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A massa trc`ckfa pragurc pirgi`ir ij qui jihlhc ì qui c lmekuïmglc ha RL@ ma mêvik nirck hi priîas ij Cmnakc ì slnmlelgcmti.
Istctêstlgcs aelglcls i mça s÷ gajpravcj a `aj hisijpimfa hc igamajlc cmnakcmc ijtijpas hi pcz, ij tirjas has sius prlmglpcls lmhlgcharis jcgraigam÷jlgas (tcxc higrisgljimta ha RL@, tcxc hi lmekcîça, `ckcmîc hi pcncjimtas i hêvlhc pÿ`klgc).
Hals has cspigtas jcls rikivcmtis i qui par slmck sça tcj`ìj as jcls ljpartcmtis ha pamtahi vlstc ha quchra has a`oigtlvas jcgraigam÷jlgas sça a hi prajavir a rãplha grisgljimtaigam÷jlga i cssinurcr c istc`lklhchi has priîas, tcriec istc qui mça pcrigi julta sljpkis siakfcrjas pcrc cqulka qui earcj cs ixpirlïmglcs hi cknums pcêsis aglhimtcls.
Ma imtcmta, istis a`oigtlvas, ij `ac jihlhc, hlncj ‗ si, tïj slha jlmljcjimti ckgcmîchasctrcvìs hcs pakêtlgcs igam÷jlgcs kivchcs c gc`a pikcs imtlhchis cmnakcmcs gajpitimtis.
Isti trc`ckfa eal hisimvakvlha ma simtlha hi couhcr a ixigutlva c tir ujc vlsça hc trcoigt÷rlchc igamajlc ha pcês i ikc`arcr jihlhcs i istrctìnlcs qui prajavcj a grisgljimta i passl`lkltij, c jìhla i kamna prcza, a gujprljimta hcs jitcs hi lmekcîça hielmlhcs ma ANI.
Miki ì cmcklscha c rikcîça imtri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça i gaja a prljilra, pahisirvlr hi `csi ca ckgcmgi hi mêvils sctlsect÷rlas hi lmekcîça i gamgajltcmtijimti hi rihuîçaha gusta hi vlhc i jikfarlc hcs gamhlîùis `ãslgcs hc papukcîça, gaja par ixijpka a cgissac ckljimtas, trcmspartis, imirnlc i autras.
Wi par uj kcha, c hlvirslelgcîça hc igamajlc, ujc jihlhc cpravchc i kivchc c gc`a pika
ixigutlva oã hishi 0226, cprisimtc ‗ si gaja a prlmglpck ecgtar hi hisimvakvljimtaigam÷jlga ha pcês ma jìhla i kamna prcza ‗ mc jihlhc ij qui grlc mavcs apartumlhchis himin÷glas i mavas gcjpas hi ixpkarcîça, mavas pastas hi trc`ckfas hlrigtas i lmhlrigtas, praplglc a surnljimta hi ujc gchilc jcls ckcrnchc hi piquimcs i jìhlcs ijpriscs, kcmîcmhaujc earti gamgarrïmglc i gajpitltlvlhchi imtri ikcs, gamgarri pcrc c su`stltulîça hcsljpartcîùis, rihuzlmha c lmekcîça ljpartchc, jikfarcmha c hlitc i as fã`ltas ckljimtcris hc papukcîça, prajavi cs ixpartcîùis, istljukc i c`ri partcs pcrc a hisimvakvljimta hclmhÿstrlc trcmsearjcharc, timha gaja ieiltas hi jìhla prcza c quihc hc lmekcîça, c jikfarlcha sckha hc @ckcmîc hi Xrcmscgîùis Garrimtis (X@G), c igamajlc hi hlvlscs, a cujimta haRrahuta Lmtirma @ruta i hcs rigiltcs elsgcls ha istcha, gamtrl`ulmha pcrc a cujimta harimhljimta i hc rlquizc mcglamcls ‗ par autra kcha, cs pakêtlgcs hi istc`lklzcîçajcgraigam÷jlgcs tïj slha hishi hìgchcs, a prlmglpck lmstrujimta utlklzcha pika @MC pcrcgaj`ctir c lmekcîça.
A @G tij jamltarcha c qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra pcrc istljukcr c igamajlc, ctrcvìs hclmoigîça hi jaihc au rihuîça hcs tcxcs hi ouras pcrc cujimtcr c gcpcglhchi hi gamgihirgrìhlta cas `cmgas gajirglcls jcs tcj`ìj tij rihuzlha c klqulhiz pcrc riericr prissùislmekcglamlstcs, ctrcvìs hcs apircîùis hi c`sarîça hi klqulhiz ma jirgcha jamitãrla, gaja cvimhc has Xêtukas ha @cmga Gimtrck hi vãrlcs jcturlhchis (72, 52, <2 i 363 hlcs), cujimtahcs tcxcs hi risirvcs gajpuks÷rlcs, vimhcs hi hlvlscs au autras jigcmlsjas hi qui hlspùi.
Ij sujc, isscs jihlhcs hi gcrãgtir jircjimti tijparãrla i hi gurta prcza, tïj slhachjlmlstrchcs pikc imtlhchi jamitãrlc mcglamck ma lmtulta hi rinukcr i jamltarcr c qucmtlhchi
hi jaihc ij glrgukcîça, hi cgarha gaj c suc pragurc ma jirgcha.
Rircmti isti gimãrla, cpcrimtijimti gamtrchlt÷rla, i hi jaha c si a`tir ujc ivlhïmglc jclsikuglhctlvc hc ricklhchi cmnakcmc, earcj hisimvakvlhas as prlmglpcls jahikas hi grisgljimtai hi hisimvakvljimta i cs prlmglpcls tiarlcs hi lmekcîça, timha sijpri ij klmfc hi gamtc csgcuscs has ikivchas priîas i suc vcrlcîça.
Rar elj, cprisimtcjas as risuktchas hi uj istuha igamajìtrlga qui vlsc gajpravcr quck ì arick ljpcgta ha grisgljimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc mc lmekcîça, i par issc vlc, cvcklcr as ieiltashc hlvirslelgcîça sa`ri igamajlc cmnakcmc.
Hisgrlîça ha Rra`kijc
Grisgljimta i istc`lklhchi hi priîas sça hals nrcmhis a`oigtlvas hc pakêtlgc igam÷jlgc.
C nrcmhi priagupcîça hcs igamajlcs jahirmcs ì gaj`lmcr ikivchcs tcxcs hi grisgljimta
gaj rihuzlhcs tcxcs hi hisijprina i lmekcîça, lkustrcmha uj gkcratrchi ‗ aee imtri as hals.Ì misti pcrtlgukcr ij qui si `csiau c massc pisqulsc, pcrc rispamhir cs sinulmtis quistùis?
♥Suck ì c rikcîça imtri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc1
♥ Sui ljpcgta tij a grisgljimta igam÷jlga sa`ri c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc1
Hikljltcîça ha Rra`kijc
C prisimti pisqulsc hikljltc ‗ si c cprisimtcr c rikcîça i a ljpcgta ha grisgljimta
igam÷jlga sa`ri c Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc ma pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238.
Flp÷tisis
Wi par uj kcha, a grisgljimta igam÷jlga ì, par sl jisja, nirchar hi lmekcîça, par vlc harimhljimta pir gcpltc (imtimhc ‗ si has sckãrlas), qui cgc`c par si trchuzlr ij cujimta harimhljimta hlspamêvik hcs ecjêklcs, nircmha jclar gamsuja i gamsiquimtijimti cujimta hc pragurc lmtirmc. Rar autra kcha, a cujimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc cprisimtc ‗ si gaja simha cjikfar vlc pcrc gaj`ctir c lmekcîça, prlmglpckjimti mcs igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs, gajaagarriu gaj cknums pcêsis hc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc.
Rircmti isti gimãrla gamtrchlt÷rla gamslhirãjas cs sinulmtis flp÷tisis?
♥ A grisgljimta igam÷jlga ì uj has prlmglpcls ecgtaris nircharis hi lmekcîça ijCmnakc4
♥ A grisgljimta igam÷jlga mça ì uj has prlmglpcls ecgtaris nircharis hi lmekcîça ijCmnakc.
♥A prisimti trc`ckfa vlsc cmcklscr a ljpcgta ha grisgljimta ha RL@ sa`ri Lmekcîça ijCmnakc ma pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238.
A`oigtlvas Ispigêelgas
♥ Cmcklscr a gajpartcjimta ha RL@ i hc Lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha 0222 â 02384
♥ Jihlr c rikcîça imtri a RL@ i c Lmekcîça4
♥ Jihlr a ljpcgta ha grisgljimta ha RL@ sa`ri c Lmekcîça.
Oustlelgctlvc
A massa pcês rinlstau ujc `ac pirearjcmgi c mêvik jcgraigam÷jlga mas ÿktljas hazi cmas.
Issc pirearjcmgi gajpravchc pika rãplha grisgljimta ha RL@ i pikcs sugisslvcs rihuîùis hclmekcîça tij susgltcha a lmtirissi hc gajumlhchi lmtirmcglamck i a massa ij pcrtlgukcr, pikaecgta hi ij tça pauga tijpa hi pcz i cpiscr has ljimsas a`stãgukas i kljltcîùis c qui elgausuoilta, a pcês tir ckgcmîcha mêvils sctlsect÷rlas hi hisijpimfa has sius prlmglpclslmhlgcharis igam÷jlgas.
A massa lmtirissi mc ixpkarcîça histi tijc primhi ‗ si ij sc`ir qui gamtrl`uta tivi a RL@ mcrihuîça ha Êmhlgi hi Ucrlcîça ha Mêvik Nirck hi Rriîas ca kamna ha pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238.
Jitahakanlc Glimtêelgc
Rcrc a hisimvakvljimta histi trc`ckfa eal uscha a jìtaha jamanrãelga i a jìtahaqucmtltctlva.
C jitahakanlc uschc misti trc`ckfa gajpartc cs sinulmtis itcpcs?
▢ Pivlsça `l`klanrãelgc?
Pigakfc hi jctirlcls tcls gaja klvras, jamanrcelcs, `akitlms i rikct÷rlas igam÷jlgas, oarmcls,
rivlstcs, crtlnas.
▢ Pigakfc hi hchas flst÷rlgas rieirimtis c Lmekcîça i a RL@ hi Cmnakc?
A massa trc`ckfa passul quctra (8) gcpêtukas i istã istruturcha hc sinulmti earjc?
A prljilra gcpêtuka cprisimtc as eumhcjimtas ti÷rlgas i prãtlgas has prlmglpcls jahikas itiarlcs hi grisgljimta i hi hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga `ij gaja hcs prlmglpcls tiarlcs hilmekcîça.
A sinumha gcpêtuka cmcklsc a grisgljimta hc igamajlc cmnakcmc ca kamna ha pirêaha icmcklsc c ivakuîça hc pcrtlglpcîça hi gchc sigtar mc earjcîça ha prahuta mcglamck.
A tirgilra gcpêtuka cmcklsc a gajpartcjimta hc lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha, cs sucs gcuscs ias ecgtaris qui istça mc `csi hc suc rihuîça.
Ma qucrta i ÿktlja gcpêtuka ecz ‗ si ujc cmãklsi igamajìtrlgc has hchas i c lmtirpritcîça has
risuktchas ha istuha ricklzcha.
Rar elj, cprisimtãjas cs gamgkusùis i cs rigajimhcîùis hirlvchcs hc massc pisqulsc.
3. GCRÊXYKA ‗ EYMHCJIMXAW XI×PLGAW WA@PI A GPIWGLJIMXAIGAM×JLGA I C LMEKCÎÇA
3.3 ‗ Matc Lmtrahut÷rlc
Ctì 3<92 irc sustimtchc c lhilc, ljpastc par vãrlcs garrimtis aglhimtcls himtri ikcs asjamitcrlstcs, diymislcmas i gkãsslgas hi qui jclar grisgljimta cgcrritcvc jclar lmekcîça aqui cgc`c cpimcs par majlmcklzcr a grisgljimta, hivlha c ikivcîça ha ijprina, has sckãrlasi hc pragurc.
Gaj a surnljimta hi ujc mavc garrimti hi pimscjimta, gaj a a`oigtlva hi cmcklscr agrisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça mas pcêsis kctlma ‗ cjirlgcmas, earcj imgamtrchasrisuktchas julta hleirimtis has ctì imtça ixlstimtis. Histc eiltc, a girmi hc quistça pcssau crislhlr imtça mcs hleirimtis gamhlîùis i gcrcgtirêstlgcs igam÷jlgcs i saglcls hi gchc pcês.
3.0 ‗ Gamgiltas Eumhcjimtcls
A a`oigtlva prlmglpck hc cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc ì a hi prahuzlr `ims i sirvlîas ÿtils csctlsecîça hcs migisslhchis fujcmcs. A prljilra a`oigtlva hc pakêtlgc igam÷jlgc ì agrisgljimta gamtêmua i sustimtcha ha prahuta, hi jaha qui a a`oigtlva cgljc jimglamchasioc ielgczjimti ckgcmîcha.
Hielmi ‗ si grisglj imta igam÷jlga gaja cujimta gamtêmua ha mêvik nirck hi cgtlvlhchi
igam÷jlgc hi uj pcês ij cmas gamsigutlvas.
Rcrc jihlr a mêvik nirck hi cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc, a RL@, cpcrigi gaja a prlmglpck haslmhlgcharis utlklzchas pcrc a ieilta4 as autras sça a RM@, a RMK, i a RLK.
Misti trc`ckfa, mas hihlgcrijas c cmãklsi ha grisgljimta ha RL@ gaja jihlhc hagrisgljimta igam÷jlga.
A hisimvakvlj imta igam÷jlga ì a cujimta gamtêmua i sustimtcha ha prahuta qui ljpùij
ujc praeumhc juhcmîc mcs istruturcs igam÷jlgcs i saglcls ha pcês, gukjlmcmha gaj cjikfarlc hc qucklhchi hi vlhc hcs sucs papukcîùis i a pranrissa tìgmlga i saglck.
A RL @ ì c sajc has vckaris jamitãrlas hi tahas as `ims i sirvlîas elmcls prahuzlhas mujcigamajlc, muj hitirjlmcha pirêaha hi tijpa, qui ij nirck gajpriimhi uj cma.
C L mekcîça ì a pragissa pika quck agarrij cgrìsgljas sugisslvas has priîas hi tahcs gkcssishi `ims i sirvlîas hurcmti uj girta pirêaha hi tijpa.
A cujimta hi priîas hi hitirjlmchc gkcssi hi `ims au sirvlîas mça pahi sir imtimhlhc gajalmekcîça, jcs gaja uj gcmck hi trcmsjlssça, eumhcjimtckjimti si istcs gkcssis earij
hitirjlmcmtis pcrc a cujimta hi priîas hi autrcs gkcssis hi `ims i si tlvirij pisas rikctlvasikivchas mas arîcjimtas has cnimtis igam÷jlgas. A pragissa lmekcglamãrla istã rikcglamcha cuj pragissa gujukctlva, nimircklzcha i pirslstimti hi cujimta hi priîas.
Êmhlgi hi Rr iîas ì ujc jìhlc crltjìtlgc, niajìtrlgc au fcrj÷mlgc, qui riprisimtc a priîa
jìhla hi tahas as `ims pirtimgimtis c ujc hitirjlmchc gkcssi.
3.7 ‗ Xiarlcs hi Grisgljimta i hi Hisimvakvljimta Igam÷jlga
As jahikas hi grisgljimta gamsu`stcmglcj ‗ si ij tirjas jcls nircls c hucs tiarlcs,majichcjimti c tiarlc gkãsslgc ‗ `csichc ij Chcj Wjltf, amhi si istc`ikigi ujc pkimcsu`stltulîça imtri as ecgtaris hi prahuîça (gcpltck i trc`ckfa) i c apiràmglc has jigcmlsjasha jirgcha, c qui a cutar gfcjau hi jça lmvlsêvik ‗ i c tiarlc diymislcmc ‗ qui hieimhi crlnlhiz has priîas rikctlvas ma gurta prcza i gaja tck c migisslhchi hc lmtirvimîça pÿ`klgc pcrc gamhuzlr c igamajlc ca iqulkê`rla i ca pkima ijprina has sius rigursas.
Misti trc`ckfa earcj cmcklschas as prlmglpcls jahikas i tiarlcs hi grisgljimta i hihisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga c sc`ir?
3.7.3 ‗ A Jahika hi Fcrrah ‗ Hajcr
Lmlglcha mas cmas 72 par Pay Fcrrah (3<7<) i gajpkijimtcha ujc hìgchc hipals par IvsiyHajcr (3<85), isti jahika ì arlnlmãrla hcs lhilcs diymislcmcs i eal a prljilra jahika
jahirma hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga.
A jahika pcrti hi cknums prissupastas pcrc ixpklgcr a pragissa hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga,majichcjimti?
▢ Mça fã su`stltulîça imtri as ecgtaris hi prahuîça (gcpltck i trc`ckfa) ma gurta prcza,
i par gamsinulmti, c rikcîça imtri prahuta i gcpltck ì gamstcmti, a qui ljpklgc qui as
gaielglimtis tìgmlgas sça elxas4
▢ As priîas rikctlvas sça rênlhas hi tck jaha qui mça ì passêvik ncrcmtlr a pkima
ijprina has ecgtaris hi prahuîça4
▢ A pranrissa tigmak÷nlga istã lmgarparcha ma gcpltck4
▢ A lmvistljimta ì c vcrlcîça ha stagd hi gcpltck . I a lmvistljimta ì sijpri
lnuck c paupcmîc4
C iqucîça prlmglpck ha jahika pcrti hc iqucîça hi Diymis. Hamhi?
C pcrtlr hcqul gfinc ‗ si c prljilrc gamgkusça ha jahika?A grisgljimta ha prahuta ìhlrigtcjimti praparglamck c cgujukcîça ha gcpltck (∅D).
A kcha hc pragurc?
Rar autra kcha, cssujlmha qui c paupcmîc ì ujc eumîça ha rimhljimta i qui tahc paupcmîc ìlmvistlhc, imtça?
Wu`stltulmha c 0ª mc 3ª iqucîça a`tijas?
.
Hlvlhlmha cj`as as jij`ras hc iqucîça par \, tijas?
Istc ì c iqucîça eumhcjimtck ha jahika hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga gamstruêha par
Fcrrah i Hajcr .Yj jahika julta sljpkis jcs qui gfinc c gamgkusùis julta ljpartcmtis, qui sça?
▢ C cgujukcîça hi gcpltck oanc uj pcpik higlslva ma pragissa hi grisgljimta i hi
hisimvakvljimta hc igamajlc, mc jihlhc ij qui, par uj kcha cujimtc c aeirtc cnrinchc,ctrcvìs ha cujimta ha stagd hi gcpltck i hc rikcîça gcpltck ‗ prahuta su`ocgimti i, par autrakcha ecz cujimtcr c pragurc cnrinchc ctrcvìs hc prapimsça jcrnlmck c paupcr4
▢ A lmvistljimta hivi sir sijpri grisgimti pcrc qui a prahuta grisîc i si cujimti ctcxc hi paupcmîc qui pirjlti jclar cgujukcîça hi gcpltck i par gamsinulmti jclar
lmvistljimta ma pirêaha sinulmti. C tcxc hi grisgljimta ha prahuta hipimhi pasltlvcjimtihc prapimsça jcrnlmck c paupcr i ha rãgla gcpltck ‗ prahuta.
▢ A klvri eumglamcjimta hcs earîcs ha jirgcha mça ncrcmtij a iqulkê`rla cutajãtlga
hc igamajlc, migissltcmha sijpri hc lmtirvimîça ha istcha pcrc cssinurcr uj grisgljimta
igam÷jlga ij iqulkê`rla4
▢ Ixlsti cpimcs ujc i s÷ ujc ÿmlgc tcxc qui ncrcmti a grisgl jimta iqulkl`rcha hcigamajlc, parìj mchc ncrcmti qui issc tcxc sioc ckgcmîchc pikas cnimtis igam÷jlgas.
Cpiscr hc suc sljpklglhchi i hc gamtrl`ulîça qui isti jahika tivi mc c`arhcnij hagrisgljimta c kamna prcza, cknujcs grêtlgcs earcj hlrlnlhcs ca garpa ti÷rlga qui sustimtcvccs gamgkusùis ha jahika.
Grêtlgcs ca jahika?♥ A jahika gamslhirc a pranrissa tìgmlga lmgkuêha ma gcpltck, qucmha mc virhchi isti
mça istã4
♥ A jahika mça privï c hipriglcîça mij as rimhljimtas higrisgimtis c qui a gcpltckistã suoilta4
♥ A jahika gamslhirc qui a prlmglpck ecgtar hi grisgljimta hc igamajlc ì ccgujukcîça hi gcpltck, qucmha isti passul rimhljimtas higrisgimtis â jihlhc qui ì utlklzchama pragissa prahutlva4
♥ Minc c ixlstïmglc hc su`stltulîça imtri as ecgtaris hi prahuîça (gcpltck i trc`ckfa),qucmha istc ixlsti hi ecgta4
♥ Ma jahika hi Fcrrah i Hajcr c igamajlc cprisimtc uj iqulkê`rla lmstãvik hi tckearjc qui cpimcs ujc ÿmlgc tcxc ncrcmti a grisgljimta iqulkl`rcha. I si c igamajlc pirhi aiqulkê`rla mumgc vaktc c imgamtrcr issc trcoigt÷rlc. Ma kamna prcza c igamajlc gajpartc ‗ si
hi ujc earjc pirjcmimtijimti lmstãvik, riquirimha sijpri c lmtirvimîça ha istcha pcrcivltcr tcls hisiqulkê`rlas.
Cpiscr hi tir slha gamslhircha uj jahika eckfcha i hi ela hc mcvckfc, par mça prajavir agrisgljimta ma kamna prcza, a jahika hi Fcrrah ‗ Hajcr eal prljilra jahika c cprisimtcrhi earjc julta sljpkis i gkcrc as ecgtaris hitirjlmcmtis ha grisgljimta i c`rlu partcs pcrcjahikas jcls gajpkitas gcpczis hi ixpklgcr a grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs ma kamna prcza.
@csicmha ‗ si mc tiarlc gkãsslgc i mas jahikas hi grisgljimta hi Chcj Wjltf ‗ qui hieimhlcc pireiltc ja`lklhchi has ecgtaris hi prahuîça i a cousti cutajãtlga hc igamajlc hivlha csearîcs ha jirgcha4 hi Xfajcs Jcktfus ‗ qui cssinurcvc c migisslhchi ha gamtraka hc
mctcklhchi i ha grisgljimta hc papukcîça i a pirlna qui istc riprisimtcvc pcrc a grisgljimtahcs igamajlcs4 i hi Oasipf Wgfujpitir ‗ qui rivakuglamau cs lhilcs ha grisgljimta `csichamc cgujukcîça ha gcpltck i histcgau a pcpik ha ijprisãrla gaja cnimti prlmglpck mc grlcîçahi lhilcs mavcs, a quck gfcjau hi lmavcîça i ha pranrissa tigmak÷nlga gaja earjc hincrcmtlr a grisgljimta c kamna prcza, Pa`irt Wakaw earjukau a jcls jahirma i gajpkitajahika hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga ctì imtça hisimvakvlha, amhi tahcs cs quistùis kivcmtchcscgljc earcj gulhchascjimti trctchcs i lmgarparchcs.
A jahika hi Wakaw, hisimvakvlha ij 3<95, vila hcr rispastc ca jahika cprisimtcha parFcrrah i Hajcr, mcs hìgchcs hi 72 i 82 i pragurau hijamstrcr qui ujc igamajlc hijirgcha pahi grisgir ma kamna prcza hi earjc pirjcmimti, sustimtchc, gaj ujctrcoigt÷rlc hi iqulkê`rla rikctlvcjimti istãvik, sij qui fcoc c lmtirvimîça hlrigtc haistcha.
A jahika pcrti has pra`kijcs eumhcjimtcls hi quckquir cmãklsi hlmàjlgc?
♥ Ixlsti iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza1♥ I si ixlsti, issi iqulkê`rla ì istãvik au lmstãvik1
♥ Wi ixlstlr uj gfaqui, c igamajlc tirã gcpcglhchi hi vaktcr ca iqulkê`rla1
♥ A iqulkê`rla ì ÿmlga au jÿktlpka1
♥ A iqulkê`rla ì ÷ptlja ha pamta hi vlstc saglck1
Rcrc sustimtcr c suc tisi, Wakaw, istc`ikigiu mc suc cmãklsi cknums prissupastas, c sc`ir?
▢C eumîça hi prahuîça cprisimtc rimhljimtas gamstcmtis â isgckc rikctlvcjimti ctahas as sius ecgtaris cgujukãvils ca kamna ha tijpa, qui sça gcpltck (D) i trc`ckfa jihlhaij tirjas hi ielglïmglc ( I≣KC ), simha (K) sirvlîas ha trc`ckfa i (C) a mêvik hagamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga.
▢ Ixlstij rimhljimtas jcrnlmcls higrisgimtis mc cgujukcîça hi gcpltck (D)4
▢ C earîc hi trc`ckfa (K) grisgi c ujc tcxc gamstcmti, pasltlvc i ix÷nimc (m)34
3Gaj isti prissupasta Wakaw, cssinurcvc qui c papukcîça grisgi c ujc tcxc mcturck gamstcmti ca kamna hatijpa. Isti prlmgêpla vila c sir ujc hcs prlmglpcls grêtlgcs ca siu jahika hi grisgljimta.
▢ A gamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga (C) grisgi tcj`ìj c ujc tcxc gamstcmti, pasltlvc i
ix÷nimc. Wimha uj `ij pÿ`klga, imgamtrcmha ‗ si klvrijimti hlspamêvik ij tahc igamajlc iij taha a jumha4
▢ C tcxc hi paupcmîc ì gamstcmti, pasltlvc i ix÷nimc ( 2ˀsˀ3 )4
▢ As jirgchas hi `ims i sirvlîas i has ecgtaris prahutlvas eumglamcj ij
gamgarrïmglc pireiltc, lsta ì, mça ixlstij kugras ixtrcarhlmãrlas i c rijumircîça has ecgtarishi prahuîça sça lnucls cs sucs prahutlvlhchis jcrnlmcls.
Winumha Wakaw, c paupcmîc ì cutajctlgcjimti gcmcklzchc pcrc a lmvistljimta,lmhipimhimtijimti ha mêvik hi cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc, hi tck earjc qui, L≣W . Gaja c paupcmîc hipimhi ha rimhljimta , imtça , amhi ì c prapimsça jcrnlmck c
paupcr. Isgrivimha c iqucîça ij tirjas hi ielglïmglc tijas?
A stagd hi gcpltck eêslga hipimhi hi hucs earîcs? Ha lmvistljimta ̀ ruta i hc hipriglcîça
ha gcpltck
Csslj Wakaw cprisimtc cs iqucîùis eumhcjimtcls ha siu jahika?
Piprisimtc c eumîça hi prahuîça
Piprisimtc a lmvistljimta.
Piprisimtc c vcrlcîça ha gcpltck
Piprisimtc c vcrlcîça ha trc`ckfa
Piprisimtc c vcrlcîça ha gamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga
Pigamfigimha qui a lmvistljimta oancvc ljpartcmti pcpik mc cgujukcîça ha gcpltck i issi
ma stagd hi gcpltck, qui si trchuz ij lmvistljimta i grisgljimta, c nrcmhi priagupcîça hiWakaw irc sc`ir gaja a ‛ stagd ‚ hi gcpltck rispamhirlc âs vcrlcîùis ha gcpltck ij pirêahassugisslvas, tarmcmha ‗ a csslj muj jahika hlmàjlga. Gamgkulu imtça qui c prahuîça ijtirjas lmtimslvas ì ujc eumîça ha stagd hi gcpltck ij tirjas lmtimslvas, lsta ì?
Gaj`lmcmha tahcs cs iqucîùis ha jahika, Wakaw hirlvau imtça ciqucîça eumhcjimtck ha
Winumha a jahika, a iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza ì ckgcmîcha csslj qui si ctlmni a mêvik hi
gcpltck par umlhchi hi trc`ckfa ielglimti(D*) pcrc a quck a stagd hi gcpltck par umlhchi hitrc`ckfa ielglimti mça si cktirc.
Ij tirjas jctijãtlgas, lssa si hã lnuckcmha c iqucîça 3 c zira . Lsta ì?
Wimha D* a stagd hi gcpltck par umlhchi hi trc`ckfa ielglimti (d/m) qui mas hã a iqulkê`rla hikamna prcza ha slstijc istuhcha.
Rartcmta, ma iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza, a lmvistljimta, ij tirjas c`sakutas, sirvi cpimcs pcrc gajpimscr c hipriglcîça ha gcpltck ij tirjas c`sakutas i pcrc ripar a mêvik hi gcpltck par umlhchi hi trc`ckfa ielglimti.
Ixlsti ujc rinrc hi aura pcrc c cgujukcîça ha gcpltck, qui sinumha Wakaw gamslsti ijhitirjlmcr c tcxc hi paupcmîc (c qui hitirjlmc a mêvik hi lmvistljimta i a mêvik higamsuja) qui gamhuz c ujc sltucîça hi iqulkê`rla istcglamãrla ij qui a gamsuja pirgcpltck ì jãxlja . A mêvik jãxlja hi gamsuja qui as cnimtis igam÷jlgas pahij a`tir ma
kamna prcza ì hislnmcha parr inrc hi aur a hc cgu jukcîça hi gcpltck .
Gamgkusùis ha jahika?
◁ A iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza ixlsti i ì ÿmlga 4
◁A iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza sinumha a jahika ì istãvik, oã qui lmhipimhimtijimtiha pamta hi pcrtlhc c igamajlc gamvirni pcrc ujc trcoigt÷rlc hi grisgljimta iqulkl`rcha4
◁ C igamajlc gamvirni pcrc ujc trcoigt÷rlc hi grisgljimta iqulkl`rcha hi kamna
prcza, qui qucmha ckgcmîchc, gchc vcrlãvik grisgi c ujc tcxc gamstcmti.
◁ Ma iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza, a prahuta i a gcpltck pir gcpltc grisgij cpimcs siixlstlr grisgljimta ma mêvik tigmak÷nlga4 lsta ì, si Rartcmta, c jikfarlc hcs gamhlîùis
jìhlcs hi vlhc hcs papukcîùis hipimhi lmtilrcjimti hc tcxc hi grisgljimta hc tigmakanlc4
◁ A grisgljimta igam÷jlga mça hipimhi hi quckquir earîc imh÷nimc, lsta ì, gaja c
tcxc hi grisgljimta hc prahuîça ì lnuck c , i istcs hucs vcrlãvils sça cssujlhcs gaja
ix÷nimcs, imtça a istcha pauga au mchc pahi eczir ma simtlha hi eajimtcr a grisgljimta makamna prcza4
◁ C rinrc haurchc hc cgujukcîça ha gcpltck ì pcssêvik hi sir ckgcmîchc. Ma imtcmta, ì
pauga pravãvik qui as cnimtis prlvchas hc igamajlc ctlmocj cutajctlgcjimti ujc tcxc hi paupcmîc gcpcz hi jcxljlzcr a gamsuja imtri vãrlas iqulkê`rlas hi kamna prcza passêvils.Rartcmta,istcha mça ceigtc c tcxc hi grisgljimta hi kamna prcza jcs pahi lmtirvlr hi earjc cjcxljlzcr a gamsuja mc igamajlc4
◁ Ma iqul kê`rla hi kamna prcza, as sckãrlas ricls grisgij â tcxc hi grisgljimta hagamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga, imqucmta c tcxc hi kugra rick pirjcmigi gamstcmti4
◁ Ma iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza, c hlstrl`ulîça ha rimhljimta imtri rijumircîça ha
gcpltck i ha trc`ckfa pirjcmigi gamstcmti4
◁ A jahika privï c ixlstïmglc hi gamvirnïmglc igam÷jlgc imtri as pcêsis pa`ris i as
pcêsis rlgas, i qucmha istc gamvirnïmglc istlvir gajpkitchc tahcs cs igamajlcs tirça ajisja mêvik hi gcpltck, prahuta i gamsuja ij tirjas lmtimslvas.
Grltlgcs ca jahika i c gamtrl`ulîça hi Rcuk Pajir
Cpiscr hi tir slha a jcls gajpkita i jahirma jahika hi grisgljimta hisimvakvlha ctì âhctc, cknujcs grêtlgcs surnlrcj gamtrc a jahika hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga hi Pa`irt Wakaw. Ma imtcmta, eal c pcrtlr histi qui si hisimvakviu a jahika hi grisgljimta imh÷nima, hamhiRcuk Pajir si elrjau gaja uj has plamilras, ca imhanimilzcr a jahika hi Wakaw.
Cs prlmglpcls grêtlgcs earcj?
♥ As jirgchas mij sijpri si imgamtrcj ij gamgarrïmglc pireiltc4
♥ Wi cs tcxcs hi paupcmîc i c earîc hi trc`ckfa mça sça umlearjis, partcmta cgamstàmglc ha siu grisgljimta mça ì virlelgãvik mc jclar pcrti hcs igamajlcs4 ujc viz qui a prahuta pahi vcrlcr hi cma pcrc cma, hivlha c hlvirsas ecgtaris imh÷nimas au ix÷nimas (mêvik prahuîça, gkljc igam÷jlga, gfaquis ixtirmas, itg.) i c papukcîça grisgir c cktirmchcs tcxcshi cma pcrc cma, lmekuimglchcs par mctcklhchi rihuzlhc au cgimtuchc, pikc ijlnrcîça au pikcljlnrcîça i pikc jartcklhchi. Rar autra kcha, a grisgljimta hc papukcîça mça ì mij hi kamni,
praparglamck ca grisgljimta hc earîc hi trc`ckfa lj`uêhc ma pragissa prahutlva, gajahieimhi Wakaw. Rals si csslj eassi, mça fcvirlc hisijprina.0
♥ Cs hlstarîùis has tirjas hi tragc i cs su`jlssùis c qui as pcêsis pa`ris istçasuoiltas cas pcêsis rlgas, ij tirjas elmcmgilras i gajirglcls cgrisgij a nrcu hi hlelgukhchi
i/au pahij jisja cecstcr c passl`lklhchi hi gamvirnïmglc hcs igamajlcs4
♥ A jahika privï qui c tigmakanlc ì uj `ij klvri ma jumha i quckquir pcês pahlc tircgissa4 istc tiarlc eal riearjukchc parRcuk Pajir ca lmtirlarlzcr c tigmakanlc mcs igamajlcsgaja uj prahuta ha lmvistljimta ij cgtlvlhchis hi R&H hi gchc pcês4 Mij tahas pcêsistïj c passl`lklhchi hi hisimvakvi ‗ kc i par lssa tïj hi lmgarrir c ljpartcîça i supartcrgustas ikivchas. Isti pragissa cgc`c par ctrcscr clmhc jcls c gamvirnïmglc imtri csigamajlcs has pcêsis pa`ris i rlgas.
Isti cutar lmgkul c tigmakanlc mc eumîça hi prahuîça hisgrltc par Wakaw, cssinurcmha qui istiikljlmc as rimhljimtas higrisgimtis c isgckc ha gcpltck.
3.7.7 ‗ Xiarlc ha Hisimvakvljimta Iqulkl`rcha
A jahika hi hisimvakvljimta iqulkl`rcha eal hisimvakvlha par igamajlstcs ha @J i haEJL, himtri ikis tijas c histcgcr Fcms Wlmnir, Rcuk Pasimstilm ‗ Pahcm, Pcnmcr Mursdi,Nummcr Jyrhck, Crtfur Kiwls, N. Gaklm Gkcrd, ^.^.Pastaw, Ck`irt Flrsfjcm i autras, c
jclarlc nrcvltcvc ij tarma ha Hipcrtcjimta Igam÷jlga i Waglck hc AMY, guoa a`oigtlva ircistuhcr i hiklmicr cs gamhlîùis pcrc a grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs ctrcschcs, vlsta qui tahasjahikas i tiarlcs ctì imtça hisimvakvlhas mça tlmfcj slha ielgczis mas pcêsis pirleìrlgas.
C tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta mça si priagupau ij ikc`arcr i cprisimtcr jahikas ti÷rlgas aujuktlpklgcr eumîùis hi prahuîça, jcs ij grlcr lmstrujimtas hi lmtirvimîça gcpczis hiistljukcr c prahuîça i c prahutlvlhchi mas pcêsis ctrcschas.
Mça simha praprlcjimti ujc tiarlc hi grisgljimta jcs slj hi hisimvakvljimta, hlstcmglcvc ‗ si hc prljilrc par qucmta ikc mça `usgcvc a iqulkê`rla nirck, jcs gajpriimhir gajajirgchas lmglplimtis i histltuêhas hcs earîcs hlmàjlgcs qui nircj cs pr÷prlcs kils hcsigamajlcs gcpltcklstcs (kils hc aeirtc i hc pragurc) puhissij c`sarvir lmvistljimtas, passl`lkltcr c grlcîça hi rimhljimta i vlc`lklzcr a pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta hissis pcêsis.
C `csi ti÷rlgc hc tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta surnlu mcs prljilrcs hìgchcs ha sìguka VV, gajas igamajlstcs Oasipf Wgfujpitir i Ckkym \aumn.
0A jahika hi Wakaw mça si cpklgc âs igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs, ujc viz qui chjlti prissupasta cpimcsvirlelgãvils mas pcêsis lmhustrlcklzchas gaja ixlstïmglc ha pkima ijprina ha ecgtar trc`ckfa.
Oasipf Wgfujpitir earmigirc as cklgirgis hc tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta, gaj sucs amhcs hilmvistljimta c ctrapikcr lmgisscmtijimti cs gamhlîùis hi iqulkê`rla. Mc suc a`rc C Xiarlc haHisimvakvljimta Igam÷jlga (3<92), Wgfujpitir hieimhi qui a gcpltcklsja mça ì ujslstijc istãtlga cgajahcha ij tarma ha iqulkê`rla grlcha i hieimhlha pikas gkãsslgas
(^ckrcs, Chcj Wjltf i autras), jcs uj slstijc hlmàjlga, gaj ujc vcstc amhc hi lmavcîùistigmak÷nlgcs, gaj gaj`lmcîùis cktirmctlvcs hi ecgtaris hi prahuîça, scktas hi prahutlvlhchi imavas prahutas qui nircj ecsis hi ixpcmsça i hi gamtrcgîça hc cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc.
Csslj a cpcrigljimta hi ujc amhc hi lmvistljimtas gaj mavcs gcrcgtirêstlgcs (lmavcîùis)muj gamoumta hi lmhÿstrlcs risuktcrlc muj nrcmhi grisgljimta hi `ims hi gamsuja i mcikivcîça ha rimhljimta rick. Ma imtcmta, c nrcmhi quistça hi Wgfujpitir irc hi sc`ir gajaisscs amhcs hi lmavcîùis sirlcj prahuzlhcs mas pcêsis ctrcschas.
Ckkym \aumn ritajcmha a gamgilta hi prahutlvlhchi, ij siu crtlna hi 3<06, ‛ Lmgricslmn
Piturms cmh Igamajlg Rranriss‚ , csslmckau qui ikc ì ljpartcmti parqui oanc hupka pcpik mcigamajlc. Au sioc, si par uj kcha c prahutlvlhchi ceigtc eartijimti c aeirtc ma simtlha hicjpklc ‗ kc, par autra, ikc ceigtc slnmlelgctlvcjimti c pragurc ma simtlha hi ixpcmhl ‗ kc4qucmta jclar c prahutlvlhchi jclar a sckãrla i, gaja tck, jclar a pahir hi gajprc hasgamsujlharis, a qui ecz cujimtcr c pragurc lmhlvlhuck i hi jirgcha.
Famn hijamstrau qui scktas hi prahutlvlhchi gamhuzij c rimhljimtas grisgimtis, prlmglpckjimti c pcrtlr hi igamajlcs ixtirmcs, hcs qucls si `imielglcrlcj as mavaslmvistljimtas prahutlvas. Csslj, a cutar gamtrcrlcvc eramtckjimti c kil gkãsslgc hasrimhljimtas higrisgimtis.
Issis cutaris cgc`cvcj imtça hi kcmîcr cs `csis pcrc a surnljimta hc tiarlc hahisimvakvljimta.
Pasimstilm - Pahcm pcrtlc hc gamstctcîça hi qui fcvlc uj ixgissa hi jça ‗ hi ‗
a`rc gamgimtrchc mcs cgtlvlhchis prljãrlcs, ij pcrtlgukcr mc cnrlgukturc hissis pcêsis, qui as kivcvc c uj hisijprina gcjuekcha, qui ljpklgcvc aglaslhchi hi
rigursas, `clxc prahutlvlhchi, jirgcha ristrlta i jahistcs passl`lklhchis hi
grisgljimta.
Gaja sakuîça, istis cutaris lmhlgcj a surnljimta i hisimvakvljimta hc lmhÿstrlc,
pcrc qui a ixgissa hi jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc imgamtrchc ma sigtar cnrêgakc, sioc trcmseirlha
pcrc a sigtar lmhustrlck hivlha cs migisslhchis ha pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça4
Gaja gamsiquïmglc, a cujimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc, ha rimhljimta pir gcpltc , agamsuja cgc`crlcj par cujimtcr a prahuta i a ijprina i ckcrncr a jirgcha.
A `clxa sckãrla praplglc `clxa grisgljimta hc pragurc hi `ims i sirvlîas. Kana,
jikfaris sckãrlas sirvlrlcj pcrc hiskagcr c jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc hissis sigtaris pcrc a
sigtar lmhustrlck.
Rcrc si uktrcpcsscr tahc issc tilc hi su`hisimvakvljimta, Kiwls prapùij imtça uj
jahika hi hisimvakvljimta gimtrcha mc l jpkijimtcîça hi ujc pcm÷pklc hi
lmhÿstr lcs gamgctimchcs i gajpk ijimtcr is hi tck jaha qui ujcs ijpr iscs siocjgamsujlhar is has prahutas hcs autrcs i vlgi ‗ virsc , nircmha csslj uj gamoumta
hi ieiltas ixtirmas pasltlvas i slmirnlcs migissãrlcs pcrc a grisgljimta i
jcmutimîça hcs jisjcs.
C tisi ha nrcmhi ljpuksa
Yjc hcs nrcmhis gamtrl`ulîùis hi Pasimstilm - Pahcm pcrc c tiarlc hi
hisimvakvljimta eal c lmtrahuîça ha gamgilta hi ‛ `ln pusf ‚ .
Xahc igamajlc ctrcschc priglsc hi uj nrcmhi sckta pcrc ckgcmîcr a
hisimvakvljimta. I isti sckta s÷ pahi sir ck gcm îcha gaj c l jpkijimtcîça hi
nrcmhis ijpr iscs au pcrqu is lmhu str lcls .
Rcrc qui tck agarrc ì migissãrla qui fcoc gamhlîùis jêmljcs pcrc qui issis nrcmhis
lmvistljimtas timfcj kuncr, c sc`ir?
♥ Yj vakuji hi rigursas qui vlc`lklzi c ljpkijimtcîça hi nrcmhis ijpriscs4
♥ Yjc jcssc hi rigursas qui vlc`lklzi as lmvistljimtas ij vãrlas sigtaris, ij
sljuktàmia, hi jaha qui fcoc ujc pragurc lmtirsigtarlck earti4
♥ I uj jirgcha suelglimtijimti nrcmhi pcrc c`sakvir as `ims i sirvlîas qui sirça
prahuzlhas.
Fcvimha gkcrcjimti ecktc hi gamhlîùis qui ncrcmtcj c ljpkijimtcîça hcs nrcmhis
ijpriscs qui sça, par marjc ctrcêhcs par ikivchcs tcxcs hi kugrctlvlhchi, ì migissãrla quifcoc ujc jcssc hi lmvistljimtas ij lmerc ‗ istruturcs, slhirurnlc, pitraquêjlgc,
tikigajumlgcîùis, imirnlc, ãnucs ijpriscs qui pahirlcj ctì apircr gaj gcpcglhchi
aglasc mc ecsi lmlglck i qui `usgcssij tcxcs hi kugras `clxcs (kugra saglck), qucmha mça
priouêzas, pcrc vlc`lklzcr a surnljimta hi mavas lmvistljimtas gaj cktcs tcxcs hi
kugrctlvlhchi, ujc viz qui as lmsujas kfis sirça earmiglhas c gustas `clxas, hamhi cs
igamajlcs ixtirmcs i hi isgckc sirlcj risuktchas gkcras ha pragissa.
Pasimstilm ‗ Pahcm gamslhirc a istcha gaja c ÿmlgc lmstltulîça gcpcz hi ricklzcr tclslmvistljimtas. A istcha tarmc ‗ si csslj ma nrcmhi jatar ha grisgljimta, mc ecsi lmlglck
hc lmhustrlcklzcîça i ha hisimvakvljimta ha pcês.
Pcnmcr Mursdi mc suc jcls gamfiglhc a`rc ‖‖Rra`kijcs hc Earjcîça hi Gcpltcls mas
tigmakanlgcjimti cvcmîcha. Ma imtcmta, issis ti÷rlgas elgcrcj sujlhas ma tijpa i mça
trauxircj as su`sêhlas mavas qui ikc migissltcvc par lssa, c tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta
elgau vimglhc.
3.7.8 ‗ Jahika Imh÷nima hi Grisgljimta Igam÷jlga
Cs prljilrcs lmvistlncîùis ha ieilta hc ihugcîça sa`ri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga lmlglcrcj ‗ si ieigtlvcjimti mas cmas 52 gaj cs pu`klgcîùis hi Wgfuktz (3<57), sa`ri a vckar igam÷jlgahc ihugcîça i @igdir (3<58) gaj c tiarlc ha gcpltck fujcma. Cs hleirimîcs a`sirvchcs magrisgljimta hcs igamajlcs i c c`sarîça ieigtlvc hi ecgtaris hi prahuîça tïj c sucixpklgcîça ctrl`uêhc âs jikfarlcs ma ecgtar trc`ckfa qui ikivcj suc gcpcglhchi prahutlvc inircj cujimtas hi prahutlvlhchi, as qucls si riekigtij, ij ÿktljc lmstàmglc ij cujimtas hi `ij ‗ istcr hc papukcîça. Hishi imtça a gamgilta hi gcpltck fujcma pcssau c sir lmgarparcha
mc kltircturc ha grisgljimta lmlglchc par Wakaw (3<9>). Yjc qucmtlhchi slnmlelgctlvc hiistuhas i crtlnas tïj slha ikc`archas mcs ÿktljcs hìgchcs gaj c elmcklhchi hi qucmtlelgcr cgamtrl`ulîça has lmvistljimtas ij gcpltck fujcma pcrc a grisgljimta hc prahutlvlhchi hasecgtaris i csslj, ha grisgljimta igam÷jlga.
C tiarlc ha gcpltck fujcma ì c jcls rigimti hcs tiarlcs hi hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga. Astrc`ckfas rieirimtis c lmtrahuîça ha gcpltck fujcma earcj eartijimti imectlzchas par Pajir(3<65), qui lmtrahuzlu ujc mavc earjc hi gamgi`ir a grisgljimta hi kamna prcza hcsigamajlcs ctrcvìs ha jahika lmlglck hi Wakaw, mcquiki qui elgau gamfiglha gaja jahikaimh÷nima hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga. Pa`irt Kugcs (3<66) lmsplrcha mc tiarlc hi Ncry @igdir(3<58) lmtrahuzlu uj gamoumta hi jahlelgcîùis mas prissupastas `ãslgas ha jahika hiWakaw, ljpukslamcmha csslj uj mava pcrchlnjc ij jctìrlc hi jahikas hi grisgljimtaigam÷jlga.
C lhilc prlmglpck gimtrchc mas jahikas hi grisgljimta imh÷nima risuktc hcmigisslhchi hcsupircîça has rimhljimtas higrisgimtis ma pragissa hi prahuîça . Sui pahij agarrir hihucs jcmilrcs?
◁ C mêvik hc igamajlc cnrinchc, ij ecgi hcs ixtirmcklhchis nirchcs pikc cgtucîça hcs
elrjcs lmhlvlhuckjimti qui kivcrlcj c nircîça hi rimhljimtas grisgimtis ij tirjas hiigamajlc cnrinchc (Pajir - 3<65)4
◁ I pikc nircîça hi ixtirmcklhchis qui kivcrlcj c rimhljimtas grisgimtis mc eumîçahi prahuîça cnrinchc (Kugcs ‗ 3<66), cktircmha csslj, as risuktchas ha jahika miagkãsslga
Winumha istuhas sa`ri a pchrça hi ihugcîça mas hleirimtis pcêsis par @crra i Kii (3<<7,3<<5 i 0222) i cs istljctlvcs sa`ri as ritarmas hc ihugcîça hi Rscgfcrapaukas (3<<8 i3<<9), tij pirjltlha jahas cktirmctlvas hi jahikcnij ha gcpltck fujcma ma pragissa higrisgljimta hi hisimvakvljimta.
As risuktchas cpamtcj qui a mÿjira jìhla hi cmas hi isgakcrlhchi, gamearji cs hleirimtisjihlhcs chaptchcs, cprisimtcj ‗ si eartijimti garrikcglamchcs gaj cs tcxcs hi prahutlvlhchi. Rar autra kcha, istuha sa`ri c gamtc`lklhchi ha grisgljimta cpamtc pcrc ujcnrcmhi gamtrl`ulîça ha gcpltck fujcma ma grisgljimta hc prahutlvlhchi au gaja ecgtarhitirjlmcmti hcs hleirimîcs mas mêvils hi prahutlvlhchi imtri as pcêsis.
3.7.9 ‗ Xiarlc ha Hisimvakvljimta Wustimtãvik
A grisgljimta hcs gamstcmtis cnrissùis ca jila cj`limti hivlha c erimìtlgc vikaglhchi hclmhustrlcklzcîça i ha grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs jumhlcls nirau ujc mavc garrimti hi pimscjimta, qui prapùi c cktircîça has pchrùis hi gamstltulîça hc rlquizc hcs mcîùis i c priagupcîça qui istis hivij tir gaj a jila cj`limti. Istc garrimti elgau gamfiglhc parigamajlstcs igak÷nlgas, qui eiz surnlr mc ispiglcklhchi a tirja igahisimvakvljimta auhisimvakvljimta sustimtãvik ma lmêgla hc hìgchc hi >2, gaj a a`oigtlva hi istc`ikigir askljltis sa`ri as jahikas i vakujis hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga erimti â migisslhchi hi prisirvcîça ha jila cj`limti.
As igamajlstcs igak÷nlgas (Jcrlkimi Wcmtas, Ihwcrh A. ^lksam, Oasì Ulinc, IhucrhaIfkirs) hieimhij c igamajlc igak÷nlgc gaja pcrti hi uj slstijc julta jclar, amhi asrigursas mcturcls sça gajpkijimtas has hijcls ecgtaris hi prahuîça ixlstimtis i qui hivcjsir rcglamckjimti utlklzchas hcha c suc gamhlîça hi isnatcjimta i/au hi isgcssiz.
Ij 3<<0, ma @rcslk, eal ricklzchc c prljilrc Gameirïmglc hcs Mcîùis Ymlhcs sa`ri a JilaCj`limti i Hisimvakvljimta, qui elgau gamfiglhc par Pla <0 au Iga <0. A pranrcjc
cpravcha, Cnimhc 03, eal c earjc hlrigtc qui c AMY utlklzau pcrc ericr c hinrchcîça ha jilacj`limti c isgckc jumhlck. A a`oigtlva prlmglpck hc Cnimhc 03 ì c prisirvcîça ha jilacj`limti, gamslhircmha qui a cnimti prlmglpck hissi gimãrla ‗ a fajij ‗ ì par mcturizc anrcmhi histrulhar, quir par lmtirissis igam÷jlgas quir par pratigîça c sl pr÷prla i c siunrupa.
Wajimti ij 3<<0 gaj c cpravcîça ha tixta sa`ri cs juhcmîcs gkljãtlgcs, pcssau ‗ si chlsgutlr as cgirtas i rispamsc`lklhchis pcrc as jclaris pakulharis jumhlcls.
Mc gamvimîça hi Sulata, ma Ocpça elgcrcj istc`ikiglhcs cs pakêtlgcs i jihlhcs ljpihltlvcsha grisgljimta ha mêvik lmtirmcglamck hi pakulîça ctjaseìrlgc, kljltcmha c qucmtlhchi hi
c sir kl`irtchc par gchc pcês passulhar. A Rratagaka hi Sulata pcssau tcj`ìj c pirjltlr qui pcrti ha c`ctljimta has ieiltas pirmlglasas has ncsis gaj ieilta istuec, passcj sir ricklzchcsij autras pcêsis, hishi qui trcmseirlhas pcrc istis rigursas jamitãrlas i tigmakanlcs kljpcs.
As girtlelgchas hi qucklhchi has `ims i sirvlîas sça tcj`ìj risuktchas ha mava gamgilta hi
hisimvakvljimta hamhi c celrjcîça hi uj mava pchrça hi gamsujlharis i hi gamsujagkcrcjimti jcls ixlnimti i gamsirvchar ha jila cj`limti, passl`lkltcmha c hlspaml`lklzcîçahas gfcjchas sikas virhis hi qucklhchi (girtlelgcîça hi qucklhchi - LWA) i arlnij has `ims.
As gustas cj`limtcls sça lrripcrãvils i prajavij jahlelgcîùis hlrigtcs i lmhlrigtcs mcscÿhi, sinurcmîc i `ij ‗ istcr hcs papukcîùis prisimtis i euturcs, `ij gaja lmtireirij mcscgtlvlhchis saglcls igam÷jlgcs, sij gamtcr gaj as risuktchas istìtlgas i scmltãrlas ha jilacj`limti i c qucklhchi has rigursas ristcmtis, elgcmha hissc earjc hleêglk cvcklcr,
ispiglelgcjimti as `imieêglas ij rikcîça cas gustas saglcls.
Ij risuja a hisimvakvljimta sustimtãvik ì cquiki qui si hã mc `csi hc rcglamcklhchi hasrigursas i mc sustimtc`lklhchi ha pr÷prla pragissa hi grisgljimta sij hilxcr kinchas hihêvlhcs lmsustimtãvils âs nircîùis vlmhaurcs, jcs pika gamtrãrla, cs gamhlîùis pcrc ujcjikfar qucklhchi hi vlhc.
3.8 ‗ Istrctìnlcs hi Hisimvakvljimta Igam÷jlga
Xrczijas pcrc istc sigîça cs prlmglpcls istrctìnlcs chaptchcs pikas pcêsis faoilmhustrlcklzchas i qui gamtlmucj c sir chaptchcs par hlvirsas pcêsis pcrc hcrij crrcmqui ca pragissa hi grisgljimta sustimtcha i rihuîça hc hipimhïmglc ixtirmc.
Misti pcrtlgukcr cprisimtcjas trïs istrctìnlcs jcls utlklzchcs pikcs igamajlcs i c passl`lklhchi hi cpklgcîça ma gcsa hajìstlga.
3.8.3 ‗ Istrctìnlc hi Wu`stltulîça hcs Ljpartcîùis
Ij tirjas nircls isti jahika vlsc c su`stltulîça has `ims ljpartchas par jila hi ujcixpcmsça i jikfarlc slnmlelgctlvc ha cpcrikfa prahutlva lmtirma i gamsiquimti ckcrncjimtaha jirgcha mcglamck.
As lmvistljimtas sinuij ujc trcoigt÷rlc hi ouscmti pcrc jamtcmti, passl`lkltcmha crigupircîça ha tiglha prahutlva ixlstimti, pcrtlmha hc prahuîça ij jcssc hi `ims higamsuja garrimti, pcsscmha hipals pcrc as hurchauras i ij ÿktljc lmstàmglc as `ims hilmhÿstrlc pischc.
Imvakvi a sigtar cnra ‗ ckljimtcr i c lmhÿstrlc klnilrc. Majichcjimti c cnrlgukturc ecjlklcr iijpriscrlck, lmhustrlc ckljimtcr, hi `i`lhcs, tïxtils, vistuãrla i gckîchas, pcpik i hirlvchas, pkãstlgas, jchilrc i hirlvchas, jlmircls mça jitãklgas i c lmhÿstrlc hi gamstruîça.
A sugissa histc istrctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta rislhi mcs lmÿjircs `crrilrcs tcrleãrlcs i
chucmilrcs c ljpar cas prahutas ljpartchas, mc grlcîça hi gamhlîùis qui ecvariîcj c aeirtc(rijaîça has a`stãgukas istruturcls), mas lmgimtlvas ca lmvistljimta prlvcha i mc grlcîça higamhlîùis qui istljukij uj cujimta hc pragurc i a gamsiquimti ckcrncjimta ha jirgchalmtirma7.
Cs kljltcîùis cpamtchcs c issi tlpa hi jahika sça?
♥ Ercgc hljimsça ha jirgcha i hìelgi hc pragurc cnrinchc4
♥ Hlstarîùis higarrimtis ha cnrcvcjimta hcs tcxcs chucmilrcs4♥ Isgcssiz hi hlvlscs qui kivc c hipriglcîça hc jaihc mcglamck, higarrimti ha
cujimta hc pragurc hi hlvlscs pcrc eczir ecgi cs migisslhchis hi ljpartcîça hi `ims4
♥ Ercquizc cgtuck ha sigtar cnrêgakc, qui si cssuji gaja a sigtar hc nìmisi hc prahuîça lmtirmc i hisimvakvljimta hcs lmhÿstrlcs gfcvis pcrc kivcr c gc`a a jahika4
♥ Ikivchc hipimhïmglc ixtirmc mc sinumhc i tirgilrc ecsis ha jahika hihisimvakvljimta hi su`stltulîça hcs ljpartcîùis4
Imtri as pcêsis qui utlklzcrcj isti jahika hisimvakvljimta, pahijas gltcr c jclarlc has pcêsis hc Iurapc gimtrck i ha marti, hc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc gaja @rcslk, Crnimtlmc i Gflki, asIYC, itg.
3.8.0 ‗ Istrctìnlc hi Rrajaîça hcs Ixpartcîùis
A jahika hi prajaîça hcs ixpartcîùis ì cpamtcha gaja simha simça a jahika jclscpraprlcha pcrc as pcêsis cerlgcmas, sinumha cs lmstltulîùis hi @rittam ^aahs .
C lhilc su`ocgimti c isti jahika hi hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga rislhi muj nrcmhi vakujihi ljpartcîça hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs, mc utlklzcîça hi mavcs tigmakanlcs pcrc utlklzcîça mc prahuîça vlscmha prljarhlckjimti ctlmnlr a jirgcha lmtirmcglamck, c kl`ircklzcîça hcigamajlc i mcs pakêtlgcs elsgcls hi lmgimtlvas ca lmvistljimta prlvcha.
As lmvistljimtas sinuij c jisjc trcoigt÷rlc qui ma jahika cmtirlar, hi ouscmti â jamtcmti,i passul c prlmglpck vcmtcnij hi eajimtcr a ijprina ritlrcmha a ixgissa hc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rclj`uêhc ma sigtar cnrêgakc (jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc aglasc)
7Ij Cmnakc par ixijpka, isscs gamhlîùis pcsscj par ujc jikfarlc hcs pakêtlgcs saglcls `csichcs ma cujimtaha sckãrla jêmlja mcglamck, su`sêhla hi hisijprina, sinurcmîc saglck i autras.
◁ Ercquizc ha sigtar cnrêgakc ‗ hamhi c gcpcglhchi hi nircîça hilmputs pcrc a sigtarlmhustrlck4
◁ Ecktc hi ixpirlïmglc lmhustrlck ‗ pikc ercgc lmhustrlcklzcîça ha pcês i `clxa mêvik hitigmakanlc4
◁ Mça ctrcgîça ha lmvistljimta ixtirma, par uj kcha hit irjlmcha pika `clxa mêvik hihisimvakvljimta tigmak÷nlga, par autra pikc ercgc hljimsça ha jirgcha i pakêtlgcsigam÷jlgcs ristrltlvcs4
◁ Hlelgukhchi hi pimitrcîça has prahutas mcglamcls mas pcêsis rlgas (iurapius i
cjirlgcmas) ‗ misti pcrtlgukcr tijas c gamslhircr a pratigglamlsja hisscs igamajlcs ij
rigi`ir prahutas trcmsearjchas arlumhas has pcêsis pa`ris jarjimti hc Ãerlgc i hc Ãslc.Isti jahika tij slha julta sinulha pikas pcêsis ha suhisti cslãtlgas i tij hcha risuktchassctlsect÷rlas ma pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta hcquikcs igamajlcs hishi c hìgchc hi 52.
Rcrc a massa pcês, c cpklgcîça histi jahika pahi gajiîcr gaj a hisimvakvljimta hclmhÿstrlc klnilrc, tcls gaja vistuãrla, gckîcha, prahutas hi gaura i jchilrc, `i`lhcs i autras prahutas guoc jctìrlc ‗ prljc sioc c`umhcmti i lmtimslva ij jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc.
3.8.7 ‗ Istrctìnlc hi Lmhustrlcklzcîça @csichc mc Lmhÿstrlc Rischc
Cpklgcîça histi jahika hi hisimvakvljimta ì sustimtchc pikc migisslhchi hi kl`irtcîça hchipimhïmglc tigmak÷nlgc ixtirmc4 hamhi c hleusça has ieiltas hi cprimhlzcnij risuktcmtis hchlspaml`lklhchi c jamtcmti hujc aeirtc hi `ims hi iqulpcjimta i lmtirjihlãrlas c `clxa priîa gimtrchc mc prlarlzcîça hc lmhÿstrlc pischc (slhirurnlc i pitraquêjlgc) i hi uj sigtarhi ̀ ims hi iqulpcjimtas.
Cs prlmglpcls kljltcîùis cpamtchcs c isti jahika sça?
Wça migissãrlcs imarjis qucmtlhchis hi vckaris jamitãrlas pcrc ricklzcr cvuktchaslmvistljimtas mcs ãrics hi cgtucîça.
▢ C rihuzlhc hljimsça ha jirgcha lmtirma ‗ qui cgc`c par praparglamcr gcpcglhchiaglasc par uj kcha i, par autra, a siu sugissa elgc julta hipimhimti hc vakctlklhchi has priîas mas jirgchas lmtirmcglamcls4
▢ Ercgc gcpcglhchi hi nircîça hi ijprina ‗ lmhÿstrlcs lmtimslvcs ij gcpltck,c`sarvimha julta paugc jça hi ‗ a`rc4
▢ Cusïmglc hi gcpcglhc hi lmtirmc pcrc c`sarvir as ieiltas lmtirsigtarlcls, qui sçaarlnlmchas pikc mça gamsaklhcîça ha cpcrikfa prahutlva i pika hielglimti eumglamcjimta hasristcmtis sigtaris.
Isti jahika eal eartijimti ljpkijimtcha mcs hìgchcs hi >2 i 62 ij pcêsis gaja Crnìklc,
Lrça, Lrcqui, itg.
Ij Cmnakc, suc cpklgcîça pahi sir eiltc ctrcvìs ha sigtar jlmilra ij ispiglck a pitrakêeira ia hlcjcmtêeira. Rarìj, gaj cs ristrlîùis cgljc lhimtlelgchcs hivij sir hielmlhcs jitcs inirchcs rinukcjimtcîùis i jihlhcs hitirjlmchcs qui ctimuij as ieiltas pirmlglasashigarrimtis hc suc ljpkijimtcîça i ixiguîça.
Gamgkulmha i risujlmha pahijas celrjcr qui hchcs patimglcklhchis igam÷jlgcs inianrãelgcs, a pcês pahi aptcr par ujc istrctìnlc qui riÿmc as trïs jahikas, hishi qui siocjhikljltchas as rcjas hi cgtlvlhchis i ikiltas as prahutas qui, mujc prljilrc ecsi, aeiriîcjvcmtcnims gajpcrctlvcs ij rikcîça cas prahutaris hc rinlça.
3.9 ‗ Lmekcîça
3.9.3 ‗ Matc Lmtrahut÷rlc
A pragissa lmekcglamãrla hisimgchilc ‗ si par rczùis vãrlcs i as jigcmlsjas i lmstrujimtashi gaj`cti vcrlcj ij eumîça hcs sucs gcuscs.
Rarìj, cpiscr hi ij klmfcs nircls, sirij gamfiglhcs cs sucs arlnims, suc ikljlmcîça ì prctlgcjimti ljpassêvik i lmvlãvik, prljilra par sir uj eim÷jima qui si cuta ‗ sustimtc i,ij sinumha kuncr parqui mimfujc igamajlc sa`rivlvirlc sij lmekcîça, pals qui ij girtcjihlhc, mêvils sctlsect÷rlas hi lmekcîça sça istêjukas pcrc as lmvistljimtas i ixpcmsça haijprina.
c) ‗ C lmekcîça ì uj ixgissa hc qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra au hi hip÷sltas `cmgãrlas, lstaì, hijcslchc jaihc ij rikcîça ca vakuji eêslga hi min÷glas qui si ricklzcj. (Xiarlcqucmtltctlvc hi DIJJIPIP).
`) ‗ C lmekcîça ì uj ixgissa hi pragurc nka`ck sa`ri c aeirtc nka`ck, muj jirgcha ijqui sioc c aeirtc, sioc c pragurc sça lmikãstlgcs ij rikcîça cas priîas.
g) ‗ C lmekcîça ì a pragissa gujukctlva hi ikivcîça has priîas qui risuktc, hurcmtiuj pirêaha, ha gaj`cti jamitãrla kivcha chlcmti pikas hlvirsas cnimtis igam÷jlgas, pcrc
jcmtir au cujimtcr suc rimhc rick au siu gcpltck rick, imqucmta c jcssc nka`ck has `ims
hlspamêvils mc igamajlc ì lmsuelglimti pcrc sctlseczir sljuktcmicjimti c tahcs cs sucsixlnïmglcs (KI @AYPUC).
Isscs trïs hielmlîùis imgirrcj, ij tirjas nircls, cs prlmglpcls gcuscs hc lmekcîça. C prljilrctij a siu imeaqui ma ixgissa hi hlmfilra ma jirgcha pcrc uj vakuji hi trcmscgîùis
lmeirlar4 c sinumhc cpamtc pcrc a hisiqulkê`rla jcgraigam÷jlga ij qui c aeirtc cnrinchc mçaì gcpcz hi sctlseczir a mêvik hi pragurc ha jirgcha4 i c tirgilrc ixpklgltc gaja as gustas hi prahuîça, vlc sckãrla, hisimgchilcj ujc isplrck lmekcglamãrlc.
3.9.0 ‗ Gaja Gckgukcr c Lmekcîça1
Rcrc si gckgukcr c lmekcîça, utlklzcj ‗ si hitirjlmchas êmhlgis, vukncrjimti gamfiglhas gaja8 Êmhlgis hi priîas.
As trïs êmhlgis jcls utlklzchas sça?3.9.0.3 ‗ A LRG
C jihlhc jcls utlklzchc pcrc gckgukcr c lmekcîça ì a êmhlgi hi priîas ca gamsujlhar.
A LRG9, sinumha a LMI, ì uj lmhlgchar qui rinlstc cs vcrlcîùis hi priîas hi uj gamoumtasikigglamcha hi `ims i sirvlîas qui riprisimtc a gamsuja has cnrinchas ecjlklcris muj hcha pirêaha hi tijpa i muj ispcîa nianrãelga hitirjlmcha.
Mc virhchi a LRG jihi a gusta hi gajprc hi uj gc`cz hi `ims ij hlstlmtas jajimtas. Rcrca siu gãkguka, ctrl`ul ‗ si ujc pamhircîça elxc c gchc `ij au sirvlîa, hi cgarha gaj c sucljpartàmglc rikctlvc mas arîcjimtas jimscls hi gchc ecjêklc. Isti gaielglimti hi pamhircîçaì praparglamck cas ncstas tatcls qui gchc ecjêklc ricklzc ma gamsuja ha jisja `ij, qui ìhitirjlmcha par jila hi uj lmquìrlta sa`ri cs hispiscs hi `ims i sirvlîas hi gchc ecjêklc,ricklzcha pirlahlgcjimti pika Lmstltuta hi Istctêstlgcs.
3.9.0.0 ‗ A Hiekcgtar ha RL@
Isti êmhlgi tcj`ìj ì `cstcmti uscha pcrc gckgukcr c lmekcîça. Uukncrjimti gamfiglha parhiekcgtar ha RL@, a êmhlgi hi priîa ha RL@ hleiri ha LRG, par qucmta imnka`c tahas as prahutas i sirvlîas prahuzlhas muj cma mujc igamajlc, lmgkulmha `ims gaja crjcjimtas,jlmilras (aura, ga`ri, hlcjcmti, pitr÷kia, itg.), gcscs i autras qui mça sça hlrigtcjimtigamsujlhas au gamsujêvils pikc papukcîça.
8 Yj êmhlgi hi priîas ì ujc jìhlc pamhirchc has priîas hi uj girta gc`cz hi `ims i sirvlîas. Wcjuiksam i Marhfcus, Igamajlc, 36ª Ihlîça, pp 8829 Êmhlgi hi Rriîas ma Gamsujlhar, LMI ‗ 022<, pp. 9
A êmhlgi hi priîa ha RL@ ì a rãgla imtri a prahuta majlmck i a prahuta rick, prahuzlhas mcigamajlc hurcmti uj cma. Piprisimtc a priîa hi tahas as `ims i sirvlîas prahuzlhas himtrahcs eramtilrcs ha pcês.
C suc e÷rjukc hi gãkguka ì?
A hiekcgtar mça ì uj `aj êmhlgi pcrc si ceirlr sa`ri a gusta hi vlhc hc papukcîça, ujc vizqui a pahi su`istljcr. Imqucmta a LRG, mça ì a jikfar êmhlgi pcrc hitirjlmcr a mêvik hi priîas hc igamajlc ij nirck, pahimha ‗ a sa`ristljcr.
3.9.0.7 ‗ A LRR
Wimha uj êmhlgi hi pamhircîùis elxcs, amhi cs pamhircîùis sça gamstltuêhcs pikcs vimhcskêqulhcs jimscls hi gchc ijprisc, ì cjpkcjimti utlklzcha pikas prahutaris, pcrc hitirjlmcr a priîa jìhla has `ims â scêhc hc eã`rlgc. Lmgkul hishi `ims ckljimtcris, vistuãrla, jãqulmcs,iqulpcjimtas, jlmilras i autras.
A Êmhlgi hi Rriîas ca Rrahutar jihi a mêvik hi priîa ma prahutar au par nrassa. Ì a priîajìhla has `ims i sirvlîas â scêhc hc eã`rlgc.
C tcxc hi lmekcîça ì imtça hchc pikc vcrlcîça pirgimtuck ha mêvik nirck hi priîas cprisimtcha par quckquir uj has êmhlgis cgljc rieirimglchas. Suckquir qui sioc a êmhlgi c sir utlklzcha(LRG, Hiekcgtar au LRR), c tcxc hi lmekcîça ì gckgukchc hc sinulmti earjc?
Amhi?
Ì c tcxc hi lmekcîça ma cmat
Ì a êmhlgi hi priîa ma cmat
I ì a êmhlgi hi priîa ma cmat-3
3.5 ‗ Gctinarlcs hi Lmekcîça
C nrcvlhchi hc lmekcîça istã hlrigtcjimti klnchc c suc earjc i âs sucs gcuscs. A mêvik hinrcvlhchi hleiri sinumha a tlpa hi lmekcîça. Ij nirck sça gamslhirchas trïs tlpas?
Xcj`ìj gfcjchc hi lmekcîça rcstiocmti, gcrcgtirlzc ‗ si par cprisimtcr uj rltja kimta i privlsêvik hi grisgljimta has priîas.
As cnimtis igam÷jlgas eczij privlsùis i mça cprisimtcj priagupcîùis rikctlvcs c passêvilscktircîùis hrãstlgcs ma vckar hc jaihc, par lssa mça si priagupcj ij cujimtcr as sius `ims pctrljamlcls.
As gamtrcgtas hi trc`ckfa sça elxas i as sckãrlas tcj`ìj, pals gamfigi ‗ si a rltja hivcrlcîça has priîas i si ispirc qui isti mça vimfc c si cktircr ripimtlmc i hrcstlgcjimti.Cqul ljpirc c gfcjchc lmekcîça par lmìrglc.
3.5.0 ‗ Lmekcîça Nckapcmti
Gcrcgtirlzc ‗ si par cprisimtcr uj cujimta rãplha has priîas c uj mêvik cgljc has hals autrïs hênltas.
C lmekcîça nckapcmti gamstltul uj pra`kijc nrcvi pcrc quckquir igamajlc, mc jihlhc ij quitimhi c hlstargir as priîas rikctlvas i c lmstcurcr c ecktc hi gamelcmîc mc jaihc kagck pcrctahas as ieiltas.
As cnimtis igam÷jlgas pcsscj c hitir mça jultc qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra i cujimtcj cs sucs paupcmîcs, cnucrhcmha jihlhcs igam÷jlgcs qui cpriglij a vckar hc jaihc, hitimha cpimcsa jêmlja migissãrla pcrc trcmscgîùis hlãrlcs.
Gaja gamsiquïmglc fã ujc jcsslvc eunc hi gcpltck pcrc a istrcmnilra, tcxcs hi ourasmajlmcls `cstcmtis ikivchcs, gamtrcgtas sckcrlcls lmhixchas c tcxc hi vcrlcîça has priîas au clmekcîça ispirchc, utlklzcîça hi jaihcs istrcmnilrcs ij hitrljimta hc mcglamck i uj gkcracujimta hc pragurc hi `ims hi gamsuja hurchauras au hi lmvistljimta simha qui c jaihchipriglc ‗ si julta rcplhcjimti.
Mc ÿktljc hìgchc, a _lj`c`wi (mc arhij has 3.222%) i jcls rigimtijimti c Uimizuikc(prlmglpckjimti hipals hc jarti ha siu prislhimti Yna Gfcvis, c lmekcîça ctlmnlu as 92% ij Mavij`ra hi 0237), pcsscrcj par tlpa hi lmekcîça.
3.5.7 ‗ Flpirlmekcîça
Istc ì hi ecgta c jcls nrcvi hi tahcs gctinarlcs hi lmekcîça. Mikc as priîas cujimtcj cgljchas quctra (8) hênltas, au sioc cgljc has uj jlkfça par gimta (3.222.222 %).
Xahas as ieiltas cgljc hisgrltas agarrij, jcs gaj jclar nrcvlhchi mistc gctinarlc hilmekcîça.
Nrcmhis sajcs hi hlmfilra sirvij cpimcs pcrc gajprcr rihuzlhcs qucmtlhchis hi prahutas,hamhi c tragc hlrigtc hi `ims par autras `ims (c pirjutc) ì ujc gamsiquïmglc hlrigtc icelnurc ‗ si gaja jikfar apîça, ujc viz qui c jaihc hilxc hi gujprlr gaj cs sucs prlmglpcls eumîùis (jila hi tragc, umlhchi hi jihlhc, risirvc hi vckar).
Ma cma hi 3<02, a istcha ckijça vlviu uj gcsa hi flpirlmekcîça. A êmhlgi hi priîascujimtau hi 3 pcrc 32 jlk jlkfùis, hi Ocmilra hi 3<<0 c Mavij`ra hi 3<07. I c jaihc kagckhilxau prctlgcjimti hi ixlstlr.
3.> ‗ Xlpas hi Lmekcîça
A pragissa lmekcglamãrla ì gcuscha par hlvirscs rczùis. Cpiscr histcs vcrlcrij hi pcês pcrc pcês, sça ij klmfcs nircls gamfiglhcs cs sucs prlmglpcls gcuscs, qui pahij cnuhlzcr ‗ si ijeumîça has gajpartcjimtas has cnimtis igam÷jlgas kagcls i hcs gamhlîùis i istruturc hasjirgchas.
Cs tiarlcs qui ixpklgctlvcs hcs gcuscs hc lmekcîça pahij sir risujlhcs ij trïs?
3.>.3 ‗ Lmekcîça hi Rragurc
C lmekcîça pikc pragurc risuktc hi uj hisiqulkê`rla jcgraigam÷jlga imtri c aeirtc i c pragurc cnrinchcs, qui nirckjimti agarri qucmha si ikivc ujc hcs gajpamimtis hc hispisclmtirmc gaja ncsta pÿ`klga, gamsuja, au lmvistljimta. Gaja c aeirtc mça rispamhi ma
jisja lmstcmti hi tijpa, fã kuncr ca lmivltãvik grisgljimta has priîas.
C prahuîça hi `ims i hi sirvlîas ì uj pragissa hijarcha par qucmta ikc imvakvi ecgtarisgaja jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc, gcpltck i tigmakanlc cpraprlchc qui mça si imgamtrcj hlspamêvils mcsqucmtlhchis hisiochcs ma gurta prcza, a qui ecz gaj qui as priîas grisîcj.
Uiocjas a sinulmti nrãelga qui ispikfc gaja agarri c lmekcîça pikc pragurc
A nrãelga cgljc jastrc gaja a ixgissa hi pragurc pahi grlcr lmekcîça mc igamajlc rick.
Rcrti ‗ si hi ujc sltucîça flpatìtlgc ij qui c igamajlc si imgamtrc ij iqulkê`rla ( ).
Wupamfcjas qui a navirma higlhc ikivcr a siu gamsuja, ctrcvìs ha cujimta has sius ncstas,gcuscmha uj gfaqui mc pragurc cnrinchc. Isti gfaqui hiskagc c gurvc hi pcrc
i cs mavcs migisslhchis hi `ims i sirvlîas sça cnarc jclaris (pcsscrcj hi pcrc ), a
qui ixlni ujc rispastc ljihlctc hcs ijpriscs qui, ij nirck mça agarri. Gaja risuktcha as priîas cujimtcj hi pcrc i pastirlarjimti pcrc , pcrc uj mêvik hi pragurc
riprisimtcha pikc gurvc , nircmha lmekcîça.
C hispisc mcglamck ì uj has lmstrujimtas jcls utlklzchas pcrc ikivcr a prahuta, jcs cgcrritcuj gusta julta ikivcha, c lmekcîça. Ma imtcmta, ij pirêahas hi rigissça, a cujimta hc
hispisc (pÿ`klgc) ì hcs prlmglpcls pakêtlgcs hi istêjuka â igamajlc, cpiscr ha rlsga cssaglcha.As Istchas Ymlhas, @rcslk, Ercmîc i autras pcêsis, uscrcj histc jihlhc julta rigimtijimti,mc rigissça qui cssakau a jumha eruta hc grlsi elmcmgilrc i igam÷jlgc lmlglchc ij elmcls hi022>.
3.>.0 ‗ Lmekcîça hi Aeirtc
Hurcmti jultas cmas, istc virtimti eal hisgamfiglhc i gamslhirchc lrrick, pals irc jcls prihajlmcmti c lmekcîça pikc vlc hc pragurc au par ixgissa hi jaihc, mça timha slharinlstcha hurcmti jultas cmas gfaquis hi aeirtc qui oustlelgcssij a grisgljimta gamtêmua inimircklzcha has priîas.
Mcs ÿktljcs hìgchcs elgau matãvik qui girta gajpartcjimta slmhlgcklstc qui prajavlccujimtas sckcrlcls i pastirlarjimti ljpituasas gfaquis mas priîas hcs jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs masjirgchas lmtirmcglamcls, pcssau ‗ si c gamslhircr as ieiltas ha cujimta has gustas hi prahuîça sa`ri as priîas, surnlmha csslj c migisslhchi ha siu gamtraka i cgajpcmfcjimta pcrc si gamtir mavcs timsùis lmekcglamlstcs.
Hi earjc nirck, c lmekcîça pikas gustas pahi sir gcuschc par hucs vlcs?
▢Rar ikivcîça has sckãrlas hivlhas c prissùis has trc`ckfcharis arncmlzchas ijslmhlgctas4
▢ Rar ikivcîça ha priîa hcs jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs eumhcjimtckjimti mas jirgchaslmtirmcglamcls, ceigtcmha istis as gustas lmtirmas hi prahuîça, c @R par vlc hi ujchisvckarlzcîça gcj`lck (gfaquis mas priîas hi pitr÷kia i gamsiquimtijimti mas sius
Yjc garrimti hi pimscjimta igam÷jlga hisimvakvlhc mc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc, lmvistlnau csgcuscs hc lmekcîça ij hals hcquikis pcêsis i gamgkulu qui c istruturc igam÷jlgc irc c prlmglpck eamti ha cujimta has priîas i gaja tck cpamtcvc c lmixlstïmglc hi vlcs hi cgissa âsglhchis, c ecktc hi imirnlc, ãnuc, rihis hi gajumlgcîça, c istruturc jamapaklstc au
aklnapaklstc has jirgchas, cs cktcs tcxcs hi ljpastas i hi gamtrl`ulîùis pcrc c sinurcmîcsaglck, c hi`lklhchi hcs lmstltulîùis, c `uragrcglc i jaraslhchi mas pragissas, a trãelga hilmekuïmglc i c garrupîça, ircj cs prlmglpcls gcuscs hc lmekcîça mistis pcêsis.
A nrãelga sinulmti jastrc gaja a pragissa lmekcglamãrla agarri jihlcmti gamtrcgîùissugisslvcs hc aeirtc cnrinchc.
Elnurc 7 ‗ Lmekcîça pikc Aeirtc
Eamti? Igamajlc ‗ R. Wcjuik i ^. Marhfcus
Wupamfcjas qui c igamajlc imgamtrc ‗ si ma pamta ij qui prahuta tatck aeirtcha pikcs
ijpriscs ì ixcgtcjimti lnuck cs qucmtlhchis pragurchcs pikcs ecjêklcs i pika istcha, c uj priîa hi iqulkê`rla .
Wupamfcjas cnarc qui hivlha c timsùis pakêtlgcs mcknums pcêsis gaj ikivcha mêvik hi prahuîça hi pitr÷kia, a priîa histi `ij cujimtc hrcstlgcjimti mas jirgchas lmtirmcglamcls.
C ikivcîça ha priîa ha pitr÷kia vcl gcuscr uj cujimta has sius hirlvchas (gaj`ustêvils,nãs mcturck) i par gamsiquïmglc ceigtcrã as gustas hi prahuîça hcs ijpriscs. C ikivcîça hasgustas hi prahuîça, hcs nrcmhis pcrc cs piquimcs ijpriscs i ij gchilc, ecz hiskagcr c gurvchc aeirtc cnrinchc pcrc gljc i pcrc isquirhc, slnmlelgcmha c rihuîça hcs qucmtlhchis prahuzlhcs hi pcrc i hispihljimtas hi pissack. Gaja prahuzlr si tarmau jcls gcra, cs
ijpriscs cujimtcj as priîas, pcsscmha isti hi pcrc simha uj pragissa kimta i
prakamncha, as priîas grisgirça ctì cas mavas mêvils hi iqulkê`rla (pamta i ). Ma elmck
ha pirêaha, a risuktcha sirã a cujimta ha mêvik hi priîas.
Cknums igamajlstcs faoi, gaja Wcjuiksam5 i Ckvis hc Pagfc> slmtitlzcj cs tiarlcsixpklgctlvcs hcs gcuscs hc lmekcîça ij hucs?C Xiarlc par ixgissa hc pragurc i c tiarlc has
gustas hi prahuîça .
Istc cmãklsi oustlelgc ‗ si parqui faoi par faoi mça si ijltij jaihcs ma vczla. A cujimta hc
jcssc jamitãrlc ma jirgcha sirvi pcrc suprlr hitirjlmchcs migisslhchis hcs igamajlcs. Aelmcmglcjimta ha hìelgi arîcjimtck au hc `ckcmîc hi trcmscgîùis garrimtis, a cujimta hcgcpcglhchi hi gamgihir grìhlta â igamajlc pcrc cujimtcr a vakuji hi lmvistljimtas i hitrcmscgîùis cmucls, tahas ikis gajpamimtis hc hispisc lmtirmc i par gamsinulmti hc pragurccnrinchc, sça cknums has a`oigtlvas c ctlmnlr.
Rar autra kcha, as gamstrcmnljimtas i cs kljltcîùis istruturcls cgc`cj sijpri par piscr masgustas hcs ijpriscs, gcuscmha c rihuîça hcs qucmtlhchis hi `ims i hi sirvlîas prahuzlhas i
a cujimta has priîas umltãrlas hcs vimhcs.
Rar ixijpka, gfaquis ma priîa hi pitr÷kia, cujimta hcs tcxcs hi ljpasta, sinurcmîc saglck,ecktc hi rihis hi imirnlc, c jaraslhchi mas pragissas chjlmlstrctlvas i ckecmhinãrlas, tïjgamsiquïmglcs hlrigtcs mas gustas hcs ijpriscs. Rartcmta, c garrimti istruturcklstc ì tcj`ìjujc tiarlc has gustas hi prahuîça au ha kcha hc aeirtc.
3.>.7 ‗ Lmekcîça hi Lmìrglc
Gcrcgtirlzc ‗ si par cprisimtcr uj grisgljimta kimta, jahircha i privlsêvik has priîaslmhipimhimtijimti hi prissùis mc pragurc au mc aeirtc. Ikc istã cssaglchc cas jigcmlsjashi lmhixcîça hcs igamajlcs4 au sioc, tcxcs hi gàj`las, ouras, sckãrlas, i cgtlvas elmcmgilrassça coustchas pika sljpkis ecgta hi ixlstlr lmekcîça. Rarìj qucmha c lmhixcîça ì pkimc, clmekcîça hi faoi tarmc ‗ si a rieirimglck pcrc c lmekcîça hi cjcmfç.
Ì gaj isti tlpa hi lmekcîça qui as cnimtis igam÷jlgas si arlimtcj pcrc earjukcrijixpigtctlvcs i sucs istrctìnlcs hi min÷glas. Yj si mça ì qui isti tlpa hi lmekcîça tarmc rênlhc
rihuîça has priîas, grlcmha uj cj`limti ecvarãvik â suc istruturcklzcîça. Rar autra kcha, ì `ac, parqui ecvarigi a cj`limti hi min÷glas (cujimta hi kugras) i rihuz a nrcu hi lmgirtizcmc igamajlc. Ì c lmekcîça hisiochc pikas cnimtis igam÷jlgas.
3.6 ‗ Xiarlcs Ixpklgctlvcs hcs Gcuscs hc Lmekcîça
Cs tiarlcs ixpklgctlvcs hc lmekcîça rijamtcj cas jcls gìki`ris igamajlstcs hc cmtlnulhchi,gaja Chcj Wjltf, Hcvlh Plgcrha, Jcktfus, Jcrx, jcs eal Hcvlh Fuji qui pikc prljilrc
5 Igamajlc ‗ Wcjuiksam i Marhfcus, 35ªihlîça, pp.5>5 i 5>>>Cknums Xijcs Istruturcmtis hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ‗ gr÷mlgcs ma oarmck Ixpcmsça 022< ‗ 0233, Jcmuik OasìCkvis hc Pagfc, 3ªihlîça, pp. 58
viz eiz uj istuha jcls cpraeumhcha sa`ri isti eim÷jima igam÷jlga. Rastirlarjimti earcjsurnlmha autras cutaris i isgakcs, tahcs ikcs gaj eumhcjimtas julta pr÷prlas sa`ri csarlnims ha pragissa lmekcglamãrla.
C prljilrc isgakc c cprisimtcr as risuktchas hi ujc lmvistlncîça cgurchc sa`ri c lmekcîça eal
c isgakc hi Gflgcna, klhircha par Lrvlmn Elsfir, mcquikc qui elgau ctì imtça gamfiglhc gajatiarlc qucmtltctlvc hc jaihc, lmlglchc par Hcvlh Fuji.
Mistc sigîça, pritimhijas cprisimtcr c vlsça hcs prlmglpcls isgakcs hi pimscjimtaigam÷jlga, sa`ri a hisimrakcr ha pragissa lmekcglamãrla.
3.6.3 ‗ Xiarlc Jamitcrlstc
Hisimvakvlhc lmlglckjimti pikc isgakc hi Gflgcna i imgc`iîchc par Elsfir, c tiarlc
jamitcrlstc, hieimhi qui c prlmglpck gcusc hc lmekcîça ì a ixgissa hi jaihc ma jirgcha. Istc tiarlc crnujimtc qui c lmoigîça hi jaihc hivi cpimcs sirvlr pcrc sustimtcr agrisgljimta igam÷jlga au sioc a vakuji hi trcmscgîùis migissãrlcs c sirij ricklzchcs himtrahc igamajlc cmuckjimti. Rals ì c qucmtlhchi hi jaihc pastc ij glrgukcîça quihitirjlmc a mêvik nirck has priîas. Csslj, ujc ikivcîça hissc qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra mçagajpimschc pika cujimta hc prahuîça tij gaja risuktcha ljihlcta a grisgljimta has priîas.
C tiarlc hi Elsfir elgau gamfiglhc gaja Xiarlc Sucmtltctlvc hc Jaihc (XSJ), par hcr jultajcls ïmecsi â qucmtlhchi hi jaihc qui a @G pùi ma jirgcha. Hivimha isti tir uj jclargamtraka sa`ri c jcssc jamitãrlc ij glrgukcîça i jamltarc ‗ kã ij eumîça hcs migisslhchisha pr÷prla pragissa hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga.
C tiarlc hi Elsfir pahi sir gajpravchc pikc iqucîça qui elgau gamfiglhc pika siu pr÷prlamaji (Iqucîça hi Elsfir) , ij qui a cutar hijamstrc c vcrlcîça has priîas ij eumîça hcqucmtlhchi hi jaihc ij glrgukcîça ma jirgcha.
Wioc c iqucîça (ISX)?
Amhi?J ì c qucmtlhchi hi jaihc pastc c glrgukcr ma jirgcha4
U ì c vikaglhchi hi glrgukcîça hc jaihc (a mÿjira jìhla hi vizis qui ujc umlhchi hijaihc ì uschc gaja lmtirjihlãrla hcs trcmscgîùis imtri as cnimtis igam÷jlgas)4
R ì a êmhlgi hi priîa has `ims i sirvlîas trcmscgglamchas4
X ì a vakuji hi trcmscgîùis hi `ims i sirvlîas elmcls, lmtirjìhlas i hi cgtlvas ricls ielmcmgilras.
LsakcmhaR mc iqucîça 3, tijas?
Gaja vijas, ujc ikivcîça hi au hi pravagcrlc ujc ikivcîça hi . Lsta ì, as priîas
sça hlrigtcjimti praparglamcls c jcssc jamitãrlc ij glrgukcîça i c vikaglhchi hi glrgukcîçahc jaihc. Au sioc, qucmta jclar ear c qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra mc igamajlc, jclar sirça as priîas.
Cpiscr hc iqucîça hi Elsfir lkustrcr `ij c rikcîça hlrigtc imtri i , ikc mça ixpklgcvc
gaja a cujimta hc jaihc gcuscrlc a cujimta has priîas. I pcrc ckìj hlssa, cs vcrlãvilsutlklzchcs mc suc iqucîça cprisimtcvcj ‗ si jcls hleêgils hi jihlr i hi pauga lmtirissi pcrcc cmãklsi jcgraigam÷jlgc.
Istcs kcgumcs vlircj c sir ga`irtcs i gajpkijimtchcs, pikc isgakc hi Gcj`rlhniriprisimtchc pikas igamajlstcs Jcrsfckk i Rlnau. Istis hals cutaris gakjctcrcj c eckfc hctiarlc hi Elsfir ca ixpklgcrij gaja a cujimta hc jcssc jamitãrlc nirc cujimtas ma mêviknirck hi priîas, i gajpravcrcj c rikcîça hlrigtc i praparglamck imtri cs hucs vcrlãvils.
C ISX eal imtça trcmsearjchc mc sinulmti iqucîça?
Amhi \ ì a prahuta tatck garrimti4 lsta ì, a vakuji hcs trcmscgîùis garrimtis ij `ims isirvlîas elmcls prahuzlhas hurcmti a pirêaha4U pcssc c sir c vikaglhchi ha rimhljimta hcjaihc (a mÿjira jìhla hi vizis qui ujc umlhchi jamitãrlc ì uschc mcs trcmscgîùis gaj a prahuta garrimti).
Eczimha vcrlcrR ij eumîça hi J , ctrcvìs hcs kils jctijãtlgcs hi hleirimglcîça hi 3ª arhij,i pcrtlmha ha prlmgêpla hi quiJ ì ujc vcrlãvik ix÷nimc i simhac6gamstcmti c gurta prcza,a`tijas?
Gaja vijas a rãgla imtri c vikaglhchi hi glrgukcîça hc jaihc i a prahuta garrimti ì pasltlvc, a qui quir hlzir qui ujc vcrlcîça hc qucmtlhchi hi jaihc ma jirgcha pravagc ujcvcrlcîça hlrigtc i praparglamck has priîas. Lsta ì, sinumha as jamitcrlstcs, uj cujimta hi02% mc jcssc jamitãrlc ij glrgukcîça, pravagcrlc uj cujimta hi 02% mas priîas has `imsi sirvlîas gcsa issi cujimta mça eassi gajpimscha, ma jisja lmstcmti, pikc aeirtc hi `ims isirvlîas, a qui ij nirck mça cgamtigi
3.6.0 ‗ Xiarlc Diymislcmc
A trc`ckfa hi Oafm Jcymcrh Diymis elgau gamfiglha i cjpkcjimti utlklzcha, hipals hcnrcmhi hiprissça has cmas 72. Mc suc a`rc lmtltukchc, ‛Xiarlc Nirck ha Ijprina, ha Oura i
hc Jaihc ‚ a cutar pragurcvc ixpklgcr gaja ujc igamajlc pahi sclr hi uj pirêaha hirigissça i ritajcr a grisgljimta cujimtcmha a mêvik hi ijprina i prahuta. Diymis histcgauimtça a ncsta pÿ`klga, gaja a ÿmlga jila pcrc ckcvcmgcr c igamajlc mujc sltucîça hirigissça igam÷jlgc.
Cpiscr hi mça tir slha a siu a`oigtlva, Diymis hisgriviu gaja c pakêtlgc elsgck ixpcmslamlstc pahi gcuscr lmekcîça. Winumha a cutar a cujimta mc hijcmhc cnrinchc ctrcvìs ha ncsta pÿ`klga hivi sir cgajpcmfchc par uj cujimta praparglamck ma vakuji hi prahuîça4 Maimtcmta, gaja isti cujimta mça agarri hi ljihlcta imtça grlc ‗ si uj flcta lmekcglamãrla,imtri a mava mêvik hi pragurc i a mêvik hi aeirtc, i c lmekcîça privckigirã ctì qui a prahutarick grisîc mc jisjc praparîça.
3.6.7 ‗ Xiarlc IstruturcklstcGimtrcmha ‗ si mc ricklhchi hcs igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs hc Cjìrlgc kctlmc, mas cmas 92 icpamtau gaja gcuscs hc lmekcîça cs kljltcîùis istruturcls.
Winumha c garrimti istruturcklstc, c lmekcîça risuktc hcs kljltcîùis i hc lmekixl`lklhchi hcistruturc igam÷jlgc, ij rispamhir ca pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta hc igamajlc. Hivlha cristrltc ja`lklhchi has ecgtaris prahutlvas i ca lmchiqucha eumglamcjimta ha slstijc hi priîas, cknums sigtaris mça rispamhij hi ljihlcta (au jisja cgc`cj par mça rispamhir tça
6 Yj has prissupastas `ãslgas hc XSJ ì qui a rãgla imtri Piprisimtcha par c ì gamstcmti, hi tck jaha qui s÷ J , ì qui vcrlc ma gurta prcza.
giha) c jahlelgcîùis mc hijcmhc hi autras sigtaris. Yj hissis sigtaris ì a cnrêgakc. Lstagrlc uj hisiqulkê`rla gchc viz jcls cgimtucha, qui gcusc lmekcîça.
C jlnrcîça hcs papukcîùis rurcls pcrc as gimtras ur`cmas i gamsiquimti c`cmhama hasgcjpas hi guktlva, c ecktc rigursas i hi tigmakanlc, hi imirnlc, ãnuc, hi uj slstijc hi
trcmspartis ielglimti, a grisgljimta hijanrãelga i cs migisslhchis grlchcs pika pr÷prla pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça hcs igamajlcs, gamhlglamcj a rltja hi grisgljimta ha sigtar.Rar autra kcha, c hlelgukhchi ij cujimtcr cs ljpartcîùis, higarrimtis hcs ristrlîùis hc @R,cklcha c istruturc jama au aklnapaklstc hi cknums jirgchas cgc`cj par grlcr c cgajahcîça, prapcncîça i gamtlmulhchi hc pranrissça ha mêvik nirck hi priîas mc igamajlc.
Rartcmta, sça ij klmfcs nircls, istis as gamstrcmnljimtas istruturcls nircharis ha pragissalmekcglamãrla sinumha c garrimti istruturcklstc, qui mc virhchi gcrcgtirlzcj as pra`kijcs
klnchas cas pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas.
3.< ‗ A Hi`cti imtri cs Garrimtis hi Rimscjimta Igam÷jlga
C lhilc su`ocgimti hi qui a grisgljimta ixpamimglck ì ujc hcs prlmglpcls rczùis pcrc cikivcîça has priîas imgamtrau ca kamna hc flst÷rlc, nrcmhi cgiltcîça jisja mcs igamajlcsscêhcs hi nuirrc i su`hisimvakvlhcs. Rarìj, â jihlhc qui si `usgcvcj ixpklgcîùis pcrc a pragissa hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga i gamtimîça has pragissas lmekcglamãrlas, c lhilc
gamsimsuck eal higclmha, eruta hi istuhas hi mavcs garrimtis hi pimscjimta, pcsscmha csgcrcgtirêstlgcs hcs igamajlcs has pcêsis c hitirjlmcr a simtlha hc rikcîça imtri a grisgljimtaigam÷jlga i lmekcîça. Rarìj, c ricklhchi jisja ì qui a grisgljimta ha prahuta i cIstc`lklhchi hi priîas < tij slha, ij taha jumha, c pihrc hi taqui hcs cnimhcs pakêtlgcs ijjctìrlc igam÷jlgc.
3.<.3 ‗ Garrimti Artahaxc
C hislnmcîça hi Artahaxas32 ì ctrl`uêhc, c tahas cquikis igamajlstcs qui chirij sij
quckquir apaslîça, cas cpcrikfas hi cmãklsi pravimlimtis has pcêsis hisimvakvlhas, pcrcixpklgcrij a surnljimta ha pragissa lmekcglamãrla.
< Rcrc c zamc ha iura, a @GI gamslhirc istc`lklhchi hi priîas, ujc tcxc hi lmekcîça (LRGF) c`clxa has 0% cacma. Imqucmta mas IYC, a @G (EIH) gamslhirau gaja istc`lklhchi has priîas ujc tcxc hi lmekcîça (LRG) hi7% au 8% ca cma.32As Artahaxas sça ij tirjas gamgritas, as igamajlstcs qui hieimhij qui a grisgljimta/hisimvakvljimta tij
ujc earti lmekuïmglc ma surnljimta hc lmekcîça. Ij hitckfis, sça as jamitcrlstcs, as gkãsslgas, miagkãsslgas,diymislcmas, miadiymislcmas i autras. Ij risuja, sça as igamajlstcs has pcêsis hisimvakvlhas. Uir OaçaJcnckfçis - Igamajlc, vak. 0, 7ª ihlîça, pp. 86 i 9<.
Winumha as jamitcrlstcs, c lmekcîça ì uj eim÷jima têplga hcs sltucîùis hi pkimc agupcîçahas rigursas prahutlvas. Au sioc, ikc agarri qucmha si quir jcmtir uj earti mêvik higrisgljimta jisja hipals hi c igamajlc tir ctlmnlha a pkima ijprina.
C lmekcîça mça tij quckquir ljpcgta pasltlva sa`ri c igamajlc i c paupcmîc earîchc qui ikc
grlc, ì hi gurta prcza, i mça ì gcpcz hi istljukcr mavas lmvistljimtas ij pirêahas pastirlaris, ujc viz qui sijpri qui as apirãrlas si cpirgi`ij ha cujimta has priîas,rigkcjcj cujimtas sckcrlcls i chaptcj ujc isgckc j÷vik pcrc as sckãrlas, simha isticoustcha cutajctlgcjimti ij eumîça hcs vcrlcîùis ha mêvik nirck hi priîas33. I lsta ì passêvik parqui as slmhlgctas sça eartis a suelglimti pcrc ljpar cas ijprincharis as hlriltashas trc`ckfcharis.
Yjc viz ctlmnlha a pkima ijprina, sugisslvas istêjukas hc pragurc gaja a cujimta ha
grìhlta âs ijpriscs, risuktcrça cpimcs ij grisgljimta majlmck ha prahuta i uj grisgljimta praparglamck has priîas. Sucmha as ecgtaris prahutlvas si cgfcj tatckjimti agupchas, acujimta hc hijcmhc nka`ck au hc jaihc, mça pahi sir gajpimschc gaj cujimtagarrispamhimti i praparglamck hc aeirtc i gaja risuktcha surni c lmekcîça.
Ij gamgkusça, pcrc as artahaxas, a grisgljimta ha prahuta i c lmekcîça tïj ujc rikcîçahlrigtc. Sucmta jclar a prahuta, jclar c lmekcîça. Yjc viz qui a kljlti ha grisgljimta ì a pkima ijprina.
3.<.0 ‗ Garrimti Fitirahaxc
Istc garrimti hisimvakviu ‗ si mas cmas 92 mc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc (3<96)30. I vlscvc cmcklscr crikcîça imtri a grisgljimta/hisimvakvljimta i lmekcîça mcquikis pcêsis. Wius risuktchasearcj `ij lmtirisscmtis i hlstcmglchas hc kltircturc gamfiglhc ctì imtça.
Winumha as fitirahaxas, c paslîça cssujlhc i hieimhlhc pikas artahaxas mça ì ecksc mijlkus÷rlc i ì vãklhc pcrc as pcêsis hisimvakvlhas, jcs mça si cpklgcj mas pcêsis
su`hisimvakvlhas, par istis riumlrij gamhlîùis ixtrijcjimti hleirimtis.
Mas pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas, c lmekcîça mça s÷ tij ljpcgtas minctlvas sa`ri c igamajlc i cvlhc hcs papukcîùis, jcs tcj`ìj gamstltul uj lmstrujimta ha grisgljimta, hivlha c
33Ì c paupcmîc qui ì grlchc lmvakumtcrlcjimti qucmha agarri a surta lmekcglamãrla. C lmekcîça cgtuc gaja ujljpasta isgamhlha, qui cgtuc sa`ri as rimhljimtas, eumhcjimtckjimti sa`ri cquikis qui rlnlhcjimti si
chcptcj cs mavcs ricklhchis hi priîas, gaja as sckãrlas elxas. C lmekcîça trcmseiri rimhljimtas hcs gkcssis jcls pa`ris pcrc cs jcls rlgcs, qui cp÷s a surta cujimtcj a vakuji has sius rimhljimtas i gamsiquimtijimti sucs paupcmîcs.30Uir, Oaça R. C. Jcnckfçis ‗ Igamajlc, vak. 0, 7ª ihlîça, pp. 86
paupcmîc earîchc i ca istêjuka qui hã cas lmvistlharis (istrcmnilras, guoa pahir hi gajprcmas sius pcêsis ì lmeirlar c ha pcês su`hisimvakvlha) 37.
Xck gaja as artahaxas, pcrc as fitirahaxas, c lmekcîça cgtuc gaja uj ljpasta casrimhljimtas, qui hljlmul a rimhljimta hlspamêvik, `clxc c prapimsça jcrnlmck c gamsujlr i
cujimtc c prapimsça jcrnlmck c paupcr hcs ecjêklcs. Xuha parqui c chapîça hi ujc isgckcj÷vik pcrc as sckãrlas, mas pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas ì qucsi ljpassêvik hcha qui as tlpas hihisijprina i as mêvils hi su` ‗ ijprina sça julta ikivchas i as slmhlgctas tïj uj pahir himinaglcîça julta hì`lk.
Mc ricklhchi, c pcrti ha rimhljimta c`sarvlha ì c gfcjchc paupcmîc earîchc, qui ìtrcmseirlha pcrc a istcha (ctrcvìs ha ljpasta hi gamsuja i hi sika) au pcrc as jcls rlgas (asijprisãrlas), guoas rimhljimtas sça vcrlãvils i coustcj ‗ si â jihlhc qui as priîas vcrlcj
(kugras i ouras). Yjc viz tirjlmcha a surta lmekcglamãrla, quir a istcha gaja cs ijpriscsvirça sucs paupcmîcs cgrisglhcs i tirça gcpcglhchi pcrc lmvistlr, cujimtcr c jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rci a rimhljimta, nircmha grisgljimta/hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga i ixpcmhlmha c ERR.
Rartcmta, pcrc as pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas, c lmekcîça slnmlelgc cpimcs qui taha gcpltck istãagupcha, fcvimha jultc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc hisagupchc i gaja tck, a cujimta hc hijcmhcnka`ck au hc qucmtlhchi hi jaihc ì cgajpcmfchc par grisgljimta praparglamck ha prahuta,mça fcvimha kuncr pcrc c ikivcîça has priîas.
Yj istuha ikc`archa ma Ncmc, gaj a a`oigtlva hitirjlmcr i jihlr c rikcîça imtri agrisgljimta i c lmekcîça jastrau qui c lmekcîça timhi c higrisgir â jihlhc qui grisgi a [email protected] istuha, gaj a jisja a`oigtlva, eilta mc Jckãslc hijamstrau fcvir ujc garrikcîçaminctlvc imtri lmekcîça i grisgljimta igam÷jlga ma kamna prcza4 Mc Êmhlc uj jisja istuhagamelrjau issc rikcîça minctlvc imtri lmekcîça i grisgljimta igam÷jlga ma kamna prcza. Rarautra kcha c gurvc hi Rflklps, ca istuhcr c rikcîça imtri lmekcîça i hisijprina, jastrc hiearjc lmhlrigtc qui ixlsti ujc rikcîça pasltlvc imtri grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça magurta prcza, ujc viz qui c lmekcîça irc jclar qucmta jimar a hisijprina, a qui slnmlelgcqui â jihlhc qui jcls jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc ì lj`uêhc ma pragissa prahutlva, ixpcmhlmha aijprina i a prahuta, jcls hiprissc grisglcj as priîas.
Julta rigimtijimti a ecjasa i pakìjlga igamajlstc marti ‗ cjirlgcma Pa`irt R. Jurpfy 38,ma siu klvraXfi Rakltlgckky Lmgarrigt Nulhi ta Gcptcklsj , hisgrivi c rikcîça imtri
37Cpiscr hi sius ljpcgtas minctlvas ma prahuta kagck, c lmekcîça ì uj istêjuka â imtrchc hi gcpltcls ixtirmas ma
pcês, par lmvistlharis istrcmnilras, pals mc pirsinulîça hi uj kugra jcls cvuktcha i, ma lmtulta hi `imielglcrijhcs hleirimîcs ma pahir hi gajprc has pcêsis, ec`rlgcj `ims i/au sirvlîas, ijprincj jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc kagck igrlcj vckar cgrisgimtcha, cujimtcmha csslj a ijprina i a rimhljimta mcglamck. A massa pcês ì uj ixijpkagkcra, histis tlpas hi ekuxas hi pissacs i hi min÷glas.
grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça. Rcrc ispcmta hi tahas, Jurpfy celrjc qui a grisgljimtaigam÷jlga rihuz c lmekcîça. Wi fã cujimta hi uj prahuta ma jirgcha, a risuktcha ì c quihcha priîa histi prahuta i mça a gamtrãrla.
Ma jila hi tcmtc gamtravìrslc, pirnumtãjas? Celmck,grisgljimta igam÷jlga nirc lmekcîça!1
Suck ì c rikcîça imtri grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça ij Cmnakc1
38Rf.H. ij Igamajlc pikc Miw \ard Ymlvirslty i igamajlstc ha Lmstltuti ear Imirny Pisicrgf. Jij`rahagimti ha Jlsis Ymlvirslty i cutar ha klvraXfi pakltlgckky Lmgarrigt Nulhi ta Gcpltcklsj .
Cmnakc ì uj has jclaris i jcls rlgas pcêsis hi Ãerlgc. Gaj ujc supireêgli hi 3.085.>22dj0, i ujc gastc hi 3.502 dj i ujc ixtimsça tirristri hi 8.67> dj, a pcês ì rlga ij rigursasmcturcls i passul ljimscs patimglcklhchis nianrãelgcs, gkljãtlgcs i c`umhcmtis rigursasfêhrlgas. Kagcklzcha mc Ãerlgc Custrck, ca suk ha Wcrc, a pcês ì kljltcha c marti pikcPipÿ`klgc Hijagrãtlgc ha Gamna, c suk pikc Pipÿ`klgc hc Mcjê`lc, c kisti pikc Pipÿ`klgc hc_àj`lc i c aisti pika Agicma Ctkàmtlga.
Lmhipimhimti c jcls hi 72 cmas (3<>9), a pcês ctrcvissau kamnas cmas hi nuirrc glvlk, a quictrcsau a pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta timha gcuscha gfaquis mc prahuîça, mc paupcmîc i mcsuc istruturc hijanrãelgc39. Gaj c isgcssiz hi prahutas i a ixgissa hi hlmfilra mcigamajlc, a pcês ctlmnlu mêvils ckcrjcmtis hi lmekcîça mc hìgchc hi <2 i vlu ‗ si hipimhimtihc ljpartcîça ij kcrnc isgckc i hc prahuîça i gajirglcklzcîça has rigursas ha su`saka,jarjimti a pitr÷kia i as hlcjcmtis pcrc sustimtcr cs sucs migisslhchis hi `ims hi gamsujaljihlcta i hi `ims hi gcpltck jclarltcrlcjimti histlmcha cas isearîas hc nuirrc.
Gaj a ckgcmgi hc pcz, giki`rchc c 8 hi C`rlk hi 0220, a pcês gamfigiu uj mava ruja. Imtri0222 i 0238, a RL@ grisgiu fã ujc tcxc jìhlc cmuck hi cpraxljchcjimti6%, timha a cma hi0229, gaja a hi jclar pirearjcmgi, ij qui a RL@ grisgiu 39%. A hisijprina, cpiscr hiikivcha, eal rihuzlha i pclrc ij girgc hi 05% i c lmglhïmglc hi pa`rizc, ij 75%35. C tcxc higrisgljimta hc papukcîça ì hi, ctì 0237, 7,0% ca cma3>.
Winumha as risuktchas prikljlmcris ha gimsa ricklzcha ij 0238, a pcês gamtc gaj jcls hi 08jlkfùis hi fc`ltcmtis, simha qui 90% sça jukfiris i 86% fajims i passul ujc himslhchi papukcglamck hi 3< fc`ltcmtis/ . C ispircmîc jìhlc hi vlhc eal hi 86 cmas (L@IR 0226 ‗
022<) i 90 cmas ij 0230 (sinumha a EJL).0.0 ‗ Gcrcgtirlzcîça Jcgraigam÷jlgc
Cp÷s tir pcsscha par uj kamna pirêaha hi nuirrc, c igamajlc cmnakcmc gamfigiu ujcecsglmcmti pirearjcmgi c mêvik jcgraigam÷jlga c pcrtlr hi 0220. Cs tcxcs hi grisgljimta
39As gfaquis mc prahuîça risuktcrcj hc qui`rc cgimtuchc mas vakujis hi prahuîça cnrãrlc i lmhustrlck (c pirgcha 8¿ kuncr gaja jclar prahutar hi gceì c mêvik jumhlck). A gfaqui hijanrãelga higarri, hc ljlnrcîça hcs papukcîùis hcs zamcs hi arlnij pcrc cs glhchis jcls sinurcs (pcrc c gcpltck ha pcês), `ij gaja c eunc i
hiscpcrigljimta hi quchras mcglamcls4 A gfaqui hi paupcmîc rieiri ‗ si c pirhc hc gcpcglhchi hi lmvistljimtai hc cpklgcîça has rigursas jamitãrlas i elmcmgilras hc mcîça pcrc c as isearîas hc nuirrc.35Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad. Cmnakc 0238 ‗ EJL3>Pikct÷rla Igam÷jlga 0237 ‗ GILG.
rick ha RL@ earcj hcs jcls ikivchcs c mêvik jumhlck, cs tcxcs hi lmekcîça earcjispigtcgukcrjimti rihuzlhcs36 i cpiscr has ijprìstljas a`tlhas c hêvlhc sa`ircmc jcmtivi ‗ si sustimtãvik. As sigtaris igam÷jlgas pcsscrcj c hitir ujc jclar gamtrl`ulîça ma RL@,cpiscr ha hajêmla isjcnchar ha sigtar pitrakêeira. Isti gimãrla, parìj tij vlmha c sir
cktircha, eumhcjimtckjimti hipals hc grlsi elmcmgilrc jumhlck qui ceigtau eartijimti as priîas hissc ‛ gajjahltli‚ i par gamsiquïmglc c igamajlc ha pcês. A navirma higlhlu, pikcljpkijimtcîça hi uj pkcma mcglamck, hatcha hi pranrcjcs i praoigtas istruturcmtis hi earjcc grlcr gamhlîùis pcrc a eartckigljimta has hijcls sigtaris i gaj`ctir c hipimhïmglcixgisslvc ha sigtar pitrakêeira, hamhi si hielmlu chlvirslelgcîça hc igamajlc gaja prlarlhchi hi jìhla i kamna prcza.
Ij 0229, a RL@ ctlmnlu as 39%, c jcls cktc tcxc rinlstchc hishi c lmhipimhïmglc ha pcês. A
gujprljimta qucsi qui isgrupukasa ha Rranrcjc ha Navirma 0229 ‗ 0225, a grìhlta cnrêgakchi gcjpcmfc, c ric`lkltcîça i gamstruîça hi lmerc ‗ istruturcs ljpartcmtis ca kamna hi tahatirrlt÷rla mcglamck, a hisimvakvljimta hc lmhÿstrlc (jarjimti c hi `i`lhcs i ckljimtas) i ccktc ha priîa ha pitr÷kia earcj as prlmglpcls cgamtigljimtas qui jcrgcrcj issi pirêaha hi`aaj igam÷jlga, qui pirhurau ctì 0226.
Ma elmck hi 0226 hiu ‗ si ujc grlsi elmcmgilrc â isgckc jumhlck, qui julta priouhlgau cigamajlc cmnakcmc. A navirma aptau pikc ljpkijimtcîça hi jihlhcs hlvirslelgchcs gaja c
hielmlîça hi ujc istrctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta hi kamna prcza (Cmnakc 0209), qui prlvlkinlia hisimvakvljimta has sigtar mça pitrakêeira, c ljpkijimtcîça ha Wtcmh ‗ @y Cnriijimt(W@C 022< ‗ 0230), uj Rranrcjc ha EJL, qui couhau a pcês c rigupircr c istc`lklhchijcgraigam÷jlgc, c jikfarcr c sltucîça arîcjimtck, c cujimtcr cs risirvcs ij hlvlscs, cistc`lklzcr c tcxc hi gàj`la i c rihuzlr c lmekcîça. Ij Autu`ra hi 0230, eal grlcha a EumhaWa`ircma hi Cmnakc, hatcha hi 9 jlkfùis hi YWH, ujc jihlhc fã julta hieimhlhc pikaEJL, gaj a a`oigtlva hi ctimucr as ieiltas higarrimtis hc vakctlklhchi has priîas ha pitr÷kia.
Ij 0238 a RL@ rick grisgiu c uj rltja istljcha hi 8,9% mêvik c`clxa ha rinlstcha ma cmacmtirlar, amhi c igamajlc grisgiu 9,3%. Isti grisgljimta eal istljukcha pika eartihisijpimfa hc imirnlc, hc gamstruîça, hc cnrlgukturc i hcs pisgcs i hc lmhÿstrlctrcmsearjcharc3<.
C lmekcîça cgujukchc eal hi >,86% timha ‗ si sltucha ma lmtirvcka hisiocha pika istcha.
36
Ij 3<<9 c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc irc hi 7.>68% ca cma, ca pcssa qui ij 0222 i 0223, c lmekcîça eal hi 056,82 %i 335,32% rispigtlvcjimti. Issis mÿjiras ispikfcj `ij a gajprajlssa ha navirma cmnakcma ma gaj`cti âlmekcîça ma pcês.3<Pikct÷rla Cmuck? Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad 0238 - EJL.
C hêvlhc pÿ`klgc cmnakcmc ì sustimtãvik cpiscr hi grisgimti. A EJL gkcsslelgc Cmnakc gajauj pcês hi rlsga jahircha hi sa`ri ‗ imhlvlhcjimta, jcs a siu mêvik ì julta vukmirãvik cgfaquis ixtirmas.
Ij 0238 c hêvlhc lmtirmc riprisimtcvc 33,5% i c ixtirmc 09% ha RL@, tatcklzcmha ujc hêvlhc
sa`ircmc hi 75,5% ha RL@, ij`arc cs istljctlvcs cpamtij pcrc uj grisgljimta pcrc as 82,7ij 0235, pcrc cssinurcr c gamtlmulhchi has praoigtas ij gursa i a lmêgla hi praoigtas prlarltãrlas ij gcrtilrc, ̀ ij gaja pcrc gajpimscr c quihc hcs rigiltcs pitrakêeircs 02.
A pcês gamtlmuc c imerimtcr imarjis hiscelas ma qui si rieiri cs pakêtlgcs hihisimvakvljimta, gaj histcqui c rihuîça hc hipimhïmglc ha pitr÷kia, c rigamstruîça hcslmerc ‗ istruturc igam÷jlgcs i saglcls, c rihuîça hcs cssljitrlcs rinlamcls, c jikfarlc hcgcpcglhchi lmstltuglamck, ha slstijc hi navirmcîça i hi nistça hcs elmcmîcs pÿ`klgcs, a
hisimvakvljimta fujcma i cs gamhlîùis hi vlhc hc papukcîça.
Istis ecgtaris istça c priouhlgcr a rltja hi hlvirslelgcîça hc igamajlc i c ivltcr acpcrigljimta hi piquimcs i jìhlcs ijpriscs, c grlcîça hi ijprina i gamstltuij as prlmglpcls imtrcvis ca grisgljimta igam÷jlga sustimtcha i hlvirslelgcha.
C elnurc qui si sinui jastrc `ij a jcu jajimta qui ctrcvissc c igamajlc ha pcês.
Elnurc 8 ‗ Ivakuîça has Rrlmglpcls Lmhlgcharis hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ma Xrlìmla 0230
‗ 0238.
Eamti?@MC, LMI, EJL. Ikc`archa pika cutar
Ì passêvik gamgkulr qui a pcês imgamtrc ‗ si mujc ecsi hi gamtrcgîça hc suc cgtlvlhchiigam÷jlgc ij nirck, gaja lmhlgcj as lmhlgcharis hi scÿhi igam÷jlgc i elmcmgilrc. A RL@ ia RL@ pir gcpltc , a Wckha hc @XG sça higrisgimtis ikuglhcmha c hlelgukhchi qui c igamajlctij hi ritajcr ca grisgljimta. A Wtagd hi hêvlhc pÿ`klgc ì gchc viz jclar, simha qui a
02Yjc gfcjchc hi ctimîça hivi sir eiltc, ma qui gamgirmi c pakêtlgc hi imhlvlhcjimta ha pcês i a siu
grisgljimta. Cpiscr ha EJL gamslhircr qui c hêvlhc cmnakcmc ì sustimtãvik, fã qui tir ij gamtc qui as hchascprisimtchas sça cpimcs ha sigtar pÿ`klga (ha navirma) i mça lmgkuij cs hêvlhcs ha sigtar prlvcha,majichcjimti hcs ijpriscs pÿ`klgcs i prlvchcs. C Wamcmnak, par ixijpka ì uj nrcmhi hivihar ixtirma i ajclar ha pcês.
elmcmglcjimta ixtirma tij slha c partc hi scêhc. C lmekcîça ctlmnlu a siu vckar jêmlja pikc prljilrc viz hishi 3<>9.
Ma imtcmta, as isearîas eiltas pika navirma pcrc hlvirslelgcîça hc jctrlz prahutlvc i hcseamtis hi rigiltcs ì `ij mat÷rla4 `cstc akfcrjas pcrc a nrãelga sinulmti.
Elnurc 9 ‗ Istruturc hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ij 0238 (% RL@)
Eamti?@MC ‗ Pikct÷rla i gamtcs 0238 ‗ Ikc`arcîça ha cutar
Cpiscr hi tir c gamtrl`ulîça jcls jahistc hishi c lmhipimhïmglc, julta ha grisgljimtarinlstcha hivi ‗ si ieigtlvcjimti c ixpkarcîça pitrakêeirc. A pitr÷kia gamtlmuc c hitir jclargamtrl`uta ma RL@ gaj jcls hi 76% ij 0237 i 0<% ij 0238 i riprisimtau jcls hi >2% hcrigiltc pÿ`klgc i <9% hcs ixpartcîùis tatcls ha pcês misti jisja cma. Rar isti ecgta, cigamajlc istã hishi c sinumhc jitchi hi 0238 mujc ecsi grêtlgc hivlha a `clxa priîa ha pitr÷kia gcuscha pika cujimta hc aeirtc jumhlck, prahuîça hi pitr÷kia i nãs hi xlsta i almêgla hc utlklzcîça hcs risirvcs pikas Istchas Ymlhas hc Cjìrlgc, qui hilxau hi gajprcr masjirgchas lmtirmcglamcls. Istc sltucîça grlau ujc nrcmhi rihuîça hcs rigiltcs hcs ijpriscs pitrakêeircs c apircr ij Cmnakc i ha istcha, `ij gaja c isgcssiz hi hlvlscs i tij nirchaujc earti timsça lmekcglamlstc, hisvckarlzcmha slnmlelgctlvcjimti c jaihc mcglamck.
Ij tirjas rikctlvas, a pcês rinlstau uj mêvik hi grisgljimta jìhla hi >,9%qui si pahigamslhircr `clxa si akfcrjas pcrc cs migisslhchis ricls hi elmcmglcjimta lmtirma pcrc ahisimvakvljimta ha tiglha prahutlva.
Ma nrãelga sinulmti, sça vlsêvils cs ecsis hi ixpcmsça i hi gamtrcgîça hc igamajlc cmnakcmc.
Elnurc 5 ‗ Grisgljimta ha RL@ (%) ma Rirêaha Cmcklscha
Eamti? JLMRKCM, LMI, EJL ‗ Ikc`arcîça ha cutar.
A pirêaha hi 0228 â 0226 eal a jcls `ij ‗ sugihlha pcrc c igamajlc cmnakcmc, timha a siuRL@ ctlmnlha a plga ij 0229 (39%). Ma imtcmta, rinlstau c tcxc jcls `clxc ij 022< (0,3%)cqucmha hc quihc ha priîa ha pitr÷kia ctì as 72 YWH/`crrlk, mc grlsi elmcmgilrc hi 0226. Misti pirêaha, a RL@ grisgiu ij jìhlc 30,5%. A pirêaha hi 022< â 0238 pahi ‗ sigamslhircr uj pirêaha jcu pcrc c igamajlc cmnakcmc. C igamajlc imgamtrc ‗ si ijistcnmcîça. Hipals hi uj jcu pirêaha imtri as cmas hi 022<, 0232 i 0233, c igamajlcrigupirau cpimcs ij 0230, amhi grisgiu >,5%. Ma imtcmta, cs hlelgukhchis cgljc oãcpamtchcs tïj kivcha issi grisgljimta pcrc `clxa. Misti pirêaha a grisgljimta jìhla eal hi8,3%. A qui jastrc qui ij tirjas ricls, a pcês grisgi cpimcs 2,<7% simha isti a vckarlmgrijimtcha si hihuzlrjas c tcxc hi grisgljimta hc papukcîça qui si sltuc ij 7,0%03.
0.0.0 ‗ Rakêtlgc Elsgck
C pakêtlgc elsgck gajpriimhi c utlklzcîça hikl`irchc ha pahir pÿ`klga, pcrc istljukcr au
ristrlmnlr a grisgljimta igam÷jlga, crrieigir c igamajlc hi prissùis lmekcglamlstcs auctimucr c jcnmltuhi ha hìelgi arîcjimtck i tahas as ieiltas higarrimtis.
Ij Cmnakc, cs hispiscs pÿ`klgcs, tïj slha a prlmglpck lmstrujimta utlklzcha ma àj`lta hc pakêtlgc elsgck, pcrc prajavir a ijprina i a grisgljimta igam÷jlga.
Ma àj`lta ha pranrcjc W@C, a navirma eiz isearîas slnmlelgctlvas pcrc hlsglpklmcr c pakêtlgcarîcjimtck i riearîcr c nistça hcs elmcmîcs pÿ`klgcs. C rcglamcklzcîça hcs hispiscs garrimtis
03
Winumha c tiarlc hi grisgljimta miagkãsslga (ix÷nima i imh÷nima ‗ P. Wakaw i R. Pajir), ujc igamajlcgrisgi qucmha pcrc ckìj hi ripar i lmgrijimtcr a stagd hi gcpltck, gamsinui tcj`ìj ga`rlr a grisgljimta papukcglamck. I misti gcjpa pahi ‗ si hlzir, qui a pcês tij eckfcha, `cstc akfcrjas pcrc a prahuta pir gcpltc has trïs ÿktljas cmas mc elnurc 9.
pirjltlu uj supircvlt arîcjimtck hi 6,6% ha RL@ i passl`lkltau a pcncjimta hi ctrcschaslmtirmas hi >,9 jlk jlkfùis hi YWH qui fcvlcj slha lmgursas hishi 022<.
A navirma ljpkijimtau clmhc ij 0230 ujc rinrc arîcjimtck qui hieimhi c cgujukcîça hiujc nrcmhi qucmtlhchi hi risirvcs lmtirmcglamcls qui gaj c grlcîça ha eumha sa`ircma,
pirjltij lsakcr c igamajlc ha pcês hc vakctlklhchi has priîas ha pitr÷kia sa`ri cs hispiscshi lmvistljimta i ncrcmtlr c sustimtc`lklhchi hc nistça hcs rigiltcs pitrakêeircs.
A rãgla hc hêvlhc pÿ`klgc ixtirmc ij pirgimtcnij ha RL@ gclu hi 3<,>% ij 0233 pcrc 3<,9%ij 0230. Ma imtcmta, mavcs klmfcs hi grìhlta earcj csslmchcs, gaj vlstc c elmcmglcr a pranrcjc mcglamck hi ric`lkltcîça hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcs, trchuzlmha ‗ si muj cujimta hi0,5% sltucmha ‗ si ij 00,3% ij 0237 i 09% ij 0238.
Oã a rãgla hc hêvlhc pÿ`klgc lmtirmc ij pirgimtcnij ha RL@ gclu hi 33,6% ij 0233 pcrcjimas hi <% ij 0230 i <,9% ij 0237, hivlha c rcglamcklzcîça mcs eamtis hi elmcmglcjimtahcs hispiscs. Hivlha, c rihuîça ha priîa ha pitr÷kia, a navirma gamtrclu mavcs hêvlhcs ij `cmgas kagcls, eczimha gaj qui istc si sltuc ‗ si mas 33,5% ij 0238.
A navirma istã c hisimvakvir uj vcsta i cklglcmti pranrcjc hi riearjc trl`utãrlc (RIPX),qui vlsc a ckcrncjimta hc `csi trl`utãrlc i cujimta hcs ga`rcmîcs, hi jaha c pirjltlr ackêvla hc gcrnc cgtuck hi trl`utcîça ha sigtar pitrakêeira.
Ca kamna ha pirêaha, a navirma pragurau sijpri jcmtir ujc pakêtlgc arîcjimtckixpcmslamlstc. Csslj, ij Ocmilra hi 0239, ikljlmau par gajpkita as su`sêhlas â ncsaklmc iautras gaj`ustêvils, ujc gajpamimti qui hitlmfc uj pisa ikivcha mc istruturc hi hispiscs.Istc jihlhc kl`irtau jcls hi 8 jlkfùis hi h÷kcris cjirlgcmas, qui sirvlrcj pcrc ricklzcrautrcs hispiscs saglcls.
Hi uj jaha nirck, a gajpartcjimta hcs elmcmîcs pÿ`klgcs eal a qui sinui ma quchra c`clxa.
As lmhlgcharis arîcjimtcls sça a riekixa hc sltucîça igam÷jlgc i elmcmgilrc qui a pcêsctrcvissc. A sckha prljãrla i nka`ck sça higrisgimtis (i minctlvas ij 0238), riekigtlmha cgrlsi hi grisgljimta qui a pcês vlvi hishi 022<.
A pcês si hipcrc gaj eartis kljltcîùis c mêvik hc nistça, rcglamcklzcîça i ielglïmglc hc pakêtlgc elsgck, as ctrcschas lmtirmas, as lmgujprljimtas, c arncmlzcîça ijpriscrlck, a tiglha
prahutlva mcglamck, c qucklhchi has quchras i c hipimhïmglc ixgisslvc hcs rigiltcs pitrakêeircs sça cknujcs hcs rczùis qui lmekuimglcj c lmielglïmglc hc pakêtlgc elsgck cmnakcmc.
0.0.7 ‗ Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc
C pakêtlgc jamitãrlc gajpriimhi c utlklzcîça hikl`irchc has lmstrujimtas jamitãrlas pikaistcha, ctrcvìs ha @cmga Gimtrck, pcrc ncrcmtlr c istc`lklhchi has priîas, istljukcr almvistljimta i, par gamsinulmti a grisgljimta igam÷jlga, ma gurta prcza.
A @MC ì a prlmglpck rispamsãvik pikc pakêtlgc jamitãrlc i himtri cs sucs prlmglpcls eumîùishistcgcj ‗ si? C rihuîça ha mêvik nirck has priîas, a cssinurcjimta hc istc`lklhchi has priîas rikctlvas4 C nistça hc `csi jamitãrlc4 c rinukcîça i supirvlsça ha jirgcha elmcmgilrai c nistça hcs risirvcs kêqulhcs lmtirmcglamcls00.
Rcrc gujprlr gaj issis a`oigtlvas i tarmcr jcls ielglimti c ljpkijimtcîça hc pakêtlgcjamitãrlc, a Gajltì hi Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc ha @MC grlau a Mava Suchra Apircglamck hcRakêtlgc Jamitãrlc (SRJ), uj lmstrujimta hi nistça i gamtraka pcrc a gaj`cti â lmekcîça i
istc`ikigiu c kul`ar (tcxc hi oura jìhlc hcs apircîùis hi gihïmglc hi klqulhiz) gaja tcxc hi oura hi rieirïmglc pcrc cs trcmscgîùis lmtir`cmgãrlcs ma jirgcha elmcmgilra cmnakcma.
C Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc mcglamck gamtc gaj ujc pcm÷pklc hi lmstrujimtas guoc cpklgcîça pirsinui, prljarhlckjimti gaj a a`oigtlva hi gujprljimta hcs jitcs hi lmekcîça hielmlhcs
pika navirma i c ixpcmsça ha grìhlta â igamajlc.
A @cmga Gimtrck gajpkijimtc c suc lmtirvimîça ctrcvìs hc tcxc `ãslgc hi oura qui slmcklzc ajirgcha elmcmgilra sa`ri c arlimtcîça hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc, lmekuimglcmha c istruturc hcstcxcs hi oura i ricklzcmha, ij sljuktàmia, c nistça hc klqulhiz ha slstijc `cmgãrla.07Isscslmcklzcîça pahirã sir gamstctchc ij eumîça hcs cktircîùis hc tcxc `ãslgc.
As lmstrujimtas hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc utlklzchas pika @MC sça?
▢ Cs ecglklhchis Rirjcmimtis hi Klqulhiz (Gihïmglc i C`sarîça)4 ▢ Cs apircîùis hi jirgcha c`irta4
▢ Cs risirvcs gajpuks÷rlcs4
▢ Cs lmtirvimîùis ma jirgcha gcj`lck (vimhc hi hlvlscs).
Ij 0230 08 a pcês tivi uj `aj hisijpimfa c mêvik has trïs prlmglpcls a`oigtlvas pranrcjãtlgas hc pakêtlgc Jamitãrlc?
♥ Cs risirvcs lmtirmcglamcls `rutcs cujimtcrcj ij 7,7 jlk jlkfùis hi YWH (30,3%cgljc hc jitc lmlglck)4
♥ C jaihc mcglamck jcmtivi ujc timhïmglc hi hipriglcîça sucvi hi cpimcs 3,55%ij rikcîça ca h÷kcr, gaj c tcxc hi gàj`la c sltucr ‗ si ij <9,6 CAC/YWH i a sprich majirgcha pcrckika pirjcmigiu ij 9%4
♥ C lmekcîça gclu hi 33,8% ij 0233 pcrc <,20% ij 0230, pcrc >,5% ij 0237 i >,8%ij 0238, couhchc par ujc tcxc hi gàj`la istãvik (ctì elmcls hi 0238) i pikas su`sêhlas cas priîas has gaj`ustêvils, ctlmnlmha uj hênlta (022<), pikc prljilrc viz ij ujc hìgchc i ajêmlja hipals hc lmhipimhïmglc (0238).
A GRJ, qui imtrau ij eumglamcjimta ij Autu`ra hi 0233, `clxau c tcxc hi oura hirieirïmglc ij 09 pamtas hi `csi pcrc 32,09%, ij Ocmilra hi 0230. Cs tcxcs hi oura ha
07 Yjc su`lhc hc tcxc @MC lmhlgc uj gimãrla jcls ristrltlva hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc, ij qui a @MC privï uj
cujimta nirck has priîas ma gurta prcza, hamhi a gajprajitljimta hc jitc hi lmekcîça ì ujc quistça c
gamslhircr. Rar autra kcha, ujc rihuîça hc tcxc slj`aklzc uj gursa ixpcmslamlstc hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc, ij quisi privï uj gimãrla hi hljlmulîça hc lmekcîça ma gurta prcza.08Eamti? Pikct÷rla cmuck Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad 0230.
jirgcha hljlmuêrcj slnmlelgctlvcjimti, gaj c tcxc has ijprìstljas imtri 363 hlcs i 3 cma cgclu hi 38,9% ij 0230 pcrc jimas hi 37% ij Hizij`ra hi 0237.
Rar autra kcha, c kil gcj`lck cpravchc pika Rcrkcjimta, ij Mavij`ra hi 0233, ljpùi cas `cmgas mcglamcls jcmtir uj jêmlja hi 62% ha siu gcpltck ij jaihc mcglamck (CAC) ctì a
elmck hi 0230. C kil cpalc as isearîas ha @MC pcrc rihuzlr a mêvik hi hakcrlzcîça hcigamajlc i jikfarcr c ielgãglc hc pakêtlgc jamitãrlc. Ckìj hlssa ujc mavc kil gcj`lck pcrc asigtar pitrakêeira, cpravchc ij 0230, ixlni qui cs ijpriscs lmtirmcglamcls hi pitr÷kiatrcmselrcj ujc pcrti slnmlelgctlvc hcs sucs trcmscgîùis has `cmgasaeesfari pcrc as `cmgasmcglamcls, a qui pirjltlu cujimtcr c klqulhiz i c gcpcglhchi hi gamgihir grìhlta â igamajlcmcglamck.
09Ij 0238, a @MC lmtirvila uscmha as lmstrujimtas hi nistça hi pakêtlgc jamitãrlc. C tcxc
hi ecglklhchi pirjcmimti hi gihïmglc hi klqulhiz eal rihuzlhc 2,9 p.p. pcrc as <,>9% i ujcujimta hc tcxc hi oura hi ecglklhchi pircmti i c`sarîça hi klqulhiz ij 3 p.p. pcrc as 3,>9%.Gaj a a`oigtlva hi istljukcr a grìhlta i, gamsiquimtijimti a grisgljimta igam÷jlga, a@MC rihuzlu c tcxc hi oura hi rieirïmglc (tcxc @MC) ij 2,>9 p.p., pcsscmha hi <,>9% pcrc<%. Ma jirgcha lmtir`cmgãrla, cs tcxcs‛ kul`ar ‚ lmvirtircj c timhïmglc higrisgimti ha cmacmtirlar, sa`rituha c‛ Kul`ar Avirmlnft‚ , qui ij Hizij`ra hi 0238 si elxau mas 9,3<%.
Ij nirck cs tcxcs hi ouras tlvircj a gajpartcjimta sinulmti.
Elnurc 6 ‗ Ivakuîça hcs Xcxcs hi Ouras ma Jirgcha Lmtir`cmgãrla
Eamti?@MC ‗ Pikct÷rla i gamtcs hi 0237 i 0238
As nrãelgas cgljc hijamstrcj ujc pakêtlgc jamitãrlc pruhimti timhimti c rihuzlr a gusta hahlmfilra, gaj a a`oigtlva hi cujimtcr c gcpcglhchi has `cmgas gajirglcls hcrij jclsgrìhltas â igamajlc.
Ma qui si rieiri cas cnrinchas jamitãrlas, c lmtirvimîça ha @G eal gamearji a quchrasinulmti.
Imtri 0237 i 0238 as cnrinchas qui saerircj vcrlcîùis jcls ikivchcs earcj as Autraslmstrujimtas iqulpcrãvils c hip÷sltas (077,7%), hip÷sltas c Arhij i c prcza ij JM 0<,5%i 0<,>% rispigtlvcjimti `ij gaja Matcs i Jaihcs ij Rahir ha Rÿ`klga gaj 00,<%.
Gaja si pahi vir c Rakêtlgc jamitãrlc tij hisijpimfcha a siu pcpik mc prassiguîça hasa`oigtlvas jcgraigam÷jlgas hi istc`lklzcîça i prajaîça ha grisgljimta.
0.7 ‗ Gcrcgtirlzcîça Wigtarlck
As ieiltas hc hlvirslelgcîça pcrigij timhir c hispamtcr ma jila hi tcjcmfc ixu`iràmglc hasigtar pitrakêeira, `cstc akfcrjas pcrc cs hlmàjlgcs hi grisgljimta has sigtaris igam÷jlgas.C gamtrl`ulîça rikctlvc hissis sigtaris cgimtuau ‗ si ij 0226, pcsscmha cknums gaja a hcgamstruîça i a`rcs pÿ`klgcs, gajìrgla i sirvlîas, cnrlgukturc i lmhÿstrlc trcmsearjcharc, chitirij uj grisgljimta rikctlva jcls hlmàjlga ha qui ha sigtar hajlmcmti. Mujc ecsi ijqui a pitr÷kia si imgamtrc ij `clxc, a sigtar mça pitrakêeira, ma siu taha, oã riprisimtc uj pisa jclar qui a sigtar pitrakêeira i tij slha gruglck pcrc a grisgljimta ha RL@ mas ÿktljascmas.
Ì vlsêvik c rihuîça hc hipimhïmglc ha pitr÷kia mc igamajlc cmnakcmc. Rahi ‗ si vir qui assigtaris ha gajìrgla i sirvlîas, gamstruîça, lmhÿstrlc i cnrlgukturc sça as jcls hlmàjlgas. Maimtcmta, mça pahijas hilxcr hi erlscr a ercga hisijpimfa has sigtaris has hlcjcmtis i hcimirnlc i ãnucs. A qui prissupùi fcvir ujc nrcmhi migisslhchi hi lmvistljimtas misscsãrics pcrc tarmc ‗ kcs jcls gajpitltlva i gchc viz jcls pcrtlglpcmtis hc earjcîça hc rlquizcmcglamck.
0.7.3 ‗ Ritr÷kia i Nãs McturckA pitr÷kia gamtlmuc c sir a jatar ha grisgljimta igam÷jlga hi Cmnakc, jisja hipals hackgcmgi hc pcz, ujc viz qui gamtrl`ulu ij jìhlc gaj 89,>>% ha RL@, pisi ij`arc timfctlha ujc tcxc jìhlc hi grisgljimta hi 5,6% ca kamna ha pirêaha.
A navirma pritimhi ixpcmhlr c prahuîça i ctlmnlr 0 jlkfùis hi `ph ij 0239.
C `cglc ij ãnucs praeumhcs ha Dwcmzc (39 dj c aisti hc gcpltck ha pcês) ì gamslhirchc ujchcs jcls rlgcs risirvcs hi pitr÷kia ha jumha. A pcês passul clmhc c sinumhc jclar risirvc hinãs mcturck hi Ãerlgc (0<k jlkfùis hi ). Ma L¿ trljistri hi 0237 a pcês gajiîau c ixpartcr
nãs mcturck (KMN), ma imtcmta vlu ‗ si a`rlnchc c pcrcr hivlha c cknums pra`kijcs tìgmlgas.
Cpiscr hi sir a jclar gamtrl`ulmti elsgck ha istcha, ì a sigtar qui jimas ijprina grlc simhaqui riprisimtc cpimcs jimas hi 3% ha ijprina tatck hc igamajlc. Ma imtcmta, gamtrl`ul gajjcls hi >9% pcrc cs rigiltcs elsgcls i <9% hcs ixpartcîùis ha pcês, simha c prlmglpck eamti hihlvlscs hc igamajlc.
Rar autra kcha, a sigtar pitrakêeira gamstltul tcj`ìj uj sigtar hi imgkcvi, qui mça ecvarigicelrjcîça hi ijpriscs mcglamcls i istrcmnilrcs pcrc a hisimvakvljimta hi cgtlvlhchis
lmixpkarchcs, quir c ouscmti gaja c jamtcmti i gamsiquimti nircîça hi ijprina, pika qui anavirma tirã hi gamtlmucr c imvlhcr isearîas pcrc vlc`lklzcr a surnljimta hi piquimas mavasmin÷glas mc ãric.
0.7.0 ‗ Hlcjcmtis i Autras Jlmircls
A sigtar jlmilra gamtlmuc su`hisimvakvlha, cpiscr hi julta prajlssar. Ij 0237, a sigtargamtrl`ulu 2,><% i ij 0238, 2,57% pcrc earjcîça ha RL@4 uj sigtar qui oã riprisimtau jclshi <2% hcs ixpartcîùis hi jlmircls ij taha pcês 05. Cgtuckjimti passul cpimcs ujc jahistc pcrtlglpcîça mc imtrchc hi hlvlscs pcrc c igamajlc i mc earjcîça hc rlquizc mcglamck.
Cgimtuchcs qui`rcs hi prahuîça agarrircj hurcmti a pirêaha hc nuirrc glvlk, ij qui asgcjpas earcj c`cmhamchas i a gkljc hi lmstc`lklhchi pakêtlgc i jlkltcr mça ecvarigiu cgamtlmulhchi hcs ixpkarcîùis. A girta ì qui jisja hipals hc pcz, a sigtar istã kamni hictlmnlr as mêvils cmtirlarjimti ckgcmîchas.
A sigtar vaktau c sir hurcjimti ctlmnlha gaj c ÿktljc grlsi elmcmgilrc, gaj quihcscgimtuchcs mas priîas mas jirgchas jumhlcls i slnmlelgctlvcs qui`rcs ma vakuji hi prahuîça.
Ij 0230, c Hi @iirs cmumglau c hisga`irtc hi hip÷sltas hi hlcjcmtis rimtãvils mc pravêmglchc Kumhc Marti i ma jisja cma earcj hisga`irtcs hucs nrcmhlascs pihrcs hi 76,7 i 373,9
qulkctis rispigtlvcjimti, ma Kuka, marhisti hi Cmnakc, vlmha cpimcs c gajpravcr a ljimsa patimglck qui a pcês passul rikctlvcjimti c isti jlmilra.
Ij pcrckika, Cmnakc ixpkarc clmhc a aura, ga`ri, jãrjari, nrcmlta, ga`ckta, eirra i autrasjlmircls ljpartcmtis ma qui tcmni cas vckaris igam÷jlga i hi usa c mêvik jumhlck.
Cpiscr hi si tir elrjcha gaja a sinumha prahuta hi ixpartcîça ha pcês, a sigtar hashlcjcmtis grisgiu cpimcs 33%, ij jìhlc hurcmti as 39 cmas cmcklschas4 uj vckar `cstcmtirihuzlha si rigarhcr a pisa rikctlva qui oã hitivi ma prahuta mcglamck.
Hi cgarha gaj Nka`ck Wujjcry hi 022< (Istctêstlgcs Igam÷jlgcs i Waglcls hi tahas asRcêsis ha Jumha, pu`klgchas cmuckjimti) ha Isquijc hi Girtlelgcîça ha Rragissa hiDlj`irkiy, Cmnakc irc a 8¿ jclar prahutar jumhlck hi hlcjcmtis ij 0230, timha gcêha pcrca >¿ kuncr ij 0238.
0.7.7 ‗ Cnrlgukturc i Risgc
Gaj 96 jlkfùis hi figtcris hi tirrcs patimglckjimti crãvils, uj gkljc ecvarãvik i rigursas
fêhrlgas c`umhcmtis, Cmnakc passul uj ixgikimti patimglck cnrêgakc. A sigtar hc cnrlgukturc,05Uir Jamanrcelc hi Cmnakc Uirsça Cgtucklzchc, Hizij`ra hi 0226
qui rispamhi par jcls hi 5<,0% ha ijprina tatck, vlu c suc gamtrl`ulîça ma RL@ cujimtcrslnmlelgctlvcjimti hi 6% ij 022> pcrc 32,3% ij 0233, mc siquïmglc has lmvistljimtas pÿ`klgas vlscmha jikfarcr cs lmerc ‗ istruturcs i prajavir as `ims prahuzlhas kagckjimti.Ij 0230, c prahuîça tatck ha sigtar rinlstau uj grisgljimta istljcha hi 37,<%. Isti
grisgljimta eal ljpukslamcha par uj earti vakuji hi prahuîça (jlkfa, jcmhlagc, gcmc ‗ hi ‗ cîÿgcr, cknahça, slsck, `cmcmc i jchilrc), qui ctlmnlu 0> jlkfùis hi tamikchcs, au sioc ujgrisgljimta mc arhij has 6% ij rikcîça ca cma cmtirlar, risuktcmtis has pranrcjcs hieajimta hcs gaapirctlvcs i ha grìhlta cnrêgakc hi gcjpcmfc.
Sucmta c pisgc a pcês passul ujc gcpcglhchi hi pisgcha hi 892 jlk tamikchcs cmucls jcs siistljc qui cpimcs jitchi hissc gcpcglhchi ì ixpkarchc.
A pcês gamtlmuc hipimhimti hc ljpartcîça hi ckljimtas i c prahuîça cnrêgakc i as priîas sça
eriquimtijimti ceigtchas pikc sigc, pikc a`sakisgïmglc tigmak÷nlgc, pikc ercgc pcrtlglpcîça hasigtar `cmgãrla, prlvcha i pÿ`klga ijpriscrlck (cnrlgukturc lmhustrlck), pika `clxa mêvik higamfigljimtas glimtêelgas i par autras ecgtaris istruturcls, qui paij ij gcusc a êmhlgi hi prahutlvlhchi ha sigtar.
0.7.8 ‗ Lmhÿstrlc Xrcmsearjcharc
C lmhÿstrlc celnurc ‗ si gaja a sigtar hc ckcvcmgcnij hcs igamajlcs hi jirgcha. A sigtar
jcmuecgturilra rinlstau uj klnilra grisgljimta ha siu pisa ma RL@ hi 6% ij 0237, pcrc6,5% ij 0238.Ij tirjas jìhlas c lmhÿstrlc riprisimtc 8,5% ma pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238. Hicgarha gaj uj lmquìrlta ricklzcha pika LMI, cs ijpriscs jcmuecgturilrcs ctrl`uij issihisijpimfa kimta c ristrlîùis ma cgissa c ãnuc i imirnlc ikìgtrlgc, âs lmerc ‗ istruturcs i asikivchas gustas kanêstlgas, â ecktc hi pissack qucklelgcha, â lmhlspaml`lklhchi hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs ispigêelgcs ma jirgcha kagck i âs hlelgukhchis hi cgissa ca grìhlta. Cpiscr histis pra`kijcs, a sigtar pahirã nircr ncmfas patimglcls ljihlctas ma hisimvakvljimta hcscgtlvlhchis hi prahuîça cnrêgakc, ma earmigljimta hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs i, ij pcrtlgukcr hcjchilrc histlmchc ca sigtar hc gamstruîça, ij pkimc ixpcmsça (grisgljimta hi 5.6%, ij0233 i 33,>% ij 0230), i hi `i`lhcs i suc ij`ckcnij. Hi rigarhcr qui ca kamna ha pirêahaa grisgljimta jìhla ha sigtar lmhustrlck eal hi 3>,9%, gaj pcrtlgukcr histcqui pcrc as cmashi 0228, 0232 i 0233 i 0230 qucmha ctlmnlu 35,5%, 3<,3%, 37<,9% i 32,>%rispigtlvcjimti.
Ì hi rickîcr qui hlvirscs lmlglctlvcs igam÷jlgcs i kincls tïj slha eiltcs pika navirma masimtlha hi si lmvirtir a quchra i si ncrcmtlr ieigtlvcs gcpcglhchis i gamhlîùis hilmvistljimtas ma sigtar lmhustrlck â isgckc mcglamck. Wça, par ixijpka, c earjcîça has
bbgkcustir ̧ ¸prlarltãrlas0> , c grlcîça has R÷kas hi Hisimvakvljimta Lmhustrlck ij taha pcês(scklimtcj ‗ si cqul as R÷kas hi Ulcmc, Wuj`i, Gctuj`ikc i @imnuikc), a pranrcjc CmnakcLmvisti, a Rkcma Mcglamck hi Earjcîça hi Suchras i c grlcîça hc kil hcs JRJI06. Ì clmhc hirickîcr c grlcîça ha Rranrcjc hi Eajimta Ijpriscrlck (REI) gaj a a`oigtlva hi sljpklelgcr
a pragissa hi grlcîça hi ijpriscs i jikfarcr a cgissa ca grìhlta i ha Eumha Cgtlva hiGcpltck hi Plsga (ECGPC), histlmcha ca elmcmglcjimta hi kamna prcza, gaj vlstc c grlcîçaau ixpcmsça hi jlgra, piquimcs i jìhlcs ijpriscs, `ij gaja istljukcr a cujimta hasijpriimhiharis i hi praoigtas hi min÷glas gaj ikivcha patimglck hi grisgljimta, gajrigursa ca grìhlta gajirglck i rihuîça ha gusta has ijprìstljas.
0.7.9 ‗ Gajìrgla i Wirvlîas Jirgcmtls
A sigtar gajirglck cmnakcma, clmhc si cprisimtc pauga hlvirslelgcha i gimtrcklzcha ij, `imsjclarltcrlcjimti ljpartchas. Histcgcj ‗ si as `ims ckljimtcris, cs `i`lhcs ckga÷klgcs, asvistuãrlas i gckîchas. Gaj a grisgljimta ha sigtar lmhustrlck i hc gamstruîça cnrcvcha gaj cimtrchc hi lmvistljimtas ixtirmas ma pcês, c gajirglcklzcîça hi iqulpcjimtas lmhustrlcls,sa`rissckimtis i jctirlcls hi gamstruîça, tij vlmha c cssujlr uj kuncr hi histcqui mcistruturc hc cgtlvlhchi gajirglck. Mça pahijas hilxcr hi su`klmfcr a grisgljimta hagajìrgla cutaj÷vik uj pauga par taha pcês jcs gaj pcrtlgukcr lmglhïmglc ma kltarck, amhi cs pravêmglcs hi Kucmhc i @imnuikc imgc`iîcj c klstc. Yjc hcs quistùis jcls pirtlmimtis qui ì
priglsa rickîcr rislhi ma ecgta hi qui pcrc ckìj ha sigtar sir uj earti ijprinchar i gajgcpcglhchi hi nircr gchc viz jcls ijprinas hlrigtas, ì tcj`ìj uj nrcmhi prajatar hilmekcîça. Wi par uj kcha, istã c lmekcîça ljpartchc hivlha cas cktas gustas hi trcmspartcîça ihi hisckecmhincjimta has `ims, par autra kcha, a pragissa hi gajirglcklzcîça hi `ims ‗ quisi hisha`rc ij vimhc i rivimhc has jisjas prahutas sa`ri as qucls lmglhij gustas hitrcmspartcîça, crjczimcnij, hlstrl`ulîça i ljpasta hi gamsuja ‗ ì tcj`ìj ujc hcs nrcmhiscrjchlkfcs pcrc a cujimta gamtêmua has priîas.
A navirma cmnakcma, ctrcvìs ha Jlmlstìrla hi tutikc, tij hisimvakvlha cgîùis qui vlsijrinukcr, arncmlzcr, gaarhimcr i jikfarcr c cgtlvlhchi gajirglck, mça s÷ mc pirspigtlvc hccrrigchcîça hi rigiltcs pcrc as gaeris ha istcha, jcs tcj`ìj pcrc ujc jikfar arncmlzcîça igamgarrïmglc hcs ijpriscs ma jirgcha, `ij gaja ncrcmtlr c gamsirvcîça has `ims hi jahaqui istis passcj gfincr ca gamsujlhar elmck gaj c qucklhchi hisiochc0<.
0>Gkcustir hc Imirnlc i Ãnucs4 Ckljimtcîça i Cnra ‗ lmhustrlc4 Fc`ltcîça4 Xrcmspartis i Kanêstlgc4 gaja gamstc
ha RMH 0237 ‗ 023>06Kil m¿ 72/33 hi 37 hi Witij`ra hi 02330<Pikij`rcjas cqul, cs jihlhcs i as hlvirsas pranrcjcs ha Jlmlstìrla pcrc a isgacjimta i gamsirvcîça has prahutas ha gcjpa, a RCRCNPA4 as Imtripastas Chucmilras4 C grlcîça i arncmlzcîça has jirgchas jumlglpcls
A sigtar has sirvlîas tij cprisimtcha uj earti grisgljimta, eumhcjimtckjimti hipals hackgcmgi hc pcz. Gaj ujc tcxc istljchc hi 30,7% ij 0230, gamtrc as 6,>% hi 0233 tij slhahas jcls hlmàjlgas sigtaris hc igamajlc cmnakcmc. C imtrchc hi mavas `cmgas, sinurcharcs iujc vcstc ncjc hi imtlhchis fatikilrcs, tij kivcha cas mêvils hi grisgljimta ctì cqul
ckgcmîcha. C mavc kinlskcîça ixlnlmha qui cs gajpcmflcs pitrakêeircs rigarrcj cas `cmgasmcglamcls i â gamtrctcîça hi jlgra i piquimcs ijpriscs pcrc pristcîça hi sirvlîas hlvirsas,hi jaha pranrisslva ca kamna has 30 jisis c pcrtlr hi Autu`ra hi 0230, riearîau c klqulhizha slstijc `cmgãrla, ckcrncmha cs passl`lklhchis hi gamgissça hi grìhltas i cujimta hi mavas prahutas elmcmgilras. A sigtar hi turlsja, fatikcrlc i ristcurcîça ì kljltcha pika gamtraki hcljlnrcîça i pikas priîas ikivchas, jcs tij ixl`lha uj grisgljimta ca kamna has cmas,cgakfimha sa`rituha vlcocmtis hi min÷glas.
Ij 0238 a sigtar hi sirvlîas jirgcmtls riprisimtau 09,0<% ha RL@ i grisgiu 70% ca kamnaha pirêaha, simha c tcxc jcls cktc himtri as sigtaris.
0.7.5 ‗ Gamstruîça i A`rcs Rÿ`klgcs
Hurcmti a pirêaha hi nuirrc, virlelgau ‗ si c hitirlarcîça nrchuck hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcsixlstimtis. Cp÷s c gamqulstc hc pcz, a navirma kcmîau uj cj`lglasa pranrcjc hi gamstruîçai ric`lkltcîça hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcs qui tïj slha c ckcvcmgc hc igamajlc i ha ijprina.
Rarìj, cgtuckjimti ì has jcls hlmàjlgas sigtaris hc igamajlc mcglamck i a qui jcls grisgic mêvik has sigtaris mça ‗ pitrakêeiras.
Gaj rigursa âs klmfcs hi grìhlta, prlmglpckjimti arlumhcs hc Gflmc (prlmglpck grihar),Rartunck, @rcslk, Istchas Ymlhas, Ckijcmfc, Maruinc, Ocpça i autras, a pcês tij gamsinulhahcr gujprljimta ca siu pranrcjc, hamhi si histcgcj c gamstruîça i ric`lkltcîça hi istrchcs, pamtis, cirapartas, partas, rihis hi isnatas i hi scmicjimta `ãslga i autras lmvistljimtasgcpczis hi jikfarcr a cj`limti hi min÷glas, rihuzlr as gustas hi trcmspartcîça i jikfarcr cs
gamhlîùis hi aeirtc hi `ims i sirvlîas, migissãrlas â jikfarlc hc qucklhchi hi vlhc hc papukcîça.
A navirma kcmîau clmhc, ij 0226 uj nrcmhi hiscela hi gamstruîça hi 3 Jlkfça hi eanasfc`ltcglamcls72 jitc qui, cpiscr hi mça tir slha ckgcmîchc, eal cjpkcjimti pirsinulhc,
i gajumcls `ij gaja c lmstckcîça hi gàjcrcs erlnarêelgcs pcrc gamsirvcîça hi erisgas4 C gamgissça hi hlriltashi ljpartcîça cpimcs pcrc as nrcmhis hlstrl`ulharis mcglamcls i c sipcrcîça hcs ijpriscs nrasslstcs i ritckflstcs par earjc c cgc`cr gaj c gamgarrïmglc hiskick i ncrcmtlr jclar gajpitltlvlhchi ma sigtar, sça cknums ltims critir.72
Rrajitlhc pika prislhimti ha JRKC, mc ckturc hc gcjpcmfc ikiltarck pcrc cs prljilrcs ikilîùis kinlskctlvcs ha pcês, a Rrislhimti ha pcrtlha ma pahir i tcj`ìj hc Pipÿ`klgc hi Cmnakc, kcmîau uj nrcmhi hiscela pcrc a siunavirma, c prajissc hi gamstruîça hi 3 jlkfça hi gcscs pcrc c papukcîça. Istc jitc cpiscr hi mça tir slhackgcmîchc, hisimeriau ujc garrlhc erimìtlgc hcs ijpriscs pcrc sigtar quir pikcs gamstrutarcs, quir pikcs
risuktcmha mujc nrcmhi ixpkasça hc gamstruîça hi fc`ltcîùis mcs jcls hlvirscs jahcklhchisgaja gamhajêmlas, gcscs saglcls i glhchis uj pauga par taha pcês, parìj gaj jclarlmglhïmglc mc gcpltck.
Cgtuckjimti a sigtar riprisimtc 32% ha RL@ i grisgi c ujc tcxc jìhlc cmuck hi 38,3%,
lmekuimglcmha pikas cmas 0228, 0232 i 0230 gaj 08,26%, 09,<9% i 09,8% rispigtlvcjimti.Ì tcj`ìj uj has prlmglpcls ijprincharis hc earîc hi trc`ckfa ouvimlk, i si istljc qui amÿjira hi pastas hi trc`ckfas nirchas ij 0226 ramhcvc as 52.222 pastas hlrigtas. As pranrcjcs ha navirma hça ujc ispiglck ctimîça âs a`rcs pÿ`klgcs, pals cgrihltc ‗ si ikcgamstltul ujc hcs `csis pcrc a grisgljimta sustimtcha hc igamajlc i uj has supartis pcrc ahisimvakvljimta hcs cgtlvlhchis cnrapiguãrlcs, lmhustrlcls, turêstlgcs jcs tcj`ìj pcrc cricpraxljcîça has pavas autrarc sipcrchas pikc nuirrc.
0.7.> ‗ Imirnlc i Ãnucs
A pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça riquir, cmtis hi jcls uj sigtar imirnìtlga `cstcmti cgutlkcmtigcpcz hi supartcr cs migisslhchis mça s÷ ha pr÷prla pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça jcs tcj`ìjhi uj gamsuja qui ì gchc viz jclar.
A cujimta hc himslhchi papukcglamck i a grisgljimta igam÷jlga sça hals ecgtaris prlmglpcls,qui c ouscmti, lmhuzij ujc jclar prahuîça ha sigtar i c jamtcmti, jcls hlstrl`ulîça i
ripcrtlîça hc imirnlc.Ij Cmnakc, a sigtar ikìgtrlga eumglamc julta hi`lkltchcjimti i mça cpraviltc jcls hi 92%hi tahc suc patimglcklhchi. Ratimglck qui pahi sir ckgcmîcha si earij hielmlhcs cknujcs pakêtlgcs i rijavlhas as prlmglpcls pamtas hi istrcmnukcjimta pcrc nircîça, trcmsparti ihlstrl`ulîça hi imirnlc, qui sinumha a GILG73 sça?
♥ Hìelgi hi prahuîça4
♥ Cs kljltcîùis mc gcpcglhchi hcs klmfcs hi trcmsparti704
gajirglcklzcharcs hi jctirlcls hi gamstruîça, hivlha c rihuîça chjlmlstrctlvc rihuîça hi priîas i hi ljpastaschucmilras c girtas jctirlcls hi gamstruîça, `ij gaja a cujimta hc prahuîça hi gljimta i gamsiquimtihljlmulîça has priîas, tarmcrcj a sigtar hc gamstruîça jcls ra`usta, hlmàjlga i gchc viz jcls c`sakvimti hijça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc, tarmcmha ‗ si csslj, c pcr hc cnrlgukturc, ma sigtar qui jcls gamtrl`ul pcrc c rihuîça hahisijprina.73 Eamti? Pikct÷rla 0232, sa`ri Imirnlc ij Cmnakc, GILG70 A trcmsparti ì eilta par trïs slstijcs i sça c IMI i c NCJID, cs nistarcs hc jclar pcrti hcs klmfcs hi
trcmsparti. As trïs prlmglpcls slstijcs hi trcmsparti sça? l) a marti, qui si prakamnc ha Rarta hi Kucmhc ijhlrigîça ca kisti (gamgimtrc >0%)4 ll) a gimtra, qui si prakamnc ha Rarta ha Ka`lta ca kisti (<,<%)4 i a suk, quisi prakamnc ha parta hi Mcjl`i, lnuckjimti ij hlrigîça ca kisti ha pcês (>,>%). C hlstrl`ulîça ì nirlhc pikc
♥ C ixlstïmglc hi ikivchcs pirhcs tìgmlgcs i mça s÷, mas slstijcs ikìgtrlgas4
♥ C mça riekixça has gustas ieigtlvas i mij siquir has gustas apircglamcls mcs tcrlecsga`rchcs4
♥ I c mça lmtirklncîça has slstijcs ikìgtrlgas, a qui gamstltul pirhcs hi apartumlhchisij tirjas hi igamajlc hi isgckc i ha cujimta hc elc`lklhchi.
Rar autra kcha, a sigtar supartc ikivchas imgcrnas gaj c gajpamimti tìrjlgc77, qui imgcrigiclmhc jcls as gustas hi prahuîça. Fã isgcssiz hi rigursas elmcmgilras i c qucklhchi hc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc ì autrc gajpamimti eumhcjimtck qui ì priglsa hisimvakvir.
Wimha uj has jcls ljpartcmtis i prajlssaris sigtaris hc igamajlc cmnakcmc, a sigtarimirnìtlga, riprisimtc cpimcs 2,3% ha RL@ i tij ujc jahistc tcxc hi grisgljimta hi 32% ca
kamna has39 cmas cmcklschas. Yj hisijpimfa julta pauga gamsinulha pcrc uj pcês quiquir vir c suc igamajlc grisgir sustimtchcjimti, cgikircr a pragissa hi hlvirslelgcîça i hilmhustrlcklzcîça.
A navirma tirã csslj hi chaptcr cs jikfaris pakêtlgcs pcrc a cpraviltcjimta hcs nrcmhis patimglcklhchis imirnìtlgcs eumhcjimtckjimti flhraikìgtrlgcs, hcs qucls risscktc a GILG?
▢ Jikfarcr c qucklhchi i c elc`lklhchi ma earmigljimta hi imirnlc ikìgtrlgc, gajlmvistljimtas hi gcpltck lmtimslva quir mc ric`lkltcîça, quir mc ixpcmsça hcs lmerc ‗
istruturcs4
▢Grlcr gamhlîùis pcrc qui cs ijpriscs apircharcs ha sigtar eumglamij, sinumha as prlmgêplas gajirglcls4
▢ Ieigtlvcr c lmtirklncîça has slstijcs ikìgtrlgas, marti, gimtra i suk, csslj gaja aslstijc mcglamck hc WCHG ì hi gcpltck ljpartàmglc parqui pirjltlrã a hisimvakvljimta ha patimglck flhraikìgtrlga ixlstimti, a cujimta hc elc`lklhchi ma earmigljimta, ncmfas ijtirjas hi igamajlc hi isgckc, rihuîça hi gustas hi prahuîça i ixpkarcîça, rihuîça hc pakulîça cj`limtck, prajaîça hi praoigtas hi gcpltck lmtimslva, a hisimvakvljimtaigam÷jlga i saglck, c grlcîça hi ijprinas, c rihuîça ha gamsuja hc `lajcssc4
▢Grlcr uj cj`limti prapêgla pcrc a hisimvakvljimta hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcs ikìgtrlgcs,ctrcvìs hi pcrgirlcs pÿ`klga ‗ prlvchcs4
IHIK, prlmglpck rispamsãvik pikc hlstrl`ulîça ij Kucmhc (`clxc timsça) i pikc IMI, qui c`cstigi Kucmhc(jìhlc i cktc timsça) i cs ristcmtis pravêmglcs. Ij 0232 Kucmhc gamgimtrcvc 59% hc prahuîça tatck.
77Winumha hchas hc Hlrigîça hi Imirnlc ha Jlmlstìrla hc Imirnlc i Ãnucs, c gcpcglhchi lmstckchc hi prahuîçahi ikigtrlglhchi ij 0226 irc hi 3.06< J^ simha qui 53% irc flhraikìgtrlgc i ristcmti tìrjlgc.
▢Piearjcr cs tcrlecs hi earjc c ncrcmtlr a ritarma ha lmvistljimta4vl) rivlsça hcs pakêtlgcs hi su s̀êhlas, ujc viz qui prajavi c lmielglïmglc i `imielglc as qui jcls tïj4
▢ I c grlcîça uj Eumha hi Ikigtrlelgcîça Purck ì hi ixtrijc ljpartàmglc pcrcgamstltulr ujc eamti hi elmcmglcjimta.
0.7.6 ‗ Autras Wirvlîas mça Jirgcmtls
Imtri as sirvlîas mça jirgcmtls, histcgcj ‗ si c ihugcîça, scÿhi, pratigîça saglck, fc`ltcîçai sirvlîas gajumltãrlas, sinurcmîc i arhij pÿ`klgc, hieisc, pratigîça cj`limtck, rigricîça,gukturc i riklnlça78. Istis sigtaris riprisimtcj ij gamoumta >,<% ha RL@ mcglamck.
Ij pcrtlgukcr, nastcrêcjas hi cekarcr sa`ri as sigtaris hc ihugcîça i hc scÿhi, ujc viz quiistis gamstltuij as plkcris pcrc a hisimvakvljimta sustimtãvik cgkcjcha ij taha jumha i
gkcra, ma massa pcês tcj`ìj. Ma sigtar hc ihugcîça hishi 0225 ctì ca cma hi 0230 earcj rigrutchas jcls hi <9.222 mavas praeissaris i a navirma lmvistlu mc gamstruîça i ric`lkltcîça hi isgakcs ij taha pcês. Rarìjas risuktchas mça earcj as jcls ispirchas ujc viz qui c tcxc hi gamgkusça ha imslma prljãrla eal hi 77%, girgc hi jitchi hc jìhlc rinlamck. A imslma sigumhãrla i tìgmlga tïjgamfiglha ujc slnmlelgctlvc ixpcmsça gaj c gamstruîça hi 79 mavcs isgakcs imtri 022< â0230 i cs lmsgrlîùis ma imslma supirlar grisgircj jcls hi 92% ca cma hishi 0220, jcs c
qucklhchi hljlmulu hivlha âs kcgumcs rinlstchcs ma quchra rinukcjimtcr.Gaj vlstc c jikfarcr a hisijpimfa ha sigtar, a Jlmlstìrla ikc`arau c riearjc ihugctlvc ijelmcls hi 0229 i prlj÷rhlas hi 0225, guoc cvcklcîça cpimcs cnucrhc a elj ha prczaistc`ikiglha. Rar autra kcha, istã ij gursa uj cklglcmti Rkcma hi Earjcîça hi Suchras cmêvik mcglamck, hi jaha c cklcr as praelsslamcls âs jikfaris prãtlgcs i ixlnïmglcs ha jirgcha.
Sucmta c scÿhi, a navirma eiz ljpartcmtis lmvistljimtas hishi as rigursas fujcmas,slstijcs hi lmearjcîça, jikfarlc has sirvlîas, gamstruîça, ripcrcîça i cpitrigfcjimta hcsumlhchis faspltckcris, ma imtcmta jimas hi jitchi hc papukcîça ha pcês tij cgissa c scÿhi.79C ispircmîc jìhlc hi vlhc pcssau hi 86 ij 022< pcrc 90 cmas ij 0230 , jcs clmhc
78 Mistc gctinarlc lmsirij ‗ si as su`sêhlas cas gaj`ustêvils i imirnlc (qui riprisimtcj >,6% ha RL@) jcstcj`ìj as su`sêhlas hi hisijprina, par vikflgi, lmgcpcglhchi au haimîc, fc`ltcîça, ecjêklc, itg. Uir kil m¿ >/28hi 39 hi Autu`ra. Sucmta c fc`ltcîça i sirvlîas gajumltãrlas, imquchrcj ‗ si as nrcmhis praoigtasfc`ltcglamcls prajavlhas pika navirma ctrcvìs ha Rranrcjc Mcglamck hi Fc`ltcîça. Sucmta c pratigîçacj`limtck, histcgcj ‗ si c kil hi `csis ha cj`limti, cs riearjcs ma sigtar gaj vlstc c grlcîça hi pakêtlgcs hi
lmgimtlva âs imirnlcs kljpcs i ca hisimvakvljimta hc igamajlc virhi, `ij gaja c gamstruîça has gimtras plkatas pcrc prajaîça hc `lahlvirslhchi i c rihuîça hcs ijlssùis hi GA0 (kij`rcr qui Cmnakc ì slnmctãrlc has pratagakas hi Sulata i Jamtrick, timha oã rihuzlha cs sucs ijlssùis hi 3,9 dn ij 0222 pcrc 2,< dn ij 0233).79 L@R (0226 ‗ 022<) i EJL (Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad. Cmnakc 0230).
elnurc imtri cs jcls `clxcs ha jumha. C jartcklhchi jctirmc ‗ lmecmtlk gclu hi 6<2 jartas par gchc 322 jlk mchas ‗ vlvas ij 0222 pcrc jimas hi 892 ij 0233.
C jikfarlc rinlstchc mc cnrlgukturc tij gamtrl`uêha pcrc rihuzlr c hismutrlîça, qui gclu hi5>% ij 0222 pcrc jimas hi 83% ij 0233. Cmnakc rinlstc uj ercga hisijpimfa ij tirjas
hi `ij ‗ istcr saglaigam÷jlga timha uj LHF hi 2,865 ij 0233, timha elgcha ij 386¿ kuncrimtri 36> pcêsis hcs Mcîùis Ymlhcs.
C YMLGIE istã c cpalcr cknujcs riearjcs ma sigtar, gaj vlstc c jikfarcr a istcha hc scÿhima pcês, c sc`ir?
♥ A gaj`cti c jã mutrlîça lmecmtlk ij ãrics ceigtchcs pikc sigc4
♥ A pranrcjc hi irrchlgcîça hc paklajliklti4
♥ I c hlstrl`ulîça hi jasqultilras pcrc gaj`ctir c jckãrlc.
Istljc ‗ si qui 0,9% hc papukcîça chuktc ì sirapasltlva, simha c jimar pirgimtcnij mcrinlça hc Ãerlgc Custrck4 a trctcjimta hc tu`irgukasi tij slha ljpkijimtcha ij cpimcs 65%hcs umlhchis hi scÿhi, simha qui c jckãrlc ì c prlmglpck gcusc hi jarti simha rispamsãvik par 79% hcs jartis hi grlcmîcs jimaris hi 9 cmas i par 09% hc jartcklhchi jctirmc.
Ì `ij vlsêvik, ctrcvìs hc tc`ikc cgljc qui c cpklgcîça has eumhas arlumhas ha sigtar pitrakêeira i has griharis ixtirmas sça jclarltcrlcjimti cpklgchas mas sigtaris hcGamstruîça, Gajìrgla i sirvlîas jirgcmtls, lmhÿstrlc i cnrlgukturc, gaja oã vljas cgljc.
7.3 ‗ A Rcmarcjc hc Lmekcîça ma Rirêaha hi 0222 â 0238
C lmekcîça ì uj eim÷jima ixlstimti ij quckquir igamajlc. Wioc ikc hisimvakvlhc,su`hisimvakvlhc au vlc hi hisimvakvljimta a cujimta ha mêvik nirck hi priîas si prapcnc hihleirimtis earjcs, chcptcmha ‗ si cs gcrcgtirêstlgcs ispigêelgcs hi gchc ujc hikcs.
Ij Cmnakc, c lmekcîça eal sijpri uj has nrcmhis hiscelas hc pakêtlgc igam÷jlgc. A pcês oãrinlstau ikivchcs tcxcs hi lmekcîça, timha jisja pcsscha par pirêahas hi flpirlmekcîça, imtri3<<3 i 3<<5. Himtri cs rczùis jcls slnmlelgctlvcs, cpamtcj ‗ si as hìelgis pÿ`klgaselmcmglchas pikc vlc jamitãrlcbbsilnmlar cni¸̧ , pcrc eczir ecgi cs migisslhchis hc nuirrc ic isgcssiz hi prahutas hcha qui c lmstc`lklhchi pakêtlgc qui a pcês ctrcvisscvc hltau c eunchcs papukcîùis has gcjpas pcrc cs glhchis jcls sinurcs i gaja tck nrcmhis qui`rcs mc prahuîça cnrêgakc, c pcrcklscîça hc lmhÿstrlc i vitau a pcês hc rigipîça has nrcmhislmvistljimtas istrcmnilras, lsakcmha ‗ a ha rista ha jumha.
Gaj ieilta, a cujimta hc ljpartcîça has `ims ckljimtcris i iqulvckimtis ij kcrnc isgckc, ceunc hi gcpltcls ha tirrlt÷rla mcglamck pcrc autrcs pcrcnims ha pkcmitc, c hitirlarcîça ha vckarhc jaihc mcglamck ecgi ca h÷kcr i gamsiquimti hakcrlzcîça hc igamajlc, a cujimta has priîas has prahutas ljpartchas i as javljimtas ispigukctlvas, c ikivcîça ha gusta hi vlhc i
c hinrchcîça cgimtuchc ha mêvik hi vlhc hc papukcîça, earcj cs prlmglpcls gamsiquïmglcsagarrlhcs hurcmti a pirêaha hi flpirlmekcîça.
Isti pcmarcjc gajiîau c lmvirtir ‗ si c pcrtlr ha cma 3<<< ij qui c lmekcîça sclu hi 7222%ij 3<<> pcrc 07>%. Yj nrcmhi risuktcha hcs pakêtlgcs igam÷jlgcs cpklgchcs risuktcmtis hcsriearjcs lmstltuêhcs pika navirma cmnakcma, ma simtlha hc suc gamtimîça i rihuîça.
C lmekcîça ij Cmnakc ì jihlhc pika LRG gckgukcha jimsckjimti pika LMI. Himtri cs gkcssisqui jcls gamtrl`uij pcrc lmekcîça histcgcj ‗ si?
♥ C gkcssi 23 hi Ckljimtcîça i @i`lhcs mça Ckga÷klgcs gaj ujc pamhircîça hi85,2<%4
♥ C gkcssi 28 hi Fc`ltcîça, Ãnuc, Ikigtrlglhchi, Nãs i Gaj`ustêvils gaj 30,0>%754
Ma pirêaha cmcklscha, cs jihlhcs chaptchcs tlvircj gaja risuktcha a sinulmtigajpartcjimta hc lmekcîça.
Elnurc 33 ‗ A Gajpartcjimta hc Lmekcîça ca Kamna ha Rirêaha
Eamti? @MC. Ikc`arcîça ha cutar.
Gaja lkustrc c elnurc cgljc, c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc tij sinulha uj rltja hi higrisgljimtamltlhcjimti vlsêvik i sctlsect÷rla.
C jclar rihuîça cgamtigiu mc trcmslîça hi 0222 pcrc 0223 amhi c lmekcîça gclu jcls hi 322 p.p. riekigtlmha hc jikfar jcmilrc cs jihlhcs hi gamtraka ha cujimta hc `csi jamitãrlc mcigamajlc mcglamck.
Ij 0230, pikc prljilrc viz a pcês ctlmnlu a mêvik hi uj hênlta hipals hi fã ujc hìgchc tir
rinlstcha lmekcîça mc arhij has trïs hênltas.
A hiscela cnarc ì rihuzlr c lmekcîça pcrc mêvils jcls `clxas, parìj sinumha istuhas i cknumsigamajlstcs hc massc prcîc, c lmekcîça pahirã pirjcmigir par jultas cmas imtri as 9% â 6% par rczùis istruturcls7>, slnmlelgcmha qui suc rihuîça istã hlrigtcjimti hipimhimti hcrijaîça hissis a`stãgukas i ha cujimta hc prahuîça mcglamck.
7.0 ‗ As Hitirjlmcmtis hc Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc
Uãrlas istuhas earcj hisimvakvlhas pcrc si cpurcr cs gcuscs hc lmekcîça qui eartijimticssakau a pcês ij tijpas hi nuirrc i gamtlmuc c cssakcr cpiscr has cvcmîas slnmlelgctlvas quickgcmîau misti hajêmla. Cs aplmlùis sça vãrlcs i cknujcs hleirij sinumha cs gcuscs par ikcscpamtchcs.
Yj istuha ricklzcha ij 0222, `csicha ma jahika hi ixpklgcîça hc lmekcîça cpurau qui?
▢ 7>,>% irc ixpklgchc par ixgissa hi hispisc4
7>Elik Gamstcmtlma- Wijcmãrla Ixpcmsça, sixtc ‗ eilrc, 08 hi Witij`ra hi 02324 I Gcrkas Pascha RranrcjcUigtar, Pãhla KCG, 32?99 jlm, 27 hi Jcrîa hi 02384 GILG4 EJL4 JLMRKCM.
Ij 0230, igamajlstcs klnchas ca @MC, hisimvakvircj uj trc`ckfa glimtêelga pcrc cpurcr ashitirjlmcmtis hc lmekcîça ij Cmnakc. Earcj cpamtchas as sinulmtis ecgtaris?
▢ C tcxc hi gàj`la4
▢ C tcxc hi oura4
▢ A LRG4
▢ A mêvik hi priîas ha pcsscha4
▢ C lmekcîça ljpartchc4▢ As cnrinchas jamitãrlas J3 i J0.
Cgtuckjimti jultcs rczùis pahij sir cpamtchcs gaja gcuscs hc lmekcîça4 Winumha c massc pisqulsc ikcs earcj imquchrchcs ij trïs gctinarlcs hi cgarha gaj as tlpas hi lmekcîça.
7.0.3 ‗ Ha kcha hc Rragurc
Ij Cmnakc c jclar gcusc hc lmekcîça rislhi ma hìelgi pÿ`klga76, qui ì elmcmglcha gaj
A ixgissa hi hispiscs pÿ`klgcs, gamstltuêhc eumhcjimtckjimti pika lmvistljimta pÿ`klga,gajpamimti hc pragurc cnrinchc, tij prisslamcha c ikivcîça has priîas, c jirgï hi ujcaeirtc qui si cprisimtc sigukcrjimti rênlhc.
7.0.0 ‗ Ha kcha hc Aeirtc
Ixlstij mc igamajlc cmnakcmc hlvirsas ecgtaris hi istrcmnukcjimta istruturck, qui ceigtcjas gustas hi prahuîça i hlelguktcj a grisgljimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc. Himtri issis ecgtaris pahijas gltcr?
♥ C ecktc slstijãtlgc hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs4
♥ Hìelgi mc prahuîça, hlstrl`ulîça i c`cstigljimta hi imirnlc i ãnuc4
♥ Hìelgi hi quchras mcglamcls i ikivchas gustas gaj as ixpctrlchas4
76Ckvis hc Pagfc, Rar Amhi vcl c Igamajlc Cmnakcmc1 Rãn. 333, 3ª ihlîça, Jcycj`c ihltarc, 0233
♥ Ikivchas gustas hi trcmsparti, gamsirvcîça i crjczimcnij has prahutas (ijispiglck ha gcjpa pcrc cs glhchis)4
♥ Ikivchas gustas hi ljpartcîça (lmekcîça ljpartchc) hcs jirgcharlcs4
♥ Ikivchcs tcxcs hi ouras7< i cgimtuchcs hi`lklhchis ha slstijc elmcmgilra ij gcptcr paupcmîcs i ritlrcr hlmfilra hcs jças ha pÿ`klga ij nirck4
♥ C isgcssiz slstijãtlgc hi prahutas, hivlha ca istcha hi su`hisimvakvljimta hashijcls sigtaris igam÷jlgas.
♥ Uakctlklhchi hc tcxc hi gàj`la hi YWH/CAC
♥ C `clxc prahutlvlhchi has ecgtaris.
7.0.7 ‗ Autras Ecgtaris
C istis eim÷jimas pahijas clmhc cgrisgimtcr autras qui mça simha praprlcjimti pravimlimtis ha kcha hc aeirtc au hc pragurc (hi lmìrglc), jcs qui tïj gamtrl`uêha eartijimti pcrc a cujimta i pirslstïmglc hc lmekcîça, tcls gaja?
♥ C ispigukcîça4
♥ C `uragrcglc i c garrupîça4
♥ A mêvik has sckãrlas (hc eumîça pÿ`klgc) cklcha c ercgc prahutlvlhchi hcchjlmlstrcîça pÿ`klgc ij nirck4
♥ As coustis sckcrlcls cmucls hc eumîça pÿ`klgc4
♥ A mêvik hi gamsuja i hi hispiscs hc gkcssi `urnuisc mcglamck4
♥ I as su`sêhlas cas priîas.
7.8 ‗ Rakêtlgcs hi Gaj`cti c Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc
Hurcmti as ÿktljas 32 cmas (0223 ‗ 0232) csslstlu ‗ si c ujc ikivchc vakctlklhchi hc tcxc higàj`la YWH/CAC pcrtlgukcrjimti ma pirêaha hi 0223 â 0228, amhi a gàj`la vcrlau imtri as72,9 ij 0223 i as 69,< ij 0228.
7< Sui prissupùij cktas gustas hi elmcmglcjimtas i gaja tck ujc eunc cas grìhltas `cmgãrlas. C vikaglhchi higlrgukcîça hc jaihc (v) cujimtc qucmta jclar ear c tcxc hi ouras, lmhuzlmha csslj jclar lmekcîça (vir sigîça3.7.8.3 ‗ iqucîça hi Elsfir). Rar autra kcha, c ecktc hi ihugcîça elmcmgilrc, hi fã`ltas hi paupcmîc i cs `clxcstcxcs hi rijumircîça ha gcpltck mça tïj ctrcêha as cmnakcmas c gcmcklzcrij sius rimhljimtas pcrc a slstijcelmcmgilra. Yjc matc ljpartcmti ì rieirlr tcj`ìj qui `clxcs tcxcs hi ouras, mça tïj istljukcha a lmvistljimta(gaja tij slha fc`lta hlzir ‗ si mc kltircturc hc ispiglcklhchi), jcs a gamsuja (grìhlta ca gamsuja) i tcj`ìjsça nircharis hi lmekcîça pikc vlc hc hispisc. Rartcmta, c gcptcîça hi paupcmîcs hivirã eczir ‗ si hi autrc
earjc, gaja hieimhi Ckvis hc Pagfc, tcls gaja? Rikc hislmearjcklzcîça hc igamajlc, jikfarcjimta haeumglamcjimta i hc ielglïmglc ha slstijc `cmgãrla, c grlcîça hc `aksc hi vckaris, eajimta hc fc`ltcîça,jikfarcjimta ha slstijc hi pravlhïmglc saglck i uj jclar rltja hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga ljpukslamcha pikacujimta hcs cgtlvlhchis igam÷jlgcs ij nirck.
Mas ÿktljas cmas virlelgau ‗ si ujc rikctlvc istc`lklzcîça hc rieirïmglc gcj`lck, ma lmtirvckaimtri 62 â <2 CAC/YWH i c istc`lklhchi hc jaihc mcglamck hiu gamelcmîc cas cnimtisigam÷jlgas i ca jirgcha i gamhuzlu mça s÷ c cgikircîça hc hishakcrlzcîça hc igamajlcgaja tcj`ìj c rihuîça hc lmekcîça, simha uj ljpartcmti lmstrujimta hi hislmekcîça has
priîas.Yjc viz lhimtlelgchcs cs prlmglpcls gcuscs hc lmekcîça ma pcês, i simha qui istc risuktc higcuscs jamitãrlcs i elsgcls imtça c vlc pcrc gaj`cti ‗ kcs, sinumha c tiarlc igam÷jlgc,hivij sir lnuckjimti jamitãrlc i elsgck.
Csslj cs imtlhchis gajpitimtis grlcrcj uj gamoumta hi lmstrujimtas pcrc eczir ecgi c isscsltucîça hcs qucls histcgãjas hc pcrti ha @MC?
♥ C jamltarlzcîça, gamtraka i cgajpcmfcjimta has cnrinchas J3 i J0 `ij gaja csuc ceigtcîça par vlc hi apircîùis hi apim jcrdit gaja c vimhc has X@G i c ikivcîça hcstcxcs hi rihisgamta4
♥ Cs cktircîùis hc tcxc `ãslgc hi oura4
♥ C vimhc hi hlvlscs ma jirgcha gcj`lck4
♥ C utlklzcîça hcs risirvcs lmtirmcglamcls pcrc cssinurcr c pcrlhchi imtri c jaihcmcglamck i a h÷kcr cjirlgcma, par earjc c ncrcmtlr c istc`lklhchi gcj`lck.
Hc pcrti ha JLMELM?
♥ C jikfarlc hc nistça has eumhas pÿ`klgas i c rcglamcklzcîça hcs hispiscs pÿ`klgcs4
♥ C pranrisslvc rihuîça i ikljlmcîça has su`sêhlas cas priîas4
♥ C rihuîça hc tcxc hi ljpasta lmhustrlck hi 79% pcrc 72%.
Rar elj nastcrêcjas hi cpamtcr tcj`ìj c prahuîça mcglamck, gaja uj has ecgtaris qui tijgamtrl`uêha pcrc c rihuîça hc lmekcîça.
GCRÊXYKA? 8 ‗ CMÃKLWI HA LJRCGXA HA GPIGLJIMXA IGAM×JLGA MCLMEKCÎÇA IJ CMNAKC. CMÃKLWI IGAMAJÌXPLGC.
8.3 ‗ Matc Lmtrahut÷rlc
C igamajitrlc pahi sir hielmlhc gaja c cmãklsi qucmtltctlvc has eim÷jimas igam÷jlgasagarrlhas gaj `csi ma hisimvakvljimta garrimti hc tiarlc i hcs a`sirvcîùis i gaj a usa hijìtahas hi lmeirïmglc chiquchas (R. Wcjuiksam, gltcha par Nuocrctl, 022>)82.
C issïmglc hc rinrissça gimtrc ‗ si mc lhilc hi si gajpravcr c ixlstïmglc au mça hi ujcrikcîça hi hipimhïmglc imtri hucs au jcls vcrlãvils ctrcvìs hi lmhlgcharis igamajìtrlgas. Misti trc`ckfa usau ‗ si a jahika hi cmãklsi hi rinrissça klmicr sljpkis pcrc cmcklscr crikcîça imtri RL@ i Lmekcîça. As hchas earcj pragisschas ctrcvìs ha pranrcjc hc L@J WRWWWtctlstlgs 03.
8.0 ‗ Hielmlîça hcs Ucrlãvils i has Rcràjitras ha Jahika
Cs vcrlãvils hielmlhcs i uschcs misti istuha sça cs qui si sinuij?
R ‗ Xcxc hi lmekcîça ha pirêaha ij cmãklsi. ‗ Lmtirgipta. Piprisimtc tahas as autras
ecgtaris qui prajavcj lmekcîça qucmha c prahuîça (RL@) ì mukc. Imnka`cjas cqul c lmekcîçaljpartchc, c ispigukcîça, as ecgtaris jamitãrlas (ixgissa hi jaihc ij glrgukcîça) i autras.
‗ Piprisimtc a ieilta hc vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti (S), mc vcrlãvik hipimhimti (R)4 au sioc, ì aieilta qui a grisgljimta ha prahuta tij sa`ri lmekcîça ij Cmnakc, qui gamstltul hi ecgta ujhas prlmglpcls a`oigtlvas histc pisqulsc.S ‗ Xcxc hi grisgljimta ha RL@ rick.
Y - Rirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc su`ocgimti â iqucîça hi rinrissça83.
Ispiglelgcîça ha jahika sinumha a WRWW Wtctlstlgs 07?
82 Igamajitrlc `ãslgc ‗ Hcjahcr Nuocrctl, pp.383Ì ljpartcmti hlstlmnulrjas, clmhc qui tiarlgcjimti, pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc (riprisimtchc pikc vcrlãviku) i irraistagãstlga au risêhua hi istljcîça (riprisimtcha par ). C pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc ì ispiglelgchc ma jahika hirinrissça gaja ujc hcs vcrlãvils i c`crgc as ieiltas hisgamfiglhas i sczamcls qui passcj lmekuimglcr c pcrtihcs vcrlcîùis hc vcrlãvik hipimhimti mça gcptchc pikcs vcrlãvils lmhipimhimtis. Ì c pcrti mça ixpklgchc pika
jahika. Imqucmta a irra au risêhua ì c qucmtlelgcîça hc pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc. Ikc hirlvc hc hleirimîc imtri avckar istljcha i a vckar rick hc vcrlãvik hipimhimti. Mc pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc istça lmgkuêhas as ecgtarishisgamfiglhas au qui mça pahij sir qucmtlelgchas gaja c `uragrcglc, garrupîça i autras au clmhc pika ecgta hihilxcrjas hi earc girtcs vcrlãvils qui pahij tir ljpcgta sa`ri lmekcîça
8.7 ‗ Istljcîça has Rcràjitras i Hirlvcîça ha Jahika hi Pinrissça
As pcràjitras mas jastrcj a simtlha i earmigij ujc lhilc ha ljpcgta qui c vcrlãviklmhipimhimti ixirgi sa`ri c hipimhimti.
Rika qui a jahika hi rinrissça cprisimtc ‗ si a sinulmti?
Winumha a WRWW a jahika klmicr cprisimtc uj àmnuka hi lmgklmcîça minctlva, a qui slnmlelgfcvir ujc rikcîça lmvirsc imtri c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti i c vcrlãvik hipimhimti.
A jisja mça si pahi hlzir ha lmtirgipta, qui ì pasltlva i ikivcha. C rigtc hc iqucîçahirlvchc pahi vir ‗ si ma nrãelga c sinulr.
A nrãelga cgljc jastrc ujc nrcmhi hlspirsça imtri as hchas hcs hucs vcrlãvils a`sirvchcsma tijpa. Yjc rikcîça klmicr imtri cj`as tcj`ìj pcrigi uj pauga hleêglk hi si vlsucklzcr.Rarìj fã ujc timhïmglc hcs a`sirvcîùis qui mas ì hchc pikc lmgklmcîça hc rigtc, qui
hijamstrc uj higrisgljimta hc lmekcîça ij eumîça ha grisgljimta ha [email protected] jahika hirlvcha hijamstrc qui (gamstcmti) tij ujc rikcîça hlrigtc i uj ljpcgta
cpcrimtijimti earti ma mêvik hi priîas (>2,795),a qui slnmlelgc qui as ecgtaris su`ocgimtis cikc pahij gamgarrir pcrc a cujimta slnmlelgctlva hc lmekcîça.
A pcràjitra riprisimtc a ieilta hc vcrlcîça ha RL@ sa`ri Lmekcîça, i rikcglamc ‗ si hi
earjc lmvirsc (-0,<67)gaj c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti. A qui quir hlzir qui qucmta jclar a RL@
jimar sirã c lmekcîça.Ij istctêstlgc, pcrc qui uj pcràjitra sioc gamslhircha slnmlelgcmti ì migissãrla qui siocsu`jitlha c hitirjlmchas tistis. Csslj, pcrc cpurcrjas c vircglhchi has sius ieiltas mcvcrlãvik hipimhimti su`jitijas as massas risuktchas cas sinulmtis tistis?
8.7. 3 ‗ Xistis Rcrcjìtrlgas
Wirça tistchas cqul, c slnmlelgàmglc pcrglck has pcràjitras par lmtirjìhla hcistctêstl gc t hi
stuhimt c uj mêvik hi slnmlelgàmglc hi9%80.
◁ Istctêstlgc t pcrc
. Lsta ì? A pcràjitra ì istctlstlgcjimti lmslnmlelgcmti4
. Lsta ì? A pcràjitra mça ì istctlstlgcjimti lmslnmlelgcmti.
80
A mêvik hi slnmlelgàmglc ì c pra`c`lklhchi hi si gajitir uj irra ha tlpa L4 Au sioc, c passl`lklhchi rioiltcr cflp÷tisi mukc. As jcls uschas sça as hi 3% i 9%. C utlklzcîça hi quckquir uj has mêvils hi slnmlelgàmglc mçaimgirrc ij sl ujc rczça ispiglck4 ma imtcmta, ikc hivi sir isgakflhc hi cgarha gaj a rlsga cssaglcha, qui ìeartijimti hitirjlmcha pika oukncjimta praelsslamck ha tìgmlga qui gamstr÷l a jahika.
Wi E a`sirvcha si sltucr mc rinlça hi cgiltcîça, hivijas cgiltcr c flp÷tisi mukc. I si sltucrmc rinlça hi rioilîça, imtça hivijas rioiltcr c flp÷tisi mukc.
Gaja vijas, E a`sirvcha ì lnuck c2,903 i E grêtlga ì 0,998. C cgiltcîça hc flp÷tisi mukcslnmlelgc qui c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti mça tij ieilta slnmlelgctlva sa`ri c vcrlãvik hipimhimti4Au sioc, a massa tisti hlz ‗ mas qui a ieilta ha grisgljimta ha RL@ ij Cmnakc mça tiviljpcgta slnmlelgctlva sa`ri c rihuîça hc lmekcîça hurcmti a pirêaha cmcklscha (0222 â 0238).
◁ Istctêstlgc hisgrltlvc
A quchra c`clxa cprisimtc as lmhlgcharis hlsgritas hcs sìrlis hi hchas istuhchcs.
Elnurc 38 ‗ Rrlmglpcls Lmhlgcharis Hlsgritas
Eamti? WRWW Wtctlstlgs 07
C tc`ikc jastrc as lmhlgcharis istctêstlgas hlsgritas, gaja c jìhlc i a hisvla pchrçacjastrck.
Rahi ‗ si hlzir qui a RL@ grisgiu ij jìhlc >,97%. A hisvla quchrcha has vckarisa`sirvchas ij rikcîça c suc jìhlc eal hi 8,5>% cpraxljchcjimti. C sìrli rinlstau uj vckarjãxlja, ca kamna has 39 cmas hi 39% i uj vckar jêmlja hi 3,65%87. Sucmta c lmekcîça,virlelgau ujc jìhlc hi 98,3% i uj hisvla quchrcha ij rikcîça c jìhlc has hchas hi
>8,5>%. A mêvik jcls ckta hi lmekcîça eal hi 056,8% i a jcls `clxa hi <,20%. Mça sivirlelgau quckquir mêvik hi lmekcîça qui timfc pirhurcha ca kamna ha pirêaha cmcklscha.
8.8 ‗ Fitirasgihcstlglhchi i Cuta ‗ Garrikcîça
Hucs hcs flp÷tisis ha jahika hi rinrissça klmicr sça cs hi qui cs vcrlãvils lmhipimhimtishivij tir jìhlcs hleirimtis jcs vcrlàmglc gamstcmti i ispircmîc jctijãtlgc has irras ha
jahika hivi sir hleirimti hi zira .
Sucmha istcs flp÷tisis sça vlakchcs, hlzijas qui a jahika saeri hi fitirasgihcstlglhchi ihi cuta - garrikcîça.
Isscs cmajcklcs, marjcls hcs sìrlis hi hchas trcmsvirscls, mça sirça trctchcs ma massatrc`ckfa, par qucmta ikcs mça ceigtcj as risuktchas, pikc massc pisqulsc pirsinulhas.
8.9 ‗ Lmtirpritcîça has Pisuktchas A`tlhas
A gaielglimti hi garrikcîça lmhlgc ij qui lmtimslhchi (mêvik) si hã c rikcîça klmicr imtri
c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti i c hipimhimti, `ij gaja a siu simtlha.A gaielglimti hi hitirjlmcîça ispikfc c gcpcglhchi hi ixpklgcîça qui c vcrlãvik
lmhipimhimti tij ij rikcîça cs vcrlcîùis hc vcrlãvik hipimhimti. Misti gcsa, ij pcrtlgukcr,ikc hitirjlmc ij qui nrcu cs vcrlcîùis ma RL@ lmekuimglcj cs vcrlcîùis ma mêvik nirck hi priîas4 jcls gamgritcjimti, si a cujimta ha RL@ gcusc rihuîça/cujimta slnmlelgctlva hclmekcîça ma pcês.
Winumha a massa jahika a gaielglimti hi garrikcîça i hi 2,3<5. Isti gaielglimti lmhlgc quiixlsti ujc rikcîça lmvirsc hi 3<,5% imtri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc.
87Gamtrãrla ha qui si pimscvc a cma hi 0233 eal a jimas prahutlva pcrc c igamajlc cmnakcmc, sinumha hchascprisimtcha pika LMI, mcs Gamtcs Mcglamcls 022> - 0230 i mça a hi 022< (qucmha jcls si rissimtlu as ieiltas hcgrlsi elmcmgilrc jumhlck ij Cmnakc).
Rar autra kcha, a RL@ gamsinui ixpklgcr cpimcs79% hc vcrlcîça tatck hc Lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha. Ma imtcmta, istctlstlgcjimti eckcmha, issis gaielglimtis mça sça slnmlelgctlvas, `cstcakfcrjas pcrc as tistis hi t i E qui cprisimtcj vckaris hi -2,>00 i 2,903 rispigtlvcjimtic`clxa has mêvils slnmlelgcmtis.
Yjc viz cmcklscha a gajpartcjimta ha RL@ i hc Lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha sikigglamcha ihi cgarha gaj as risuktchas a`tlhas i gajpravchas pika istuha ijpêrlga c qui a massatrc`ckfa mas cprisimtau, istcjas ij gamhlîùis hi vcklhcr cs masscs flp÷tisis i ceirlr sa`ri as
a`oigtlvas, pikc pisqulsc pirsinulhas.
Csslj, gfincjas cs sinulmtis gamgkusùis?
C rikcîça imtri grisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc ixlsti i ì lmvirsc,slnmlelgcmha qui qucmta jclar ear a grisgljimta jimar sirã c lmekcîça4
A cujimta ha RL@ tij ljpcgta lmvirsa sa`ri c lmekcîça, ma imtcmta mça slnmlelgcmti pals qui cpimcs gamsinui ixpklgcr girgc hi 79% hc suc vcrlcîça tatck4
Ixlstij autras ecgtaris qui lmekuimglcj eartijimti i hi earjc hlrigtc agajpartcjimta hc lmekcîça, hi imtri as qucls pahijas gltcr? c lmekcîça ljpartchc, aixgissa hi jaihc, c ispigukcîça, c `uragrcglc i c garrupîça i a mêvik hi gamsuja hcgkcssi ̀ urnuisc4
A gamtraka i rihuîça hc lmekcîça ij Cmnakc tïj slha eiltas par autrcs vlcs qui mça hc prahuîça mcglamck, himtri cs qucls histcgãjas cs vlcs elsgcls, jamitãrlc i gcj`lck.Winumha, a RMH 0237 ‗ 023>, Cmnakc istã suoiltc c ujc lmekcîça istruturck qui ramhc
imtri as 9% cas 6%. Istis êmhlgis s÷ pahirça sir gaj`ctlhas gaj ujc pakêtlgclmhustrlck qui passl`lklti a cujimta hc prahutlvlhchi has ecgtaris hi prahuîça massigtaris ricls hc igamajlc mcglamck.
Ximha ij gamslhircîça as hlvirsas cspigtas c`arhchas mistc pisqulsc, cprcz ‗ mas tigir cssinulmtis rigajimhcîùis?
A cu jimta sustimtcha hc prahuîça mcglamck4 pcrc qui tck agarrc tarmc ‗ simigissãrla uj gamoumta hi cgîùis hcs qucls histcgãjas cs sinulmtis?
Ha kcha hc pragurc?
◁ Pihuîça has gamstrcmnljimtas istruturcls, jarjimti c ecktc hi imirnlc i ãnuc, hi
vlcs hi gajumlgcîça rahavlãrlcs i eirravlãrlcs (gamtlmucîça has a`oigtlvas i cgîùis quigamstcj ha RMH 0237 ‗ 023>)4
Ha kcha hc aeirtc?
◁ Ikc`arcîça hi pakêtlgcs hi eajimta âs cgtlvlhchis cnra ‗ piguãrlcs i lmhustrlcls,earjcîça i gcpcgltcîça hi quchras4
◁ C chapîça hi ujc istrctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta qui hisimvakvc ij pcrckika cs
istrctìnlcs hi su`stltulîça hcs ljpartcîùis i prajaîça hcs ixpartcîùis qui prlvlkinli girtassigtaris gfcvis i/au prlarltãrlas i gcusij ieiltas c jìhla i kamna prczas, quir c ouscmti gajac jamtcmti (gaja par ixijpka, as sigtaris imirnìtlga, cnra ‗ ckljimtcr (gaj cknums prahutashi ikilîça)4has trcmspartis i c lmhÿstrlc trcmsearjcharc), parìj timha sijpri ij klmfc higamtc c passl`lklhchi hi prahuîça gajpitltlvc i ielglimti4
◁ Jikfarlc hc ielglïmglc i has jìtahas hi trc`ckfa mc cnrlgukturc, pisgc i slkvlgukturc,majichcjimti c lmtrahuîça hi tigmakanlcs mavcs i earjcîça pcrc cujimtcr c prahutlvlhchi4
◁ C jamltarlzcîça, cgajpcmfcjimta i jcsslelgcîça hcs cgtlvlhchis jlmilrcs,
eumhcjimtckjimtic prahu îça hi pitr÷kia i nãs mcturck (istr ctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta
`csichc mc lmhÿstrlc pischc) , ujc viz qui istis gamstltuij as jcls priglasas rigursas ha
pcês i c jclar eamti hi imtrchc hi hlvlscs pcrc c igamajlc i rigiltcs pcrc as gaeris ha istcha4hamhi c cpklgcîça has sius ixgihimtis hivirça sirvlr pcrc c grlcîça hi uj sigtar ijpriscrlck pÿ`klga i prlvcha earti i gcpcz hi hisimvakvir cs lmhustrlcs cgljc jimglamchcs.
◁ C kl`ircklzcîça pcrglck hc igamajlc cmnakcmc, mcquikis prahutas guoc prahuîça
pahi eczir ‗ si gaj ckta mêvik hi ixgikïmglc i aeiriîc ca pcês vcmtcnims gajpcrctlvcs ijgamgarrïmglc gaj as autras prahutaris hc rinlça.
◁ C juhcmîc hcs prlarlhchis higrisgljimta i hisimvakvljimta has sigtarisigam÷jlgas, prlvlkinlcmha as sigtaris nircharis hi jcls ijprina i hi vckar cgrisgimtchamcglamck. Uirlelgc ‗ si qui a gajìrgla i as sirvlîas gamstltuij a sigtar jcls hlmàjlga.
Isti grisgljimta mça lmgimtlvc c hlvirslelgcîça i gamstltul jisja ujc crjchlkfc â prahuîçai c elrjcîça has prahutas mcglamcls, hi tck earjc qui issis pcsscj c sir pritirlhas pikasgamsujlharis.
Rar autra kcha, ì tcj`ìj uj earti gcuschar hc rislstïmglc hc lmekcîça i hc migisslhchi hi
ljpartcr, qui hi`lkltc sa`rijcmilrc a sckha hc @R.
JAMANPCELC HI CMNAKC UIPWÇA CGXYCKL_CHC, 0229 i 0226,JLMRKCM4JCPXLMW, Nlk`irta hi Cmhrchi ‗ Jcmuck pcrc Ikc`arcîça hi Jamanrcelcs i Hlssirtcîùis47ª ihlîça, Ihltarc Ctkcs W. C, Wça Rcuka 02334