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BIOCHEMISTRY

Biocombustible:Biocombustible:Biofuels are alcohols, ethers, esters and other chemicals produced Biofuels are alcohols, ethers, esters and other chemicals produced from biomass.from biomass.

Biomass is the amount by weight of live or dead organic matter Biomass is the amount by weight of live or dead organic matter any trophic level or of any ecosystem. Classified according to any trophic level or of any ecosystem. Classified according to their origin:their origin: - Biomass natural.- Biomass natural. - Biomass residual.- Biomass residual. - Energy crops.- Energy crops.

-No increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.-No increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.

-This is a recyclable energy source.-This is a recyclable energy source.

-Generates more agricultural economy.-Generates more agricultural economy.

-Agricultural surpluses are reduced.-Agricultural surpluses are reduced.

-Improved land use with little agricultural value.-Improved land use with little agricultural value.

-Improving competitiveness by not having to import traditional -Improving competitiveness by not having to import traditional energy sources.energy sources.

Advantages of biofuel

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

Biofuels are liquid fuels all of organic origin that come from the Biofuels are liquid fuels all of organic origin that come from the various transformations undergone by organic matter.various transformations undergone by organic matter.

BIODIESELBIODIESEL

It is a biofuel that It is a biofuel that is obtained from is obtained from processing of processing of vegetable oils or vegetable oils or animal fats.animal fats.

ConventionaConventional oilsl oils

Alternative Alternative Vegetable Vegetable

oilsoils

Other Other sourcessources

SunflowerSunflower Brassica Brassica carinatacarinata

Genetically Genetically modified modified seed oilseed oil

ColzaColzaCynara Cynara

curdunculuscurdunculus Animal fatsAnimal fats

Types of BiodieselTypes of Biodiesel B20: mezcla B20: mezcla

de 20% de de 20% de biodiesel y biodiesel y 80% de diesel 80% de diesel normal.normal.

B100: 100% B100: 100% biodiesel.biodiesel.

La tabla La tabla indica la indica la reducción de reducción de emisiones de emisiones de gases a la gases a la atmósfera atmósfera respecto a los respecto a los combustibles combustibles fósiles.fósiles.

Tipes of emisiónTipes of emisión B 100B 100 B 20B 20

Hidrocarburos totales sin Hidrocarburos totales sin quemar quemar -93 %-93 % -30 %-30 %

Monóxido de carbono Monóxido de carbono -30 %-30 % -22 %-22 %

Partículas en suspensión Partículas en suspensión -30 %-30 % -22 %-22 %

Sulfatos Sulfatos -100 %-100 % -20 %-20 %

Hidrocarburos aromáticos Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH) policíclicos (PAH) -80 %-80 % -13 %-13 %

Hidrocarburos aromáticos Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos nitrogenados policíclicos nitrogenados

(nPAH) (nPAH) -90 %-90 % -50 %-50 %

Potencial de destrucción Potencial de destrucción de la capa de ozono de la capa de ozono -50 %-50 % -10 %-10 %

Óxidos de nitrógeno Óxidos de nitrógeno +13 %+13 % +2 %+2 %

Advantages of biodieselAdvantages of biodiesel

-Environmental and reduction of various emissions of carbon -Environmental and reduction of various emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and monoxide, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and oxides of sulfur.oxides of sulfur.

-Its biodegradability is of 98.3% in 21 days.-Its biodegradability is of 98.3% in 21 days.

-Non-toxic.-Non-toxic.

-Techniques: greater lubricity (lengthens life and reduces engine -Techniques: greater lubricity (lengthens life and reduces engine noise) and increased solvent power (there is no soot or obstruct noise) and increased solvent power (there is no soot or obstruct the ducts and the engine stays clean.)the ducts and the engine stays clean.)

Disadvantages of biodieselDisadvantages of biodiesel

-Biodiesel has a freezing point between 0 º and -5 º.-Biodiesel has a freezing point between 0 º and -5 º.

-With the mixture BDP10, low freezing temperature and -With the mixture BDP10, low freezing temperature and conforms to the Spanish rules of CFPP for the winter conforms to the Spanish rules of CFPP for the winter period.period.

BioethanolBioethanol

It is an alcohol produced by fermentation of sugars contained in It is an alcohol produced by fermentation of sugars contained in the organic material of plants.the organic material of plants.

In this process, hydrated alcohol is obtained, containing In this process, hydrated alcohol is obtained, containing approximately 5% water, which after being dried can be used as approximately 5% water, which after being dried can be used as fuel.fuel.

Types of bioethanolTypes of bioethanol

-E5: 5% blend of bioethanol and 95% regular gasoline.-E5: 5% blend of bioethanol and 95% regular gasoline.

-E10: 10% mix of bioethanol and 90% regular gasoline.-E10: 10% mix of bioethanol and 90% regular gasoline.

-E85: a mixture of 85% bioethanol and 15% regular gasoline.-E85: a mixture of 85% bioethanol and 15% regular gasoline.

-E95 and E100: mixtures up to 95% and 100% ethanol are used in some -E95 and E100: mixtures up to 95% and 100% ethanol are used in some countries like Brazil.countries like Brazil.

-E-DIESEL: mixture of ethanol and diesel. It provides good characteristics in --E-DIESEL: mixture of ethanol and diesel. It provides good characteristics in -terms of combustion and pollution abatement. Already successfully marketed terms of combustion and pollution abatement. Already successfully marketed in the U.S. and Brazil, with the appearance in Spain and Europe soon.in the U.S. and Brazil, with the appearance in Spain and Europe soon.

ETBE: Used as a gasoline additive. Is obtained by synthesis of bioethanol. It ETBE: Used as a gasoline additive. Is obtained by synthesis of bioethanol. It has the advantages of being less volatile and more miscible with gasoline. has the advantages of being less volatile and more miscible with gasoline. Serves to increase the octane number of gasoline by avoiding the addition of Serves to increase the octane number of gasoline by avoiding the addition of lead salts.lead salts.

Advantages of bioethanolAdvantages of bioethanol

-It is a renewable fuel source.-It is a renewable fuel source.-Reduce dependence on foreign oil.-Reduce dependence on foreign oil.-It is a cleaner source of fuel.-It is a cleaner source of fuel.-Increases octane fuel with a small cost.-Increases octane fuel with a small cost.-Use in virtually all vehicles.-Use in virtually all vehicles.-Easy to produce and store.-Easy to produce and store.-Biofuels emit 40-80% less greenhouse gases.-Biofuels emit 40-80% less greenhouse gases.-Bioethanol is environmentally superior to the other major fuels.-Bioethanol is environmentally superior to the other major fuels.-Reduces the formation of acid rain.-Reduces the formation of acid rain.-Improving air quality in urban areas.-Improving air quality in urban areas.-It pollutes the water.-It pollutes the water.-With its production can reduce waste-With its production can reduce waste

Disadvantages of bioethanolDisadvantages of bioethanol

To use pure bioethanol fuel (E100) is required to carry out To use pure bioethanol fuel (E100) is required to carry out several modifications in the engine, and thus not significantly several modifications in the engine, and thus not significantly affect consumption.affect consumption.

Leading producers of ethanolLeading producers of ethanol

PaísPaísBioetanol (en millones de Bioetanol (en millones de litros)litros)

BrasilBrasil 1515

EE.UUEE.UU 1313

ChinaChina 33

India India 11

Production of biofuels in the EU in Production of biofuels in the EU in 2004 (in Tm)2004 (in Tm)

AlemaniaAlemania España España FranciaFrancia ItaliaItalia Total UETotal UE

BiodieselBiodiesel 1.035.0001.035.000 13.00013.000 348.000348.000 320.000320.000 1.933.4001.933.400

BioetanolBioetanol -- 194.000194.000 -- -- 491.040491.040

ETBEETBE -- 413.000413.000 -- --

Companies generating biofuels in Companies generating biofuels in SpainSpain

Biodiesel and bioethanol plants in Biodiesel and bioethanol plants in SpainSpain

Thanks for your attention

Pedro Ivars Estévez. Vicente Amat Torres . Marcelo Arribas Chavero.

Colegio Internacional Lope de Vega Benidorm