 4

10.4

Germany Netherlands Poland SpainSweden Switzerland

% “D

on’t

wan

t im

migr

ants

as

neig

hbou

rs”

1995-1998 1999-2004 2005-2009 2010-20140

10

20

30

40

50

19

31

24

41

25.828

2018

27.5

21

14

South Africa Ghana NigeriaTanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

% “D

on’t

wan

t im

migr

ants

as

neig

hbou

rs”

State of Knowledge

Social Learning Hypothesis

- Normative Framework- Key actors- Perpetual accountability

Opportunity Structure Hypothesis- Key arenas- Conflict vs. Contact

Policy Responsiveness- Mass policy preferences

Macro level (“Rules of the Game”)

- Linkage Processes

Descriptive HypothesisIMMIGRATION INTEGRATION POLICIES HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME

Immigrant Integration Policy Index

Policy Strands Policy Dimension Indicator

Labour Market Mobility

Access

Immediate access to labour marketPrivate sectorPublic sector

General Support

Recognition of academic qualificationsRecognition of professional qualifications

Worker’s RightsMembership in Trade UnionAccess to social securityAccess to housing

Education Access Compulsory education as a legal right

Political Participation

Electoral Rights

National levelRegional levelLocal levelRight to stand as local candidate

Political LibertiesRight to associationMembership in Political Party

Consultative Bodies Strength of consultative Body*

Access to Nationality

Eligibility

Residence PeriodBirth right for citizenship of 2nd generation

Conditions for Acquisition

Naturalisation language requirementNationalisation integration requirement

Asylum seekersAccess Immediate access to labour

marketWorker’s Rights Access to social security Worker’s Rights Access to housing

*Indicator is comprised of three sub-indicators.

List of all indicators of the newly constructed IIPI

- 5 Strands- 23 Indicators- National level policies

IIPI in Germany and South AfricaOverall Scores

- Germany: 34% increase

- South Africa: 54% increase

19901991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

20012002

20032004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

20142015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Germany South Africa

IIPI

sco

re

Explanatory HypothesisMORE PERMISSIVE IMMIGRATION INTEGRATION POLICIES LEAD TO DECREASING LEVELS OF XENOPHOBIA AMONG NATIONALS

IIPI and Xenophobia

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Econ ThreatMoving average (Econ Threat)Culture ThreatMoving average (Culture Threat)IIPI

Perc

enta

ge (

agre

e/me

ntio

ned)

IIPI

sco

re

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Econ ThreatMoving average (Econ Threat)Culture ThreatMoving average (Culture Threat)IIPI

Perc

enta

ge (

agre

e/me

ntio

ned)

IIPI

sco

re

Germany

MODEL 1997 2006 2013

B Sig B Sig B Sig

(CONSTANT) 1,116 ,000 2,053 ,000 1,627 ,000

AGE ,008 ,000 ,004 ,026 ,006 ,001

FEMALE ,046 ,320 -,077 ,081 ,026 ,547

EDUCATION -,021 ,528 -,178 ,000 -,181 ,000

PART-TIME ,003 ,968 ,001 ,990 -,091 ,200

UNEMPLOYED ,002 ,973 -,117 ,056 -,179 ,007

RETIRED ,060 ,458 -,047 ,528 -,233 ,001

SMALL TOWN -,090 ,088 -,107 ,028 -,073 ,136

BIG CITY -,171 ,005 -,056 ,280 -,096 ,082

POLITICS IMPORTANT -,030 ,299 -,072 ,005 -,062 ,016

MEMBERSHIP 8 ORGANISATIONS

-,061 ,000 -,044 ,007 -,052 ,001

TRUST IN PEOPLE -,288 ,000 -,209 ,000 -,111 ,007

LIFE SATISFACTION -,026 ,055 -,030 ,018 -,018 ,130

FINANCIAL SATISFACTION

-,011 ,357 -,006 ,584 -,025 ,012

NATIONAL PRIDE ,235 ,000 ,113 ,000 ,195 ,000

IIPI and Economic Threat

- Linkage Processes operate in expected direction

South Africa

MODEL 1996 2006 2013B Sig B Sig B Sig

(CONSTANT) 1,858 ,000 1,402 ,000 1,257 ,000AGE -,001 ,477 ,002 ,093 ,006 ,000

FEMALE ,023 ,345 -,013 ,619 -,067 ,018

EDUCATION -,013 ,461 ,040 ,071 -,006 ,830PART-TIME -,018 ,759 -,030 ,565 -,016 ,798

UNEMPLOYED -,116 ,000 ,030 ,334 -,024 ,491RETIRED ,047 ,340 ,014 ,791 -,163 ,006

SMALL TOWN -,006 ,866 -,016 ,708 -,022 ,838BIG CITY -,121 ,000 ,074 ,013 Data

issue not

resolved

Data issue not

resolvedPOLITICS IMPORTANT ,021 ,072 ,004 ,726 -,030 ,026

MEMBERSHIP 8 ORGANISATIONS -,007 ,289 ,006 ,238 -,009 ,060

TRUST IN PEOPLE -,099 ,002 ,026 ,345 -,039 ,246LIFE SATISFACTION -,005 ,361 -,003 ,657 -,010 ,203

FINANCIAL SATISFACTION ,003 ,585 -,008 ,140 -,009 ,193NATIONAL PRIDE ,023 ,342 ,038 ,129 ,049 ,015

IIPI and Economic Threat

- Linkage Processes do not hold

Migration in Germany and South AfricaSTOCK OF FOREIGN POPULATION ASYLUM APPLICATIONS PER YEAR

0

100

200

300

400

500

Germany South AfricaAppl

icat

ions

in

thou

sand

s

1996 2001 2007 20110.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

Germany South Africa

% of

tot

al p

opul

atio

n

Concluding Remarks - Limitations - Different policy emphases - Policy – Attitude Linkage - Alternative explanations - Theory and practice