Trabajo Ing de Materiales Metalicos

7/18/2019 Trabajo Ing de Materiales Metalicos

1/140

INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO DE OAXACA

INGENIERIA DE MATERIALES METALICOS

ING. MECANICA

PRESENTA:

TRABAJO FINAL

GRUPO:MB FECHA:16 DE ENERO DE 2014 HORA:11:00 12 am

PROFESOR: ING.ANGEL RAMOS ALONSO

OAXACA DE JUREZ OAXACA ENERO DEL 2014.

!NDICE


2/140

UNIDAD 1 Configuracion! E!"ruc"ura#!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..%

UNIDAD & Pro'i(a(! Gnra#! ( #o! )a"ria#! )"*#ico!$$$$$$.+1

UNIDAD % Pro(ucci,n ( Arra-io Proc!o! ( Acraci,n$$$$$$$../0

UNIDAD + C#a!ificaci,n S#cci,n ( Acro!$$$$$$$$$$$$$..&

UNIDAD 2 Tran!for3aci,n E!"ruc"ura#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$...10

UNIDAD 4 )"a#! A#acion! No Frro!a!$$$$$$$$$$$$$...1&1

2


3/140

UNIDAD 1Configuracion! E!"ruc"ura#!

D"#$%&a&"%'(#

G('()a$m('*( #( "'*)%+,&(' (' $a )(+ +,)a'*( ($ -)%&(#% +( #%$"+""&a&"/' +($ma*()"a$ % a$ +(%)ma)$%. S%' *"$(# -a)a (-$"&a) $a +(%)ma&"/' ($

3


4/140

('+,)(&"m"('*% +( $%# m(*a$(#. E"#*(' +%# *"-%# +( +"#$%&a&"%'(#. D"#$%&a&"/' +(T%)'"$$%+"#$%&a&"/' +( B%)+(.

D"#$%&a&"/' +( B%)+(. S( -,(+( "$,#*)a) 3a&"('+% ,' &%)*( -a)&"a$ a *)a5# +( ,'&)"#*a$ -()(&*% #(-a)'+%$% )($$('a'+% -a)&"a$m('*( ($ &%)*( &%' ,' -$a'% +(

*%m%# a+"&"%'a$.

D"#$%&a&"/' m"*a

4


5/140

7a&a'&"a#

La# a&a'&"a# #( &)(a' (' ($ &)"#*a$ +,)a'*( $a #%$"+""&a&"/' a a$*a# *(m-()a*,)a# %&%m% &%'#(&,('&"a +( +a8%# -%) )a+"a&"/'. A *(m-()a*,)a am9"('*( a-a)(&('m, -%&a# a&a'&"a#. S( "'&)(m('*a' +( ma'()a (-%'('&"a$ &%'%)m( #(a,m('*a $a *(m-()a*,)a.

F)%'*()a# +( )a'%

E# $a #,-()"&"( ;,( #(-a)a $%# )a'%# (# ,'a


6/140

D((&*%# (' (#*),&*,)a# &)"#*a$"'a#:

E#*),&*,)a# ;,( )%m-(' $a "'a)"a'&"a *)a#$a&"%'a$ +($ #/$"+% &)"#*a$"'%:

C$a#""&a&"/' #(' #, +"m('#"/':

>,'*,a$(#: 7a&a'*(# Im-,)(a)(+(# +( )a'% $a #,-()"&"( +($ &)"#*a$ @@

I'$,('&"a (': >)%-"(+a+(# M(&'"&a# T5)m"&a# E$(&*)%ma'5*"&a# (*&..

D((&*%# -,'*,a$(#:

S(a E $a ('()?a '(&(#a)"a -a)a #a&a) ,' *%m%

+($ &)"#*a$. La -)%9a9"$"+a+ a *(m-()a*,)a T +(

;,( (' ,' +(*()m"'a+% #"*"% 3aa ,'a a&a'*( (#:

>E (- E BT B%$*


7/140

S" *('(m%# N *%m%# ($ 'm()% +( a&a'*(# (' (;,"$"9)"% ' (# S" ' N 'N (- E BT .

>.(. E 1 (7 T 1000H

'N (12 10

E'()?a +( ,' +((&*% -,'*,a$ E:

>,'*% +( "#*a ($#*"&%: ,' +((&*% % ,'a "m-,)(


8/140

La# +"#$%&a&"%'(# &%'*)%$a' $a )("/' -$#*"&a. C/m% ('+,)(&() ,' ma*()"a$K.

1 D"#m"',('+% ($ 'm()% +( +((&*%# m(+"a'*( )(&%&"+%#.

2 L$('+%$% 3a#*a $a


9/140


10/140

F)a&*,)a:

F)"$: #( -)%+,&( a$ "'a$ +( $a


11/140

&/m% #( -)%-aa ($ )('*( +( $a )a&*,)aK

#"m,$a&"%'

E#*),&*,)a# &)"#*a$"'a#

ESTRUCTURA CYBICA DE CUER>O CENTRADO

S( +('%m"'a (#*),&*,)a +( &,()-% &('*)a+% 9%+&('*)(+&,9"& -%);,( ,'% +($%# *%m%# #( ('&,('*)a &%'*('"+% =,#*% (' ($ &('*)% +($ &,9% % &($+a ,'"*a)"a (# (;,"+"#*a'*( +( $%# %&3% *%m%# +( $a# (#;,"'a# #( +"&( -%) $% *a'*% ;,( *"('(,' 'm()% +( &%%)+"'a&"/' NC +( (# +(&") ;,( (# ($ "'+"&( +( $a ("&"('&"a+( $a &%'+('#a&"/' *%m"&a .(' $a ",)a .21 #( -,(+( %9#()a) +"&3a(#*),&*,)a[ A3%)a &,a'*%# *%m%# &%'*"('( $a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a BCC ('

&a+a &($+a ,'"*a)"aK

a 9

11


12/140

",)a .21 m%+($%# (#;,(m*"&%# +( $a (#*),&*,)a BCC: aa))($% a9"()*%[ 9*%m%# ;,( #( a-)%?ma' ('*)( #?

D( $a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a BCC $%# *%m%# ;,( &%)*a' $a# (#;,"'a# #%' %&*a%# +(+"&3%# (&"'%# -)/"m%# a+(m# (#* &%'*('"+% ,' *%m% (' #, *%*a$"+a+ (' ($

&('*)% -%) $% *a'*% *('(m%# :

E#;,"'a#: 1 \ *%m%# 1 *%m%.

C('*)%: 1 *%m%# 1 *%m%.

T%*a$ 2 *%m%# &($+a ,'"+a+.

ESTRUCTURA C]BICA CENTRADA EN LAS CARAS

",)a .2 (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a FCC

12


13/140

O*)% *"-% +( a))($% &)"#*a$"'% &9"&% (# ($ FCC a&(&('*)(+&,9"& #, +"()('&"a('*)( $a# (#*),&*,)a# &)"#*a$"'a# +""()( -%);,( (' &a+a a< &a)a ("#*( ,' *%m%&%$%&a+% (' ($$a (' $%# 5)*"&(# +( $a# &($+"$$a ,'"+a+ % #(a (' $a# -%#"&"%'(#+( $%# ',+%# +( $a )(+ +( B)aa"# +($ m"#m% '%m9)( ",)a 4.1. E$ 'm()% +(&%%)+"'a&"/' $a (#*),&*,)a FCC (# +( 12 $a %)ma ma# #('&"$$a +( &%m-)('+()

(#*% (# #"*,'+%#( m('*a$m('*( (' ($ *%m% +($ &('*)% +( ,'a +( $a# &a)a# &%'*a) *%+%# $%# *%m%# (' &%'*a&*% &%' 5$.

N/*(#( ;,( $a &a'*"+a+ +( *%m%# -%) &($+a ,'"*a)"a #( +,-$"&a)%' &%' )($a&"/' a$a +($ #"#*(ma BCC ;,( &%'*"('( ($ (;,"a$('*( +( +%# *%m%# -%) &($+a ,'"+a+&%' #(,)"+a+ 5#*( (# ($ "'+"&"% +( ,'a &%'+('#a&"/' a*/m"&a ma# ("&"('*( (' ($$*"&(.

E' $a &($+a FCC $%# *%m%# &%'*a&*a' (' $a +"a%'a$ +( $a &a)a +($ &,9% &%m% #("'+"&a (' $a ",)a 4. -%) $% ;,( $a )($a&"/' ('*)( $a a)"#*a +($ &,9% a ($ )a+"%

a*/m"&% R (#:^2 a 4R % a 4R ^2 4.

F.E .F.C.C 4 *%m%#_4 `R4^2 _ R0.b4 b4c %&,-a+% -%) *%m%#

E$ A>F -a)a $a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a FCC (# +( 0b4 ;,( (# ma%) ;,( ($ a&*%)06 +( $a (#*),&*,)a BCC. U' A>F +( 0b4 (# ($ m"m% +( &%m-a&*% -%#"9$(-a)a *%m%# (#5)"&%#. M,&3%# m(*a$(# &%m% ($ a$,m"'"% &%9)( -$%m% '?;,($ 3"())% a *(m-()a*,)a ($(a+a +( W12 a 1.W4 dC &)"#*a$"AfUETAMIENTO CERRADOE$ *()&() *"-% -)"'&"-a$ +( (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a (# eC> -)(#('*a ,' a))($% +( a$*a+('#"+a+ (' #,# *%m%# $%# &,a$(# (' #, *()&() &a-a % -$a'% #( ('&,('*)a'+")(&*am('*( -%) ('&"ma +( $%# *%m%# +($ -)"m() -$a'% &%m% "'+"&a (' a ",)a.2.

13


14/140

a

9

",)a 4.41. &($+a ,'"+a+ eC>. a +( (#()a# )?"+a#[ 9 +( -%#"&"%'(# a*/m"&a#.

E$ 'm()% +( &%%)+"'a&"/' +( $%# &)"#*a$(# eC> (# ($ m"#m% ;,( -a)a $%# FCC (

",a$ a 12. S( -,(+( ()""&a) (#*a &a'*"+a+ &%' $%# *%m%# (&"'%# m# -)/"m%#&%'#"+()a'+% ($ *%m% &('*)a$ (' ,' -$a'% 9a#( (#*( *%m% (#* )%+(a+% -%) *)(#*%m%# (' #, -)%-"% -$a'% 9a#( m# *)(# *%m%# ;,( #( $%&a$" &%m%(m-a;,(*am"('*% &())a+% -%) ;,( #%' $a# +%# %)ma# +( a))($a) (#()a# "+5'*"&a&%' $a +('#"+a+ ma# )a'+( -%#"9$( ;,( a' (3"9(' -()"%&"+a+.

U'a &($+a eC> *"('( ,' (;,"a$('*( a #("# *%m%# -%) &($+a ,'"+a+:

T)(# *%m%# %)ma' ,' *)"',$% (' $a &a-a "'*()m(+"a &%m% ;,(+a )($(=a+% -%)$a# -%#"&"%'(# a*/m"&a# (' $a ",)a 4.22 9. ea #("# \ 16 #(&&"%'(# +(*%m%# (' $a# &a-a# #,-()"%) ( "'()"%) &%'*)"9,('+% &%' ,' (;,"a$('*( +(+%# *%m%# ma# -%) &($+"$$a 2 \ 6 \ 16 2. F"'a$m('*( 3a m(+"% *%m% m#-%) &($+"$$a. A#? ($ 'm()% *%)a$ +( *%m%# -%) &($+"$$a ,'"+a+ (' $a (#*),&*,)a eC>(# +( g 2g1 6. La )($a&"/' ('*)( $a a$*,)a & +($ -)"#ma 3(a%'a$ +( $a

14


15/140

(#*),&*,)a ($ $a+% a +( #, 9a#( #( $$ama )($a&"/' &a -a)a a$,'%# m(*a$(# eC>.D( ('*)( $%# m(*a$(# &"'& &a+m"% ('*)( %*)%# *"('( ,'a )($a&"/' &a #,-()"%) a $a"+(a$ $% ;,( "'+"&a ;,( $%# *%m%# (' (#*a# (#*),&*,)a# (#*' $"()am('*(($%'a+%# a $% $a)% +($ (=( & (' $a &($+"$$a ,'"+a+ eC>. L%# m(*a$(# &%m% ($ma'(#"% &%9a$*% &")&%'"% *"*a'"% 9()"$"% *"('(' ,'a )($a&"%' &A m('%) ;,( $a

"+(a$ -%) *a'*% (' (#*%# m(*a$(# $%# *%m%# (#*' $"()am('*( &%m-)"m"+%# (' $a+")(&&"/' +($ (=( &. A#? (#*%# m(*a$(# -)(#('*a' &"()*a# +(#"a&"%'(# +($ m%+($%"+(a$ +( (#()a# )?"+a#.

A &%'*"',a&"/' #( 3a) $a &%m-)%9a&"/' +($ a$%) +($ a&*%) +( (m-a;,(*am"('*%(' ,'a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a eC>

INDICES DE MILLER

E#*%# #( ,*"$"a)a -%+() "+('*""&a) ,'?%&am('*( ,' #"#*(ma +( -$a'%# &)"#*a$%)"&%# #( $(#a#"'a ,' =,(% +( *)(# 'm()%# ;,( )(&"9(' ($ '%m9)( +( ?'+"&(# +( M"$$(). L%#?'+"&(# +( ,' #"#*(ma +( -$a'%# #( "'+"&a' ('5)"&am('*( &%' $a# $(*)a# 3 $

L%# ?'+"&(# +( M"$$() #%' 'm()%# ('*()%# ;,( -,(+(' #() '(a*"%# % -%#"*"%# #%' -)"m%# ('*)( #?. E$ #"'% '(a*"% +( ,' ?'+"&( +( M"$$() +(9( #() &%$%&a+%#%9)( +"&3% 'm()%.

15


16/140

E=(# &($+a# ,'"*a)"a#:S( ,*"$"


17/140

S( ,*"$"


18/140

D")(&&"%'(# (' $a &($+a ,'"*a)"a:

E"#*(' +")(&&"%'(# -%#"&"%'(# (' ,'a &($+a ,'"*a)"a +( )a' "'*()5# +"&3a#+")(&&"%'(# #%' $%# +('%m"'a+%# !'+"&(# D( M"$$() #%' -a)*"&,$a)m('*( $a#-%#"&"%'(# % $,a)(# -%) +%'+( (# m# #,#&(-*"9$( ,' ($(m('*% (' #,)")+"#$%&a&"%'(# m%"m"('*%# (' #, "'*()"%) &)"#*a$"'%.

>a)a 3a$$a) $%# !'+"&(# D( M"$$() +( $a# +")(&&"%'(# #( -)%&(+( +( $a #","('*(ma'()a:

,#a) ,' #"#*(ma +( (=(# &%%)+('a+%# &%m-$(*am('*( +("'"+%#


19/140

%)ma -%$"&)"#*a$"'a. E' ('()a $%# ma*()"a$(# -%$"&)"#*a$"'% a# m,(#*)a'-)%-"(+a+(# "#%*)/-"&a#. E=(m-$% +( ($$% *('()'%# ($ a$,m"'"% ($ &,a$ #" -%#(("+5'*"&a# -)%-"(+a+(# (' *%+a# $a# +")(&&"%'(# +")(m%# ;,( (# ,' ($(m('*%&)"#*a$%)"&am('*( "#%*)/-"&% -()% #" #( -)(#('*a (' %)ma -%$"&)"#*a$"'a #(-,(+( a#,m") % &%m-%)*a) &%m% a'"#%*)%-"&%.

REDES CRISTALINAS BCC h FCC

E#*),&*,)a &9"&a &('*)a+a (' &,()-% BCC

E#*a (#*),&*,)a )(&"9( $a+(#"'a&"/' +( I (' ($$a *%+%# $%# (=(# #%' ",a$(# a 9 & #,# ',$%# #%'

+( W0i. E$ -a)m(*)% )(*"&,$a) (# a. S? #( &%$%&a ,' *%m% (' &a+a -,'*% +( $a )(++( B)aa"# &9"&a &('*)a+a (' &,()-% *('% *%m%# (' $%# 5)*"&(# ,'% (' ($"'*()"%). E$ *%m% &('*)a$ *%&a a *%+%# $%# *%m%# +( $%# 5)*"&(# a *)a5# +( $a+"a%'a$ +($ &,9%. j#*( 'i +( *%m%# ;,( *%&a' a$ *%m% &('*)a$ #%' $%# (&"'%#"'m(+"a*%# (# $% ;,( #( +('%m"'a 'i +( &%%)+"'a&"/'. L,(% (' (#*a (#*),&*,)aNC .

E#*),&*,)a &9"&a &('*)a+a (' &a)a# FCC

19


20/140

S( +(#"'a &%' $a $(*)aFCC. T%+%# $%# (=(#,'"*a)"%# #%' ",a$(# #,# ',$%# #%' +( W0i#"('+% ($ -a)m(*)%

)(*"&,$a) a. S" &%$%&am%#,' *%m% (' &a+a -,'*%+( $a )(+ +( B)aa"#&9"&a &('*)a+a ('&a)a# *('+)(m%# 6*%m%# (' $%# #("#&('*)%# +( &a)a#a+(m# +( $%# +( $%#5)*"&(#.

CALCULO DE LA DENSIDAD >LANAR

>a)a &a$&,$a) $a +('#"+a+ -$a'a) ,#am%# $a #","('*( &%'('&"/'. S" ,' *%m%-()*('(&( *%*a$m('*( a ,' )(a +a+a *a$ &%m% $a +($ *%m% $%&a$"


21/140

U' #/$"+% (# *%+% a;,($$% ;,( (' ,'a &%'#*a'*( +( *"(m-% '% -%+(m%# () $,")#(a &)"#*a$"'% % am%)%.

C,a'+% a$ ma*()"a$ &)"#*a$"'% #( $( a,m('*a $a T $$(a a ,' -,'*% +( ,#"/' (' ($;,( $a T (# &%'#*a'*(. >%) $% *a'*% #( 3a9$a +( T +( ,#"/' (' #/$"+%# &)"#*a$"'%#

$%# &,a$(# a +"&3a T -a#a' a #/$"+%# am%)%#. La T +( )(9$a'+(&"m"('*% (# $a ;,(#( +a &,a'+% ($ #/$"+% -a#a a $?;,"+%. A '"($ m%$(&,$a) -,(+( +a)#( ;,( $a T,# $a T)(9$ &%"'&"+a'[ a '"($ m"&)%m%$(&,$a) (#*a &%"'&"+('&"a '% #( +a3a9"*,a$m('*(.

2.2 E$ %)+(' ($ +(#%)+(' (' $%# ma*()"a$(#

D('*)% +( $%# ma*()"a$(# #/$"+%# ('&%'*)am%# *)(# *"-%# +"()('*(#: am%)%#&)"#*a$"'%# -()(&*%# ( "m-()(&*%#.

L%# &)"#*a$(# -()(&*%# '% ("#*(' $a #,-()"&"( +($ #/$"+% (# ,' -,'*% +(

"'*()#(&&"/' -,(# $a )(+ &)"#*a$"'a *()m"'a (' (#( -,'*%.

La# "m-()(&&"%'(# +( ,' #/$"+% &)"#*a$"'% '% *"('(' -%);,( #() ma$a# )a&"a# a$a# "m-()(&&"%'(# (# m# &"$ %)ma) a$(a&"%'(#.

2. E$ (#*a+% &)"#*a$"'%

E# ,' (#*a+% %)+('a+% +( $a ma*()"a ("#*(' 14 +"()('*(# ma'()a# +( %)+('a)$%# *%m%# #%' $a# $$ama+a# )(+(# +( B)aa"# #/$% #")(' -a)a $a# %)+('a&"%'(#+( $a)% a$&a'&( #/$"+%#.

S" ($ #/$"+% (# &)"#*a$"'% $a *(m-()a*,)a +( ,#"/' #( ma'*"('( &%'#*a'*( m"('*)a#3aa (;,"$"9)"% $?;,"+%#/$"+%. E$ m%*"% +( (#*( ('/m('% (# ;,( $a ('()?a*5)m"&a ;,( #( a-%)*a #( (m-$(a (' )%m-() ($ %)+(' &)"#*a$"'%.

E' ($ &a#% +( $%# #/$"+%# &)"#*a$"'%# ($ -a#% +( #/$"+% a $?;,"+% *am9"5' &%'%&"+%&%m% )(9$a'+(&"m"('*% $a ,#"/' -a#% +( &)"#*a$ a am%)% #( -)%+,&( a $am"#ma *(m-()a*,)a.

2.4 E#*),&*,)a +( $%# -)"'&"-a$(# ma*()"a$(#

Ma*()"a$(# m(*$"&%#

L%# ma*()"a$(# m(*$"&%# *"('+(' a %)+('a)#( +( %)ma m# &%m-a&*a&%'&)(*am('*( +( ma'()a#:

C9"&a &('*)a+a (' ($ "'*()"%) 9&&: 3"())%

C9"&a &('*)a+a (' $a# &a)a# &&: &%9)( '?;,($

21


22/140

e(a%'a$ &%m-a&*a &-3:


23/140

>$a'%# +( m"ma &%m-a&"+a+.

Tama8% +( $%# "'*()#*"&"%#.

G)a+% +( &%m-a&"+a+.

La (#*),&*,)a 9&& *"('( "'*()#*"&"%# *(*)a5+)"&%#.

La (#*),&*,)a && *"('( $a ma%) -a)*( +( $%# "'*()#*"&"%# +( %)ma %&*a5+)"&a a-(#a) +( -%#(() *am9"5' "'*()#*"&"%# *(*)a5+)"&%# -%) $% *a'*% $a (#*),&*,)a &&*"('( m# &a-a&"+a+ +( +"#%$() *%m%# a ;,( $%# "'*()#*"&"%# +%'+( #( -,(+('a$%=a) (#*%# *%m%# #%' m# )a'+(# -%) $% *a'*% 3a m# -%#"9"$"+a+(# +( ;,(#( a$%=( ,' *%m% -(;,(8% (' ,' "'*()#*"&"% %&*a5+)"&% ;,( (' ,' *(*)a5+)"&%.

E=:

E$ F( -)(#('*a a$%*)%-?a &am9"% +( (#*),&*,)a -%) ((&*% +( $a *(m-()a*,)a a*(m-()a*,)a am9"('*( *"('( (#*),&*,)a 9&& #" ($(am%# $a *(m-()a*,)a -a#a a&& -,+"('+% +"#%$() m# *%m%# +( &a)9%'%.

E' )(#,m(' $a (#*),&*,)a && (# m# &%m-a&*a ;,( $a 9&& a+(m# *"('( $%#"'*()#*"&"%# m# )a'+(#.

C,a'*% m# )a'+( #(a ($ 'm()% +( -$a'%# +( &%m-a&"+a+ ma%) #() #,+(%)ma9"$"+a+ a ;,( $a +(%)ma&"/' #( -)%+,&( a &a,#a +($ +(#$"%) (#*( m%*"% ($ 3())()% +(%)ma ($ F( %$-('+%$% &,a'+% 5#*( (#* a$ )%=%"% -%);,( $a (#*),&*,)a && *"('( m# -$a'%# +( &%m-a&"+a+ ;,( $a 9&&.

Ma*()"a$(# -%$"m5)"&%#

S( -,(+(' "'*()-)(*a) &%m% &a+('a# m, $a)a# &%' "'*()a&&"%'(# m# % m('%#$a)a# ('*)( ($$a#. >a)a ;,( $a# &a+('a# #( -,(+a' a-"$a) +(9(' (#*a) a$"'(a+a#,'a ('&"ma +( $a %*)a.

E$ )a+% +( &%m-a&"+a+ +(-('+() +( $a &a-a&"+a+ ;,( *('a' $a# m%$5&,$a#-a)a a$"'(a)#(.

E=:

E' ($ &a#% +($ -%$"(*"$('% ($ +( 9a=a +('#"+a+ LD>E a$ *('() )am""&a&"%'(# $a#&a+('a# '% #( -,(+(' a&()&a) -%) $% *a'*% #%' am%)%#. E' &am9"% ($ +( a$*a+('#"+a+ eD>E a$ '% *('() )am""&a&"%'(# (# &)"#*a$"'%.

23


24/140

U' -%$?m()% *)a'#-a)('*( (# am%)% a ;,( a$ '% (#*a) %)+('a+% 3a (#-a&"%#('*)( m%$5&,$a# -()m"*"('+% ;,( $a $,< a*)a"(#( ($ ma*()"a$.

La -)(#('&"a +( ),-%# %$,m"'%#%# (' $a# &a+('a# &%'*)"9,( a $a %)ma&"/' +(#/$"+%# am%)%# a ;,( "m-"+( ($ a&()&am"('*% ('*)( $a# &a+('a# +"#m"',('+%

a#? ($ )a+% +( &)"#*a$"'"+a+ +( $a m%$5&,$a. >%) (#*( m%*"% #( -,(+(' %)"('*a)$%# ),-%# %$,m"'%#%# a ,'% , %*)% $a+% +( $a &a+('a -()m"*"('+% a#? ;,( $a#&a+('a# #( a&();,(' &%' m# )a"$"+a+.

C,a'+% 3a9$am%# +( -%$?m()%# &)"#*a$"'%# +(9(m%# &%'#"+()a) ;,( #%'-a)&"a$m('*( &)"#*a$"'%# a ;,( +(9"+% a $a (#*),&*,)a +( $a &a+('a 3a


25/140

D((&*%: ,'*,a$(#

D. L"'(a$(#

D. B"+"m('#"%'a$(#

.1 D((&*%# -,'*,a$(#

L%# +((&*%# -,'*,a$(# a(&*a' a$ %)+(' +( $a)% a$&a'&( a ,'a +"#*a'&"a a*/m"&a.E$ a$&a'&( +( $a )%*,)a (# +( ,' *%m%.

E"#*(' +"()('*(# *"-%# +( +((&*%# -,'*,a$(# (' $%# ($(m('*%# m(*$"&%#:

D((&*% +( $a,'a: (# *?-"&% +( ma*()"a$(# m(*$"&%# (' $%# ;,( #"m-$(m('*( ,'

*%m% +(#a-a)(&( +( #, -%#"&"/'.

G)a&"a# a $a# $a,'a# $%# *%m%# -,(+(' +",'+") m(=%) (' #, (#*),&*,)a. E=:&am9"% +( F( a +"()('*( *(m-()a*,)a. E#*% $% -()m"*(' $a# $a,'a# @ (')"am"('*%#$('*%#. T%+%# $%# -)%&(#%# +( *)a'#%)ma&"/' (' (#*a+% #/$"+% #%' m# &"$(#.

E$ 'm()% +( +((&*%# +( $a,'a (' ,' #/$"+% &)"#*a$"'% a,m('*a(-%'('&"a$m('*( &%' $a *(m-()a*,)a. S"' $a,'a# (# "m-%#"9$( ,'a +",#"/' ('(#*a+% #/$"+%.

D((&*% "'*()#*"&"a$: (' $%# #"*"%# *(*)a5+)"&%#%&*a5+)"&%# #( &%$%&a' *%m%# m#

-(;,(8%# % m# )a'+(#. E# -%&% 3a9"*,a$.

D((&*% #,#*"*,&"%'a$: #,#*"*,&"/' +( ,' *%m% -%) %*)%. S( )%m-( ($ %)+(' a-a)(&( ,' ($(m('*% +"()('*( (' $a (#*),&*,)a.

E' $%# ($(m('*%# &()m"&%# ("#*(' $%# +((&*%# +( F)('$( S3%,".

D((&*% +( F)('$(: #,-%'( $a +(#a-a)"&"/' +( ,' &a*"/' -()% a-a)(&( 5$ % ,' (;.E' &a)a (' %*)a -%#"&"/'.

D((&*% +( S&3%**": +(#a-a)"&"/' #"m,$*'(a +( ,' &a*"/' ,' a'"/' +( $a

m"#ma &a)a (' %*)a -%#"&"/'.

.2 D((&*%# $"'(a$(# % +"#$%&a&"%'(#

L%# +((&*%# $"'(a$(# #%' m, "m-%)*a'*(# a $a 3%)a +( (#*,+"a) $a m(&'"&a +($%# ma*()"a$(# m(*$"&%#.

25


26/140

L%# +((&*%# $"'(a$(# (#*' &%'#*"*,"+%# 9#"&am('*( -%) +"#$%&a&"%'(# ;,(#,-%'(' $a a-a)"&"/' +( ,'a 3"$()a (*)a +( *%m%# (' $a (#*),&*,)a m(*$"&a.

E"#*(' +%# *"-%# +( +"#$%&a&"%'(#:

D( 9%)+(: a-a)"&"/' +( ,'a 3"$()a +( *%m%# -%) ('&"ma % -%) +(9a=% +($ -$a'%+( +(#$"


27/140

U' $?m"*( +( )a'% (# ,'a 9a))()a -a)a $a# +"#$%&a&"%'(#.

C%'*)%$a'+% ($ 'i +( $?m"*(# +( )a'% #( -,(+( %9*('() ma%) % m('%) +,)(


28/140

"'*()"%) +( $a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a. Tam9"5' 3a ;,( *('() (' &,('*a $%# &am9"%# +(T $a #,-()"&"( #"(m-)( (#* a $a T ;,( '%#%*)%# ;,()(m%# -()% '% #( -,(+(-)(+(&") &%' (a&*"*,+ $a T +($ "'*()"%).

E'+,)(&"m"('*% -%) *)a9a=% (' )?% % a&)"*,+: &%'#"#*( (' *)a9a=a) ,' ma*()"a$ ('

)?% -a)a ;,( ,'a (< "'a$"


29/140

(' (#*a+% #/$"+% (# *a' $('*a ;,( #( (#&a-a a ma%) *(m-()a*,)a ma%) )a-"+(%) *%+% (#*% $a "'*()"&"( ('(#*( &a#% (# -$a'a.

D"#%$,&"%'(# "'*()#*"&"a$(#:

E$ +"#%$('*( &%$%&a ($ #%$,*% (' #,# "'*()#*"&"%# -%) $% *a'*% ($ #%$,*% 3a +( #()$% #,"&"('*(m('*( -(;,(8% -a)a &a9() (' ($$%#. E#*% #"'""&a ;,( 3a9) ,'a)($a&"/' m?'"ma +( *ama8% ;,( +(-('+() +( $a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a +($+"#%$('*(. S" $a +"()('&"a +( *ama8%# (# #,-()"%) a$ 1c -()% '% $$(a a #() $%

#,"&"('*(m('*( -(;,(8% -a)a &%$%&a)#( (' $%# "'*()#*"&"%# #() "m-%#"9$(%)ma)#( '"'' *"-% +( +"#%$,&"/': '" #,#*"*,&"%'a$ -%) #() n1c '" "'*()#*"&"a$-%) #() +(ma#"a+% )a'+(.

ea ;,( *('() &,"+a+% &%' $%# &%m-,(#*%# "'*()#*"&"a$(# -%);,( a (&(# &,a'+%#( %)ma ,' &%m-,(#*% "'*()#*"&"a$ a-a)(&(' $%# &%m-,(#*%# "'*()m(*$"&%# ('

33


34/140

%)ma +( -a)*?&,$a# -)(&"-"*a+a# (' $a (#*),&*,)a. E' )(a$"+a+ $%# &%m-,(#*%#"'*()m(*$"&%# a-a)(&(' &,a'+% #( #,-()a' $%# $?m"*(# +( #%$,9"$"+a+ +( ,' m(*a$.

S" $a# -a)*?&,$a# #%' +( *ama8% )a'+( 110 m"&)a# -)%%&a)' %) $% *a'*% (#9#"&% &%'*)%$a) ($ '"($ +( &)(&"m"('*%.

6.2 T(%)?a +( $%# +"a)ama# +( a#(

Fa#(: (# $a -a)*( +($ ma*()"a$ ;,( *"('( &%m-%)*am"('*% 3%m%5'(% (#*),&*,)a3%m%5'(a (# ?#"&am('*( +"()('&"a9$(.

E' ,' +"a)ama +( a#(# #/$% a-a)(&(' $a# a#(# *()m%+"'m"&am('*( (#*a9$(# %+( (;,"$"9)"%.

6. E;,"$"9)"% +( a#(# (' $%# #"#*(ma# 9"'a)"%#. A-$"&a&"/' (' ($ &a#% +( $%#ma*()"a$(#

D"a)ama# +( a#(# 9"'a)"%#: -a)a $a &%'#*),&&"/' #( &%(' +"()('*(# a$(a&"%'(# $a# +"()#a# &,)a# +( (')"am"('*% +( $a# a$(a&"%'(#.

E#*,+"%# +( $a# &,)a#:

34


35/140

I: $a T +"#m"',( 3a#*a ;,( #( (#*a9"$"


36/140

DIFUSIoN

E$ ('/m('% +( $a +",#"/' #( -,(+( +(m%#*)a) m(+"a'*( ($ -a) +",#%) %)ma+%-%) $a ,'"/' +( +%# m(*a$(# -,(#*%# (' &%'*a&*% a *)a5# +( $a# +%# &a)a# -%)(=(m-$% ($ &%9)( ($ '?;,($. E#*( -a) #( &a$"('*a a ($(a+a *(m-()a*,)a -%)+(9a=% +( $a *(m-()a*,)a +( ,#"/' +( am9%# m(*a$(# +,)a'*( ,' $a)% -()"%+% +(*"(m-% $,(% #( (')?a a *(m-()a*,)a am9"('*(. E$ a'$"#"# ;,?m"&% )(($a &%9)( '?;,($ -,)%# (' $%# (*)(m%# +($ -a) #(-a)a+%# -%) ,'a )("/' +( a$(a&"/'.

La &%m-%#"&"/' +( am9%# m(*a$(# a)?a &%' $a +"#*a'&"a. E#*( )(#,$*a+% "'+"&a;,( $%# *%m%# +( &%9)( 3a' (m")a+% % +",'+"+% +('*)% +($ '?;,($ ;,( ($'?;,($ a +",'+"+% +('*)% +($ &%9)(. E#*( -)%&(#% (' ;,( $%# *%m%# +( ,' m(*a$+",'+(' (' ($ %*)% #( +('%m"'a "'*),#"/' % +",#"/' +( "m-,)(


37/140

m(*a$(# -,(#*%# (' &%'*a&*% C,N".E#*( -a) #( &a$"('*a a ($(a+a *(m-()a*,)a+,)a'*( ,' $a)% -()?%+% +( *"(m-% $,(% #( (')?a.

MECANISMOS DE DIFUSIoN

A '"($ a*/m"&% $a +",#"/' &%'#"#*( (' $a (m")a&"/' +( $%# *%m%# +( ,' #"*"% +($a )(+ a %*)% #"*"%. E' $%# ma*()"a$(# #/$"+%# $%# *%m%# (#*' (' &%'*"',%m%"m"('*% &am9"a' )-"+am('*( +( -%#"&"/'. La m%"$"+a+ a*/m"&a ("( +%#&%'+"&"%'(#: 1 ,' $,a) (&"'% a&"% 2 ($ *%m% +(9( *('() #,p&"('*( ('()?a&%m% -a)a )%m-() $%# ('$a&(# &%' $%# *%m%# (&"'%# +"#*%)#"%'a) $a )(+ +,)a'*(($ +(#-$a


38/140

M(&a'"#m% +( +",#"/' ;,( "m-$"&a *%m%# ;,( a' +(#+( ,'a -%#"&"/' "'*()#*"&"a$a %*)a (&"'a +(#%&,-a+a. E$ m(&a'"#m% *"('( $,a) -%) "'*()+",#"/' +(#%$,*%#CeN O ;,( *"('( *%m%# -(;,(8%#. L%# #%$,*%# #,#*"*,&"%'a$(#)a)am('*( %&,-a' -%#"&"%'(# "'*()#*"&"a$(# '% +",'+(' -%) (#*( m(&a'"#m%.

E#*a +",#"/' %&,))( m# )-"+am('*( ;,( $a +",#"/' -%) a&a'*(# m#m%"$"+a+

D",#"/' (' (#*a+% (#*a&"%'a)"%

C%'+"&"/': F$,=% +( +",#"/' '% &am9"( &%' ($ *"(m-% Ma&)%#&/-"&am('*( $a&a'*"+a+ +( ,' ($(m('*% *)a'#-%)*a+% +('*)% +( %*)% (# ,'a ,'&"/' +($ *"(m-%.

A ;,5 ($%&"+a+ %&,))( $a *)a'#()('&"a +( ma#aK

F$,=% +( +",#"/' J

N)%. D( *%m%# M ;,( +",'+(' -()-('+"&,$a)m('*( a *)a5# +( $a ,'"+a+ +( )(a+( ,' #/$"+% -%) ,'"+a+ +( *"(m-%.

D",#"/' +( *%m%# +( ,' a# a *)a5# +( ,'a $m"'a m(*$"&a &,a#&%'&('*)a&"%'(# +( $a# #,9#*a'&"a# ;,( +",'+(' #( ma'*"('(' &%'#*a'*(# aam9%# $a+%# +( $a $m"'a.

38


39/140

D",#"/' (' (#*a+% '% (#*a&"%'a)"%

La ma%)?a +( $a# #"*,a&"%'(# -)&*"&a# +( +",#"/' #%' (' (#*a+% NO(#*a&"%'a)"%. E$ $,=% +( +",#"/' ($ )a+"('*( +( +",#"/' a)?a' &%' ($ *"(m-%('()a a&,m,$a&"/' % a%*am"('*% +( $a# #,9#*a'&"a# ;,( +",'+('.

D",#"/' (' (#*a+% '% (#*a&"%'a)"%

La# #%$,&"%'(# a (#*a (-)(#"/' &%'&('*)a&"/' (' ,'&"/' +( -%#"&. *"(m-% #(&%'#",(' (#-(&""&a'+% &%'+"&"%'(# $?m"*(# ?#"&am('*( #"'""&a*"a#. U'a#%$,&"/' "m-%)*a'*( (# $a +( ,' #/$"+% #(m""'"'"*% &,a &%'&('*)a&"/' #,-()"&"a$#( ma'*"('(. F)(&,('*(m('*( $a #,#*a'&"a ;,( +",'+( (# ,' a# &,a -)(#"/'-a)&"a$ #( ma'*"('(.

39


40/140

UNIDAD &

Pro'i(a(! 3c*nica! ( #o!3a"ria#!

40


41/140

Las propiedades mecnicas de los materiales nos permiten diferenciar un material

+( %*)% a #(a -%) #, &%m-%#"&"/' (#*),&*,)a % &%m-%)*am"('*% a'*( a$' ((&*%?#"&% % ;,?m"&% (#*a# -)%-"(+a+(# #%' ,#a+a# (' +"&3%# ma*()"a$(# +( a&,()+% aa$,'a# '(&(#"+a+(# &)(a+a# a m(+"+a ;,( 3a -a#a+% $a 3"#*%)"a +(-('+"('+% +($%# ,#*%# -)%-"am('*( +( a;,($$a '(&(#"+a+ (' +%'+( #( ('%&a (' ($ ma*()"a$-a)a ;,( (#*( #%$,&"%'( a &a9a$"+a+ $a ("('&"a &)(a+a.

La m(&'"&a +( ma*()"a$(# (#*,+"a $a# +(%)ma&"%'(# ,'"*a)"a# +(#-$a


42/140

D%'+(:

>: F,()


43/140

E"+('*(m('*( '%[ "'&$,#% -a)a ;,"('(# '% (#*' am"$"a)"


44/140

>%+)?am%# -('#a) ;,( $a +(%)ma&"/' (# #"(m-)( ,' ('/m('% '(a*"%"'+(#(a9$( -%) *a'*% -)%+,&( (#,()a)a ('*('+() a $a -()(&&"/' ($ &%m-%)*am"('*% +( $a &,)a E#,()


45/140

&.%.+ Fur>a! ( co3'r!i,n:$a F,()


46/140

>a)a (#*,+"a) $a )(a&&"/' +( $%# ma*()"a$(# a $a# ,()


47/140

>%) $% *a'*% $a (&,a&"/' ;,( +("'( $a +(%)ma&"/' ,'"*a)"a ,' ma*()"a$ #%m(*"+% a&a)a# a"a$(# (#* +a+a -%):

&.+ PROPIEDADES )ECNICAS DE LOS )ATERIALES.

&.+.1 R!i!"ncia 3c*nica:$a )(#"#*('&"a m(&'"&a +( ,' ma*()"a$ (# #,&a-a&"+a+ +( )(#"#*") ,()


48/140

F". b

E!fur>o ( co3'r!i,n:

E# a;,($ ;,( *"('+( a-$a#*a) ($ ma*()"a$ +($ m"(m9)% +( &a)a a&%)*a) a$m"(m9)% (' #?. D%'+( $a# ,()


49/140

E#*( *"-% +( (#,()a##a(o

E!fur>o a "racci,n

La "'*('#"+a+ +( $a ,()


50/140

E!fur>o a co3'r!i,n

E$ !fur>o ( co3'r!i,n(# ($ )(#,$*a'*( +( $a# *('#"%'(# % -)(#"%'(# ;,(("#*( +('*)% +( ,' #/$"+% +(%)ma9$( #( &a)a&*()"


51/140

D%'+(:

>: F,()


52/140

S%$,&"/': S,-%'"('+% ;,( $a &a)a +( &%m-)(#"/' a&*a (' ($ &('*)% +($ *,9%3,(&% -%+(m%# ,#a) $a (&,a&"/' q > r A -a)a &a$&,$a) ($ (#,() (#* +")""+aa $% $a)% +($ (=( +( #"m(*)?a #( *"('( ;,(:

ESFUERZO normal= FUERZA/REA DE LA SECCIN TRANSVERSAL

h -%) $a $( +( 3%%( %9*('(m%#:

DEFORACIN=ESFUERZO normal/ODULO DE ELASTICIDAD

S( -%+)?a' &%'#"+()a) $%# ma*()"a$(# eOMOGjNEOS ( ISOTRo>ICOS (# +(&");,( #,# -)%-"(+a+(# m(&'"&a# #%' "'+(-('+"('*(# *a'*% +( $a -%#"&"/' &%m% $a+")(&&"/' $% ;,( #"'""&a ;,( $a +(%)ma&"/' ,'"*a)"a +(9( *('() ($ m"#m% a$%)-a)a &,a$;,"() +")(&&"/' *)a'#()#a$.

U'a &%'#*a'*( "m-%)*a'*( -a)a ,' ma*()"a$ +a+% (# #, )($a&"/' -%"##%' $$ama+%a#? (' 3%'%) a$ ma*(m*"&% )a'&5# SIMEoN DENIS >OISSON 1b1140 ;,(

#( +('%*a &%' $a $(*)a 7.

V=DEFORACIN UNITARIA LATERAL / DEFORACIN UNITARIA A!IAL"

)ODULO DE 5OUNG 5 POISSON

52


53/140

E$ &%("&"('*( +( >%"##%' (# $a )($a&"/' +( +(%)ma&"/' $%'"*,+"'a$ &%' $a*)a'#()#a$.>%) (=(m-$% &,a'+% =a$a# ,' ($(m('*% (#*( #( a$a)a -()% a #, (< #( 3a&(m# +($a+%.D( $a m"#ma %)ma &,a'+% $% &%m-)"m(# #( a&%)*a -()% #( 3a&( m# ),(#%.

E#a )($a&"/' (# ($ &%("&"('*( +( >%"##%'.

S, )($a&"/' &%' ($ m%+,$% +( ($a#*"&"+a+ (# m(+"a'*( ,'a (&,a&"/' ;,( *am9"5'"'%$,&)a ($ m%+,$% +( &%)*a'*( (#:

E/#2$% & 1

D%'+( E (# ($ m%+,$% +( h%,' G ($ +( &%)*a'*(.

Ci>a##a(o.

E$ &"a)a$($(-?-(+% &%' (#,()


54/140

E$ (#,()a)a &"()*%# ma*()"a$(# ("#*( ,'

54


55/140

(#,()


56/140

&a)a. U' &,()-% #( +('%m"'a -()(&*am('*( ($#*"&% #" '% (-()"m('*a+(%)ma&"%'(# -()ma'('*(# (# +(&") #"(m-)( )(&,-()a #, ",)a "'"&"a$.

&.+. R!i#incia

La R(#"$"('&"a (# $a ma'"*,+ ;,( &,a'*""&a $a &a'*"+a+ +( ('()?a ;,( ,' ma*()"a$-,(+( a9#%)9() a$ )%m-()#( -%) ((&*% +( ,' "m-a&*% -%) ,'"+a+ +( #,-()"&"( +()%*,)a. S( +"()('&"a +( $a *('a&"+a+ (' ;,( (#*a $*"ma &,a'*""&a $a &a'*"+a+ +(('()?a a9#%)9"+a -%) ,'"+a+ +( #,-()"&"( +( )%*,)a 9a=% $a a&&"/' +( ,' (#,()


57/140

E$ ('#a% +( +,)(


58/140

,*"$"


59/140

E$ *ama8% +($ )a'% *"('( )(-()&,#"%'(# +")(&*a# (' $a# -)%-"(+a+(# +( ,' m(*a$.L%# m(*a$(# &%' *ama8% +( )a'% "'% #%' m# )(#"#*('*(# *"('(# -)%-"(+a+(#m# ,'"%)m(#. La )(#"#*('&"a +($ m(*a$ #( )($a&"%'a &%' #, *ama8% +($ )a'% -%)m(+"% +( ,'a )($a&"/' (m-?)"&a $$ama+a (&,a&"/' +( eALL>ETCe. S( (#-()a;,( $%# m(*a$(# &%' *ama8% +( )a'% ;,( #( ,9"&a' (' ($ "'*()a$% 'a'% m(*a$(#

'a'% &)"#*a$"'%# *('a' )(#"#*('&"a +,)(ETECe.

C,a'+% ,' m(*a$ #( +(%)ma -$#*"&am('*( m(+"a'*( &%'%)ma+% (' )"% ($ m(*a$#( ('+,)(&( -%) +(%)ma&"/' &%m% )(#,$*a+% a,m('*a #, )(#"#*('&"a +"#m"',( #, +,&*"$"+a+. E$ ('+,)(&"m"('*% -%) +(%)ma&"/' -,(+( ($"m"'a)#(+a'+% a$ m(*a$ ,' *)a*am"('*% +( )(&%&"+% *5)m"&%. C,a'+% ($ m(*a$ #( ('+,)(&(-%) +(%)ma&"/' #( &a$"('*a $('*am('*( a ,'a *(m-()a*,)a a$*a -%) +(9a=% +( #,*(m-()a*,)a +( ,#"/' %&,))( $%# -)%&(#%# +( )(&,-()a&"/' +( )( &)"#*a$"a)a a$&a'


60/140

F". 10

a9 LM3i" ( 'ro'orciona#i(a(:

S( %9#()a ;,( a +(#+( ($ %)"(' O 3a#*a ($ -,'*% $$ama+% $?m"*( +(-)%-%)&"%'a$"+a+ (# ,' #(m('*% +( )(&*a )(&*"$?'(% +( +%'+( #( +(+,&( $a *a'&%'%&"+a )($a&"/' +( -)%-%)&"%'a$"+a+ ('*)( $a *('#"/' $a +(%)ma&"/' (','&"a+a

60


61/140

(' ($ a8% 16b -%) R%9()* e%%(. Ca9( )(#a$*a) ;,( m# a$$ $a +(%)ma&"/' +(=a+( #() -)%-%)&"%'a$ a $a *('#"/'.

-9 Li3i" ( #a!"ici(a( o #i3i" #*!"ico:

E# $a *('#"/' m# a$$ +($ &,a$ ($ ma*()"a$ '% )(&,-()a *%*a$m('*( #, %)ma %)""'a$a$ #() +(#&a)a+% #"'% ;,( ;,(+a &%' ,'a +(%)ma&"/' )(#"+,a$ $$ama+a+(%)ma&"/' -()ma'('*(.

c9 Pun"o ( f#uncia:

E# a;,($ +%'+( (' ($ a-a)(&( ,' &%'#"+()a9$( a$a)am"('*% % $,('&"a +($ ma*()"a$#"' ($ &%))(#-%'+"('*( a,m('*% +( &a)a ;,( "'&$,#% -,(+( +"#m"',") m"('*)a#+,)a $a $,('&"a. S"' (m9a)% ($ ('/m('% +( $a $,('&"a (# &a)a&*()?#*"&% +($a&()% a$ &a)9%'% m"('*)a# ;,( 3a %*)%# *"-%# +( a&()%# a$(a&"%'(# %*)%#

m(*a$(# ma*()"a$(# +"()#%# (' $%# ;,( '% ma'""(#*a.

(9 E!fur>o 3*Bi3o:

E# $a m"ma %)+('a+a (' $a &,)a (#,()


62/140

wE'+,)(&"m"('*% -%) +(%)ma&"/'

wF%)ma&"/' +($ &,($$% % (#*)"&&"/'

&./ DIAGRA)AS ESFUERO?DEFOR)ACIN UNITARIA CONENCIONAL 5

REAL PARA UN )ATERIAL DCTIL 8ACERO9 8NO DE ESCALA9

F". 11

&./.1 Co3'or"a3in"o E#*!"ico

La &,)a (# ,'a $?'(a )(&*a a *)a5# +( *%+a (#*a )("/'. E$ (#,()


63/140

&./.% En(urci3in"o 'or (for3aci,n

C,a'+% $a $,('&"a 3a *()m"'a+% -,(+( a-$"&a)#( m# &a)a a $a -)%9(*a)(#,$*a'+% ,'a &,)a ;,( #( ($(a &%'*"',am('*( -()% #( a a-$a'a'+% 3a#*a$$(a) a (#*( -,'*% #( $$ama ($ (#,()


64/140

&. DIAGRA)A REAL ESFUERO @DEFOR)ACIN UNITARIA

En #ugar ( u!ar # *ra ( #a !cci,n "ran!r!a# #a #ongi"u( origina#! (#a 3u!"ra 'ara ca#cu#ar # !fur>o #a (for3aci,n uni"aria 8( ingnirMa9u!a # *ra ( #a !cci,n "ran!r!a# #a #ongi"u( ra#! (# !'ci3n n #

in!"an" n Qu #a carga ! !"a 3i(in(o 'ara ca#cu#ar !fur>o ra# (for3aci,n uni"aria ra# un "ra>o ( !u! a#or! ! ##a3a Diagra3a ra#E!fur>o @Dfor3aci,n Uni"aria.La# +"()('&"a# ('*)( $%# +"a)ama# &%m"('


65/140

F". 1

Diagra3a E!fur>o? Dfor3aci,n uni"aria 'ara # 3'#o.

F". 14

D(#+( $a )a"&a &a$&,$a $a# #","('*(#a9($ m%+,$% +( ($a#*"&"+a+E (#,()


66/140

F". 1

Ca+a ma*()"a$ *"('( ,'a %)ma -)%-"(+a+(# -(&,$"a)(#. La# &,)a# m%#*)a+a# ('$a ",)a +""()(' &%'#"+()a9$(m('*( +( $a &%))(#-%'+"('*( a$ a&()%.

La# &a)a&*()?#*"&a# +($ +"a)ama (#,()


67/140

U' ma*()"a$ +&*"$ ($ a&()% (#*),&*,)a$ +,$&( ($ a$,m"'"% % 9)%'&( (3"9")' ,'am-$"% "'*()a$% +( +(%)ma&"/' (' ($ "'*()a$% -$#*"&% a'*(# +( $a )a&*,)a.

U' ma*()"a$ )"$ &%m% ($ 3"())% &%$a+% % "+)"% #( )%m-()' #"' '"','a % m,-(;,(8a +(%)ma&"/' -$#*"&a.

Coficin"! ( (i#a"aci,nD( %)ma ('()a$ +,)a'*( ,'a *)a'#()('&"a +( &a$%) $a ('()?a ;,( (#*a$ma&('a+a (' $%# ('$a&(# "'*()m%$(&,$a)(# ('*)( +%# *%m%# &am9"a. C,a'+% $a('()?a a$ma&('a+a a,m('*a *am9"5' $% 3a&( $a $%'"*,+ +( (#*%# ('$a&(#. A#?$%# #/$"+%# '%)ma$m('*( #( (-a'+(' a$ &a$('*a)#( #( &%'*)a(' a$(')"a)#([1(#*( &%m-%)*am"('*% +( )(#-,(#*a a'*( $a *(m-()a*,)a #( (-)(#am(+"a'*( ($ coficin" ( (i#a"aci,n "r3ica*?-"&a m('*( (-)(#a+% (','"+a+(# +( dC1:

SLIDOS

>a)a #/$"+%# ($ *"-% +( &%("&"('*( +( +"$a*a&"/' m# &%m'm('*( ,#a+% (# ($&%("&"('*( +( +"$a*a&"/' $"'(a$ xL. >a)a ,'a +"m('#"/' $"'(a$ &,a$;,"()a #( -,(+(m(+") (-()"m('*a$m('*( &%m-a)a'+% ($ a$%) +( +"&3a ma'"*,+ a'*(# +(#-,5#+( &"()*% &am9"% +( *(m-()a*,)a &%m%:

>,(+( #() ,#a+a -a)a a9)("a) (#*( &%("&"('*( *a'*% $a $(*)a )"(a a$a &%m% $a$(*)a $am9+a .

TRMICA

D"$a*a&"/' -%) $% ('()a$ $a ma*()"a #( +"$a*a a$ &a$('*a) #( &%'*)a( a$ (')"a)$a.E#*a +"$a*a&"/' #( #,-%'( ;,( a '% +(-('+( +( $a *(m-()a*,)a $% &,a$ '% (#(#*)"&*am('*( &"()*%.S( +('%m"'a +"$a*a&"/' *5)m"&a a$ a,m('*% +( $%'"*,+

%$,m(' % a$,'a %*)a +"m('#"/' m5*)"&a ;,( #,)( ,' &,()-% ?#"&% +(9"+% a$a,m('*% +( *(m-()a*,)a ;,( #( -)%%&a (' 5$ -%) &,a$;,"() m(+"%.

Difrncia n"r 3"a#! '#*!"ico!D(9"+% a #,# -)%-"a# &a)a&*()?#*"&a# $%# -$#*"&%# *"('(' ,'a -)(#('&"a m,"m-%)*a'*( (' *%+%# $%# #(&*%)(# +( $a "'+,#*)"a. C%m-a)a+%# &%' $%# m(*a$(# #,

67
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeficiente_de_dilataci%C3%B3n#cite_note-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeficiente_de_dilataci%C3%B3n#cite_note-1


68/140

(#*),&*,)a "'*()'a (# *%*a$m*('*( +"()('*( *a'*% $%# *"-%# +( ('$a&( ;,?m"&% &%m%$a (#*),&*,)a $a +"#*)"9,&"/' +( #,# ma&)%m%$5&,$a# am%%# % -a)&"a$m('*(&)"#*a$"'%#. >%) (#*a )a%) $% ;,( #( +(9( *('() &,"+a+%&%' ($ #%9)(&a$('*am"('*% +($ ma*()"a$

La# *(m-()a*,)a# +( )(9$a'+(&"m"('*% +( ,#"/' #%' m# 9a=a# ;,( $%#m(*a$(#

L%# -$#*"&%# #%' m,&3% m# ($#*"&%#

>%) (#*a# +"()('&"a# ('*)( (#*%# ma*()"a$(# #( )(&%m"('+a ;,( a'*(# +(+(*()m"'a) ($ -)%&(#% $a# 3())am"('*a# /-*"m%# -a)a m(&a'"


69/140

L%# PLASTICOS $%# ELASTO)EROS #%' "m-%)*a'*(# ma*()"a$(# +( "'('"()?a-)"'&"-a$m('*( -%) #, am-$"% )a'% +( -)%-"(+a+(# $a )($a*"a a&"$"+a+ &%' ;,(-,(+(' m%$+(a)#( (' $a# %)ma# +(#(a+a# #, &%#*% )($a*"am('*( 9a=%. L%#ma*()"a$(# -$#*"&%# #( -,(+(' +""+") -%) &%'('"('&"a (' +%# &$a#(#:

TERMOPLASTICOS:)(;,"()(' &a$%) -a)a +a)$(# %)ma +(#-,5# +( #() (')"a+%&%'#()a' $a %)ma ;,( #( $(# 3a +a+%. E#*%# ma*()"a$(# #( -,(+(' %$() a&a$('*a) ,#a) +( ',(% )(-(*"+am('*(.

TERMOFIJOS:#%' m%$+(a+%# ('()a$m('*( (' #, %)ma -()ma'('*( -%) m(+"%+( &a$%) -)(#"/' +,)a'*( (#( *"(m-% #( $$(a a &a9% ,'a )(a&&"/' ;,?m"&a ;,(('$a


70/140

)ETALURGIA.

La 3"a#urgia (# $a *5&'"&a +( $a %9*('&"/' *)a*am"('*% +( $%# m(*a$(# +(#+(m"'()a$(# m(*$"&%#3a#*a $%# '% m(*$"&%#. Tam9"5' (#*,+"a $a -)%+,&&"/' +( a$(a&"%'(#($ &%'*)%$ +( &a$"+a+ +( $%# -)%&(#%# "'&,$a+%# a#? &%m% #, &%'*)%$ &%'*)a $a &%))%#"/'.

A+(m# +( )($a&"%'a)#( &%' $a "'+,#*)"a m(*a$)"&a.

La m(*a$,)"a -,(+( #() +("'"+a &%m% $a &"('&"a *(&'%$%?a a)*( +( *)a9a=a) $%#m(*a$(# +(#+( #, %9*('&"/' a -a)*") +( $%# m"'()a$(# 3a#*a $a a9)"&a&"/' +( $%#-)%+,&*%# "'a$(#. Tam9"5' (#*,+"a $a -)%+,&&"/' +( a$(a&"%'(# ($ &%'*)%$ +( &a$"+a+ +($%# -)%&(#%# "'&,$a+%# a#? &%m% ($ (#*,+"% +(-)%&(#%# +( &%'*)%$ +( $a &%))%#"/'. E$ &am-% +( (#*,+"% +( $a m(*a$,)"a (# m, am-$"% *"('( +"()('*(# )(a# +( (#-(&"a$"


71/140

)"a#urgia a(a'"a"ia: E' (#*a +"#&"-$"'a #( )(a$"RIMEROS ACEREROS

COMO ($ 3"())% #( &%))%( &"$m('*( '% #( &%'#()a' -"(


72/140

La a&&"/' +($ m%'/"+% +( &a)9%'% -)%+,&"+% +,)a'*( $a &%m9,#*"/' +( $a $(8a-,+% 3a9() #()"+% -a)a )(*")a) ($ %?('% +( $%# /"+%# +( 3"())%. >%) (#*(m(&a'"#m% $a# )%&a# #( &%'()*")?a' (' -"(


73/140

E$ 3"())% *,% ;,( +a) ,'a 9a*a$$a "m-%)*a'*( a'*(# +( #,#*"*,") a$ 9)%'&( &%m%ma*()"a$ -a)a $a a9)"&a&"/' +( 3())am"('*a# a)ma#. D,)a'*( &()&a +( +%#m"$('"%# &()&a +($ a8% 1 200 a.C. $a# a$(a&"%'(# 9a#a+a# (' ($ &%9)( ('*)(($$a# ($ 9)%'&( ()a' -)(()"+a# (' $,a) +($ 3"())%. D( 3(&3% ($ 9)%'&( *('?a-)%-"(+a+(# #,-()"%)(#. E$ 9)%'&( "'"&"a$m('*( #( -)%+,&?a a$(a'+% ($ &%9)( &%'($ a)#5'"&% -%);,( m,&3%# m"'()a$(# &%'*('?a' (#*%# +%# ($(m('*%# a $a (


74/140

F",)a 1b. C,)a# +( $a )(#"#*('&"a +($ 9)%'&( +($ a&()% &%m% ,'&"/' +($&%'*('"+% +( (#*a8% +( &a)9%'% )(#-(&*"am('*(. C,a'+% ($ &%'*('"+% +(&a)9%'% (' ($ a&()% #,-()a ($ 0.4c #( (m-"(


75/140

A'*(# +( $a )(%$,&"/' "'+,#*)"a$ ($ a&()% ()a ,' ma*()"a$ &a)% ;,( #( -)%+,&?a(' (#&a$a )(+,&"+a -a)a a9)"&a) a)ma# -)"'&"-a$m('*(. L%# &%m-%'('*(#(#*),&*,)a$(# +( m;,"'a# -,('*(# (+""&"%# ()a' +( 3"())% %)=a+% %,'+"&"%'(#. La# ,'+"&"%'(# #%' a$(a&"%'(# +( 3"())% &%' &a)9%'% ('*)( 2.c c. La a$(a&"/' ;,( &%'*"('( ($ 4.c #( &%'%&( &%m% y(,*5&*"&ay (# a;,($$a+%'+( ($ -,'*% +( ,#"/' (# m?'"m% 1 10dC. E#*a *(m-()a*,)a (# m,&3% m#

a&&(#"9$( ;,( $a +($ -,'*% +( ,#"/' +($ 3"())% -,)% 1 bdC. L%# &3"'%# a ('($ #"$% 7I +( ',(#*)a ()a &%'%&?a' a-)%(&3a9a' $a &%m-%#"&"/' (,*5&*"&a-a)a -)%+,&") ,'+"&"%'(# (' 3%)'%# +( $(8a. E)a' 3%)'%# ma%)(# ;,( $%#(,)%-(%# -%) #, ma%) (#&a$a -%+?a' a$&a'


76/140

A -)"'&"-"%# +($ #"$% X7III a 3a9?a (' S,(&"a (' I'$a*())a $am"'a+%)(#m%"+%# -%) m%$"'%# +( a,a. La m;,"'a +( a-%) +( za** ,( a-$"&a+a -a)a(#*( ,#% -%) -)"m()a (< (' 1b6.

A m(+"a+%# +($ #"$% XIX #( -)%+,&?a' -%) $am"'a&"/' )"($(# -a)a ())%&a))"$ +(40 m +( $a)%[ #( ,#a9a +( ma'()a ('()a$"


77/140

B(##(m() $%)/ &%'('&() a $%# )a'+(# #(8%)(# +($ 3"())% +( $a 5-%&a"&*%)"a'a -a)a ;,( a-$"&a)a' "'+,#*)"a$m('*( $%# -)%&(+"m"('*%# ;,( 5$ 3a9?a+(#a))%$$a+% a (#&a$a +( $a9%)a*%)"%. S( "'")*"()%' ('%)m(# )(&,)#%# (' ($-)%(&*% &,% )(#,$*a+% ,( ,' (#&a'+a$%#% )a&a#%. B(##(m() ,( %9$"a+% a)(-%'() ($ +"'()% a $%# "'+,#*)"a$(# #( 3,'+"/ (' ($ ma%) +(#&)5+"*%. >()%B(##(m() '% #( +"% -%) ('&"+%. L( &%#*/ m,&3% +a)#( &,('*a +( ;,( ($ a))a9"%

;,( 5$ 3a9?a (m-$(a+% (' #,# (-()"m('*%# +( $a9%)a*%)"% ()a +"#*"'*% a$ ;,((-$%*a9a' "'+,#*)"a$m('*( $%# ,'+"+%)(# "'$(#(#. >%) a$,'a )aa)a 9"(' +( $%# 9%#;,(# (' ($ #"$% X7III #( "'"&"/ ($ ,#% +($&a)9/' m"'()a$ -a)a -)%+,&") a))a9"%. E$ &a)9/' m"'()a$ ,#,a$m('*( &%'*"('(#,#*a'&"a# %$*"$(# "'+(#(a9$(# -a)a $a a9)"&a&"/' +($ a))a9"%. S( +(#a))%$$%('*%'&(# ,' m5*%+% ;,( &%'#"#*( (' *)"*,)a) &a$('*a) ($ &a)9/' m"'()a$ ('3%)'%# -a)a ;,( $a# #,#*a'&"a# %$*"$(# #(a' (-($"+a# +a'+% $,a) a ,' &a)9/'m# )("'a+% $$ama+% &%;,(.

C,a'+% $%# &%'()*"+%)(# y9#"&%#y +( a))a9"% (' a&()% ('*)a)%' (' %-()a&"/'a #( -)%+,&?a &a)9/' m"'()a$ &%;,"


78/140

U'a (< +(#a*a+a $a -)%+,&&"/' ma#"a +( a&()% +,)a'*( $a )(%$,&"/' "'+,#*)"a$$a -)%+,&&"/' m,'+"a$ &)(&"/ ()*""'%#am('*( &%m% #( "'+"&a (' $a ",)a 20"m-,$#a+a -%) ,'a "(9)( *(&'%$/"&a #"' -)(&(+('*(# -%) ,'a +(ma'+a"'+,#*)"a$ "'#a*"#(&3a. E$ ('/m('% ','&a (#*,% $"m"*a+% a$ m9"*% "'$5#. D"()%+,&&"/' +( a&()% (' I'$a*())a. L%# &%'()*"+%)(# +( B(##(m()y&"+%#y % y9#"&%#y +%m"'a)%' "'"&"a$m('*(. E$ #"#*(ma S"(m('#Ma)*"' ,( ($

78


79/140

m# ,*"$"%#*()"%)m('*( I'$a*())a *%m/ #, $,a) ma'*('"('+% #, 3((m%'?a 3a#*a"'a$(# +($ #"$% XIX. E' 1W0 E#*a+%# U'"+%# )(9a#/ a G)a' B)(*a8a #(ma'*,% &%m% $?+() 3a#*a 1Wb1 &,a'+% ,( #,-()a+% -%) $a U'"/' S%"5*"&a. E'$a ",)a 22 #( -)(#('*a' $%# +"(< -)"m()%# -)%+,&*%)(# +($ m,'+% (' 1W. La#"*,a&"/' )(&"('*( +"#*a +( #() (#*a9$(. D( 1Wb6 a 1W C3"'a -a#/ +($ %&*a% a$&,a)*% $,a) Ja-/' +(#-$a


80/140

F",)a 2. E' ($ a$*% 3%)'% ($ m"'()a$ +( 3"())% ($ &%;,( $a &a$"


81/140

N"($#(' (' 12 #( $%)/ +( "'m(+"a*% ,' a3%))% +($ 40c (' ($ &%'#,m% +(&a)9/'.

E' ($ a$*% 3%)'% ($ a")( &a$"('*( #")( -a)a -)%+,&") $a &%m9,#*"/' +($ &%;,( -a)a ($(a) $a *(m-()a*,)a. E$ %?('% +($ a")( #( &%m9"'a &%' ($ &a)9%'% -a)a-)%+,&") ($ m%'/"+% +( &a)9%'% ;,( a #, (


82/140

F",)a 24. L%# a#(# )"&%# (' m%'/"+% +( &a)9%'% ;,( #a$(' +($ a$*% 3%)'% #%'

a-)%(&3a+%# -a)a &a$('*a) $a# (#*,a# a$ &%m-$(*a) #, &%m9,#*"/'. M"('*)a#,'a +( $a# (#*,a# (#* (' ($ -)%&(#% +( &%m9,#*"/' $a %*)a -)("am('*(&a$('*a+a #")( -a)a ($(a) $a *(m-()a*,)a +($ a")( -%) ('&"ma +( $%# 1 000dC.

La (#&%)"a ($ a))a9"% #( #a&a' +($ &)"#%$ -%) ,'%# +,&*%# $$ama+%# -";,()a#. La-";,()a +( (#&%)"a (#* &%$%&a+a m# a))"9a ;,( $a +( a))a9"% -%);,( $a (#&%)"a$%*a F)(&,('*(m('*( ($ a))a9"% #( *)a#$a+a a$ &%'()*"+%) (' ($ (#*a+% $?;,"+%[#"' (m9a)% (' a$,'a# -$a'*a# #( a&?a -a)a %)ma) $"'%*(#. E' I'$a*())a%)""'a$m('*( $%# $"'%*(# +( a))a9"% *('?a' $a %)ma +( &()+%# -%) (#% ('"'$5# ($ a))a9"% (# &%'%&"+% &%m% -"")%'.

L%# &%'()*"+%)(# +( a))a9"% (' a&()% a '% #%' &%m% $%# +( B(##(m() #,#&%'*(m-%)'(%#. C%'%&"+%# ('()a$m('*( -%) #,# "'"&"a$(# (' "'$5# $%#&%'()*"+%)(# BOF 9a#"&%(',)'a&( $%)a' $a )("'a&"/' +($ a))a9"%(m-$(a'+% $a m"#ma "+(a +( B(##(m() -a)a ($"m"'a) $a# "m-,)(


83/140

3a&(' *am9"5' -%) $a -a)*( #,-()"%) -%) (#% $a %$$a (#* m%'*a+a ('&3,ma&()a# ;,( $( -()m"*(' ")a).

F",)a 2. M(+"a'*( ,' &3%))% +( %?('% &%' -%$% +( -"(+)a &a$"


84/140

*)a9a=% (%$,&"%'a m, )-"+am('*(. S,($( %&,))") ;,( $a# -)(m"#a# ;,(m%*"a)%' ($ (#*a9$(&"m"('*% +( "'+,#*)"a# m,$*"m"$$%'a)"a# -"()+a' "('&"a a $a,($*a +( &"'&% % +"(< a8%#. h a,';,( (#a# "'+,#*)"a# #( )(#"#*a' a a&(-*a) #,%9#%$(#&('&"a #"a' a+($a'*( *a)+( % *(m-)a'% #,&,m9")' a'*( $a# (m-)(#a#m# aa'


85/140

F",)a 26. E$ )(%)ma+%) (# ,' )(a&*%) ;,?m"&% ;,( a a$*a# *(m-()a*,)a#&%'"()*( ,'a m(%#*()"%)m('*( ($ a# )(#"+,a$ (#(')"a+% (' ,'a *,9()?a 9a8a+a &%' a,a.

E$ m"'()a$ +( 3"())% ;,( #( (m-$(a (' $a# -$a'*a# +( ehL ('()a$m('*( *"('( $a&%m-%#"&"/' +($ &,a+)% 1. A$)(+(+%) +($ 0c +($ m"'()a$ (# %?('% a#%&"a+%&%' ($ 3"())% ;,( +(9( )(m%()#( a$ )(a&&"%'a) &%' ($ 3"+)/('% % &%' ($

85


86/140

m%'/"+% +( &a)9%'%. E#*( %9=(*"% #( $%)a (' ,' % ,' W0c a+(m# +(a8a+") a$ -)%+,&*% 3"())% (#-%'=a ,' 2c +( &a)9%'%.

La (&%'%m?a +( $%# )(&,)#%# ('()5*"&%# &%'#,m"+%# ('()a+%# (' ($ -)%&(#%(# m, "m-%)*a'*( -a)a %9*('() -)(&"%# &%m-(*"*"%#. >%) (#*a )a


87/140

F",)a 2W. E$ 3%)'% +( a)&% &%'#*a +( ,'a a#"=a )(&,9"()*a &%' )()a&*a)"%#+%'+( #( &%$%&a &3a*a))a % 3"())% (#-%'=a ;,( #( ,'+(' &%' ($ -a#% +( ,'a&%))"('*( ($5&*)"&a "'*)%+,&"+a &%' ($(&*)%+%# +( )a"*%.

E$ 3"())% (#-%'=a #( &%'"()*( (' a&()% $?;,"+% (' ,' 3%)'% +( a)&% ($5&*)"&%. E$3%)'% ($5&*)"&% ,'+( a$ 3"())% (#-%'=a a $a &3a*a))a ;,( ,#,a$m('*( #(a)(a 3a&"('+% -a#a) -%) ($$%# ('%)m(# &a'*"+a+(# +( &%))"('*( ($5&*)"&a. E$3%)'% ($5&*)"&% #( m,(#*)a (' $a ",)a 2W. E$ a&()% ,'+"+% #( -a#a a ,'a %$$a+%'+( (' %&a#"%'(# #( 3a&( ($ a=,#*( "'a$ +( $a a$(a&"/'. F"'a$m('*( ($ a&()%#( a&?a (' m%$+(# a+(&,a+%# a &a+a -)%&(#% +( a9)"&a&"/' -%#*()"%).

MINIACER!AS

U' &%m-(*"+%) "m-$a&a9$( +( $a# )a'+(# -$a'*a# "'*()a+a# ;,( -a)*(' +($m"'()a$ +( 3"())% *()m"'a' &%' -)%+,&*%# a&a9a+%# +( a&()% 3a #,)"+% +( $%#m"$(# +( m"$$%'(# +( *%'($a+a# +( a&()% ;,( ($$a# m"#ma# 3a' -)%+,&"+%. La

&3a*a))a (# 3% ,'a ma*()"a -)"ma 'a+a +(#-)(&"a9$( -a)a $a a9)"&a&"/' +(a&()% ;,( #,($( a-)%(&3a)#( (' -$a'*a# -(;,(8a# &%'%&"+a# &%m%m"'"a&()?a# +%'+( $a &3a*a))a #( ,'+( (' 3%)'%# +( a)&% ($5&*)"&%.T5&'"&am('*( #, #"#*(ma +( %-()a&"/' (# m, #('&"$$%. La ma*()"a -)"ma #(&%'#",( &%' ,' 9,(' &%m-)a+%) +( &3a*a))a &a-a< +( a#(,)a) ,' #,m"'"#*)%)(,$a). E#*% '% (# 'a+a &"$ -%);,( $a# ,('*(# +( &3a*a))a #%' m, "))(,$a)(#.U' 9,(' y&3a*a))()%y +(9( a+(m# +"#*"',") ('*)( $%# +"#*"'*%# *"-%# +( &3a*a))a+"#-%'"9$(. La &3a*a))a +( -)"m()a (# a;,($$a ;,( "('( (' *)%


88/140

+(*()m"'a -%) 9a$a'&(. G('()a$m('*( (# '(&(#a)"% 3a&() a$' a=,#*( a $aa$(a&"/' m(+"a'*( $a a+"&"/' +( %*)%# ($(m('*%# '(&(#a)"%# % +( %)ma+%)(# +((#&%)"a -a)a )(*")a) ($(m('*%# "'+(#(a9$(# &%m% ($ /#%)% % ($ a


89/140

La -a$a';,"$$a (# $a ma*()"a -)"ma -a)a $%# m%$"'%# +( $am"'a&"/' +%'+( a 9a#(+( )%+"$$%# #( &%'%)ma' -)%+,&*%# &%m% a)"$$a# &%)),a+a# a$am9)%'(# 9a))a# +( #(&&"%'(# &,a+)a+a# 3(a%'a$(# % )(+%'+a#.

D(9"+% a $a #('&"$$(< +( #, -)%&(#% $a# m"'"a&()?a# *"('(' ,' &%#*% +( "'()#"/'9a=?#"m% &%m-a)a+% &%' ($ +( $a# -$a'*a# "'*()a+a#[ '% (#*' *5&'"&am('*(

%9$"a+a# a ma'*('()#( (' %-()a&"/' -()ma'('*(m('*( (# +(&") -,(+('a-aa) #,# "'#*a$a&"%'(# ( ")#( ,'a #(ma'a +( a&a&"%'(# #"' '"'' -)%9$(ma[ #, *ama8% -()m"*( ,9"&a)$a# &()&a +( $%# )a'+(# &('*)%# +( &%'#,m% +(a&()% -)%+,&&"/' +( &3a*a))a -a)a $%)a) ,' a3%))% "m-%)*a'*( (' ma*()"a +(*)a'#-%)*(#.

C%m% $a# a&()?a# #,($(' #() ,' -)%9$(ma -a)a ($ m(+"% am9"('*( m,&3a#m"'"a&()?a# (#*' (;,"-a+a# &%' +"#-%#"*"%# -a)a ($ &%'*)%$ +( (m"#"%'(#&%'*am"'a'*(#.

U9"&a+a a ,' $a+% +( $a &a))(*()a ;,( ,'( a $a# &",+a+(# +( Sa$*"$$% M%'*())(3a ,'a m"'"a&()?a +( $a &%m-a8?a yD( A&()%y. E' (#a ,(+( %&,))") ;,( '#( -)%+,


90/140

>,(+( %9*('()#( -%) -)%&(+"m"('*%# ($(&*)%$?*"&%# a -a)*") +( 9a8%# +( #,$a*%

&$%),)% +( 3"())%. E$ ma*()"a$ ;,( )(#,$*a #( (m-$(a -a)a &%'+,&&"/' ($5&*)"&a -%)#, 9a=a )(#"#*""+a+. S"' (m9a)% )(#,$*a m, -%)%#% #( %"+a &%' )a'a&"$"+a+ -)(#('*a &%' )(&,('&"a )"(*a# "'*()'a# ;,( $% 3a&(' -%&% *"$ -a)a%*)a# a-$"&a&"%'(# "'+,#*)"a$(#.

FUNDICIONESE$ a))a9"% % ,'+"&"/' +( -)"m()a ,#"/' &%m% a 3(m%# "'+"&a+% (# ($ ma*()"a$ ;,( #(%9*"('( +")(&*am('*( +($ 3%)'% a$*%.C,a'+% #%$"+""&a )(#,$*a ,' ma*()"a$ m, +,)% -()% #, &%'*('"+% (' &a)9%'% %*)a#"m-,)(


91/140

Uni(a( +

C#a!ificaci,n S#cci,n (Acro!

Da+a $a )a' a)"(+a+ +( a&()%# ("#*('*(# +( a9)"&a'*(# 3a %)""'a+% ($ #,)")+( ,'a )a' &a'*"+a+ +( '%)ma*"a )($am('*a&"/' ;,( a)?a +( ,' -a?# a %*)%.E' E#-a8a $a &$a#""&a&"/' +( $%# a&()%# (#* )(,$a+% -%) $a '%)ma UNEEN10020:2001 ;,( #,#*"*,( a $a a'*()"%) '%)ma UNE6010 m"('*)a# ;,((#-(&?"&am('*( -a)a $%# a&()%# (#*),&*,)a$(# 5#*%# #( +(#"'a' &%'%)m( a $a#'%)ma# (,)%-(a# EN 10022: 2004 EN10024: 2004.N% %9#*a'*( ("#*(' %*)a# '%)ma# )(,$a+%)a# +($ a&()% &%' )a' a-$"&a&"/'"'*()'a&"%'a$ &%m% $a# am()"&a'a# AISI Am()"&a' I)%' a'+ S*(($ I'#*"*,*(

91


92/140

ASTM Am()"&a' S%&"(*%)T(#*"' a'+ Ma*()"a$# $a# '%)ma# a$(ma'a# DIN % $aISO 06.2 C$a#""&a&"/' #(' UNEEN 10020:20012.1 >%) &%m-%#"&"/' ;,?m"&aS(' $a '%)ma UNE EN 10020:2001 a*('+"('+% a $a &%m-%#"&"/' ;,?m"&a $%#

a&()%# #( &$a#""&a' (':w A&()%# '% a$(a+%# % a&()%# a$ &a)9%'%: #%' a;,($$%# (' ($ ;,( a -a)*( +($&a)9%'% ($ &%'*('"+% +( &,a$;,"()a +( %*)%# ($(m('*%# a$(a'*(# (# "'()"%) a $a&a'*"+a+ m%#*)a+a (' $a *a9$a 1 +( $a UNE EN 10020:2001. C%m% ($(m('*%#a$(a'*(# ;,( #( a8a+(' (#*' ($ ma'a'(#% M' ($ &)%m% C) ($ '?;,($ N" ($a'a+"% 7 % ($ *"*a'"% T". >%) %*)% $a+% (' ,'&"/' +($ &%'*('"+% +( &a)9%'%-)(#('*( (' ($ a&()% #( *"('(' $%# #","('*(# ),-%#:I A&()%# +( 9a=% &a)9%'% cC 0.2II A&()%# +( m(+"% &a)9%'% 0.2 cC 0.III A&()%# +( a$*% &a)9%'% 2 n cC n 0.w A&()%# a$(a+%#: a;,($$%# (' $%# ;,( a+(m# +($ &a)9%'% a$ m('%# ,'% +( #,#%*)%# ($(m('*%# -)(#('*(# (' $a a$(a&"/' (# ",a$ % #,-()"%) a$ a$%) $?m"*( +a+% ('$a *a9$a 1 +( $a UNE EN 10020:2001. A #, (< (#*( ),-% #( -,(+( +""+") (':I A&()%# +( 9a=a a$(a&"/' ($(m('*%# a$(a'*(# cII A&()%# +( a$*a a$(a&"/' ($(m('*%# a$(a'*(#n cw A&()%# "'%"+a9$(#: #%' a;,($$%# a&()%# ;,( &%'*"('(' ,' m?'"m% +($ 10.c ('C)%m% ,' m"m% +($ 1.2c +( Ca)9%'%.2.2 S(' $a &a$"+a+

A #, (


93/140

E#*),&*,)a# +( a&()% (' (+""&a&"/'w A&()%# a$(a+%#L%# a&()%# a$(a+%# #(' #, &a$"+a+ #( +""+(' (': A&()%# a$(a+%# +( &a$"+a+: #%' a;,($$%# ;,( -)(#('*a' 9,(' &%m-%)*am"('*%)('*( a $a *('a&"+a+ &%'*)%$ +( *ama8% +( )a'% % a $a %)ma9"$"+a+. E#*%# a&()%#'% #( #,($(' +(#*"'a) a *)a*am"('*%# +( *(m-$( )(('"+% % a$ +( *(m-$(#,-()"&"a$. E'*)( (#*%# *"-%# +( a&()%# #( ('&,('*)a' $%# #","('*(#:I A&()%# +(#*"'a+%# a $a &%'#*),&&"/' m(*$"&a a-a)a*%# a -)(#"/' % *,9%# +()a'% "'% #%$+a9$(#[II A&()%# a$(a+%# -a)a &a))"$(# *a9$(#*a&a# &,a+)%# +( ('*"9a&"/' +( m"'a#[III A&()%# a$(a+%# -a)a -)%+,&*%# -$a'%# $am"'a+%# (' &a$"('*( % )?% +(#*"'a+%#

a %-()a&"%'(# #(()a# +( &%'%)ma&"/' (' )?%[I7 A&()%# &,% '"&% ($(m('*% +( a$(a&"/' #(a ($ &%9)([7 A&()%# a$(a+%# -a)a a-$"&a&"%'(# ($5&*)"&a# &,%# -)"'&"-a$(# ($(m('*%# +(a$(a&"/' #%' ($ S" A$ ;,( &,m-$(' $%# )(;,"#"*%# +( "'+,&&"/' ma'5*"&a-%$a)"


94/140

w A&()%# +( &%'#*),&&"/': (#*( *"-% +( a&()% #,($( -)(#('*a) 9,('a# &%'+"&"%'(#+( #%$+a9"$"+a+[w A&()%# +( ,#% ('()a$: ('()a$m('*( &%m()&"a$"


95/140

. S(' AISI

95


96/140

La '%)ma AISI Am()"&a' I)%' a'+ S*(($ I'#*"*,*( ,*"$"


97/140

AISI 104:1: a&()% &%))"('*( , %)+"'a)"%[0: '% a$(a+%[4: 0.4 c (' C.

AISI 21:: a&()% a$ N?;,($C)%m%[2: &%'*('"+% +($ 1.6c +( N" 1.c +( C)[1: &%'*('"+% +($ 0.1c +( &a)9%'% C. AISI 4140:4: a&()% a$(a+% C)M%[1: &%'*('"+% +($ 1.1c +( C) 0.2c +( M%[40: &%'*('"+% +($ 0.40c +( &a)9%'% C.

A &%'*"',a&"/' #( a+=,'*a ,'a *a9$a )(#,m(' +( +"#*"'*%# *"-%# +( a&()%# #,&%'*('"+% a-)%"ma+% +( ($(m('*%# -)"'&"-a$(# +( a$(a&"/' #(' AISI:

97


98/140

N% %9#*a'*( $a &%m-%#"&"/' +( $%# a&()%# '% (# (a&*a #"'% ;,( ("#*( ,' )a'%+( *%$()a'&"a a&(-*a9$( (' )(()('&"a a $%# a$%)(# "'+"&a+%# (' '%)ma# %&a*$%%#. A#? -%) (=(m-$% $a# *%$()a'&"a# (' $a &%m-%#"&"/' +($ a&()% AISI 4140;,( "'+"&am%# a'*()"%)m('*( #()?a' $a# #","('*(#:

C : 004 cM' : 0b100 cC) : 00110 cM% : 0102 cS" : 010 c> m('%) % ",a$ ;,( 00 cS m('%) % ",a$ ;,( 0040 c

98


99/140

>%) %*)% $a+% $a '%)ma AISI (#-(&""&a a $%# a&()%# "'%"+a9$(# ,*"$")%-/#"*%# (#-(&?"&%# F A$*% &a)9%'% a$ zM%$+(# > Ba=a a$(a&"/' 9a=% &a)9%'%T(m-$a9$(# a$ a,a z A$*% &a)9%'%.6 S(' SAELa '%)ma SAE S%&"(* % A,*%m%*"(E'"'(()# &$a#""&a $%# a&()%# (' +"#*"'*%#),-%# a #a9(): A&()%# a$ &a)9%'%[ A&()%# +( m(+"a a$(a&"/'[ A&()%# a$(a+%#[ A&()%# "'%"+a9$(#[ A&()%# +( a$*a )(#"#*('&"a[ A&()%# +( 3())am"('*a (*&. ACEROS AL CARBONO:La +('%m"'a&"/' ;,( (m-$(a $a'%)ma*"a SAE -a)a $%# a&()%# a$ &a)9%'% (# #(' ($ #","('*( (#;,(ma:SAE 10XX +%'+( XX "'+"&a ($ &%'*('"+% +( Ca)9%'% C.

99


100/140

E=(m-$%#:SAE 1010 &%' ,' &%'*('"+% (' &a)9%'% ('*)( 00 01 cCSAE 1040 0 04 cCL%# +(m# ($(m('*%# ;,( -,(+a' (#*a) -)(#('*(# '% (#*' (' -%)&('*a=(# +(a$(a&"/' a$ #() -(;,(8% #, a$%). A#? $%# -%)&('*a=(# m"m%# -a)a $%# ($(m('*%#

;,( a &%'*"',a&"/' #( "'+"&a' #%':C%'*('"+% > m 004cC%'*('"+% S m 00cC%'*('"+% M' 00 060c -a)a a&()%# +( 9a=% &a)9%'% 0.0cC060 0W0c -a)a a&()%# +( a$*% &a)9%'% n060cC a&()%# a$ C -a)a&(m('*a&"/'.>%) %*)% $a+% +('*)% +( $%# a&()%# a$ &a)9%'% #(' #, &%'*('"+% #( -,(+('+"()('&"a) $%# #","('*(# ),-%#:w A&()%# +( m, 9a=% c +( &a)9%'% +(#+( SAE 100 a 101E#*%# a&()%# #%' ,#a+%# -a)a -"(


101/140

L%# +( m('%) c +( &a)9%'% #( ,*"$"


102/140

S%' a&()%# (()(#&('*(# +( 9a=% c +( &a)9%'% &%' (&($('*(# &%'+"&"%'(# +(ma;,"'a+%.L%# +( $a #()"( 1200 "'&%)-%)a' ($ /#%)% $%# L &%'*"('(' -$%m%. E#*%#($(m('*%# "'$,(' (' a%)(&() $a )%*,)a +( $a "),*a +,)a'*( ($ &%)*( &%' $a&%'#","('*( +"#m"',&"/' (' ($ +(#a#*( +( $a 3())am"('*a.

C,a'+% #( $%# &(m('*a -a)a $%)a) ,'a m(=%) )(#-,(#*a a$ *)a*am"('*% +(9('(#*a) &a$ma+%#.w G),-% II SAE 110 110W 1116 111b 111 111W:S%' ,' ),-% +( a&()% +( 9a=% c +( &a)9%'% -%#((' ,'a 9,('a &%m9"'a&"/' +(ma;,"'a9"$"+a+ )(#-,(#*a a$ *)a*am"('*% *5)m"&%. >%) ($$% *"('(' m('%)&%'*('"+% +( /#%)% a$,'%# +( a


103/140

w C)N"D('%m"'a&"/' SAE: 1XX 2XX XX 4XXE=(m-$%:SAE 11 12 cN" 060 a 00 cC) ;,( %)(&( ,'a )a' *('a&"+a+ *(m-$a9"$"+a+ '% %9#*a'*( ($ ($(a+% &%'*('"+% (' N" +""&,$*a $a ma;,"'a9"$"+a+.

w M%D('%m"'a&"/' SAE: 40XX 44XXS%' a$(a&"%'(# ;,( a,m('*a $((m('*( $a *(m-$a9"$"+a+ +($ a&()%.w C)M%D('%m"'a&"/' SAE: 41XXS%' a$(a&"%'(# ;,( -%#((' 100 cC) +( 01 a 00 cM%. S( ,*"$")(#('*a' a$(a&"%'(# +($ 040 a 0b0 cC) 040 a 060 cN" 01 a 00 cM%.S%' $a# a$(a&"%'(# m# ,#a+a# -%) #, 9,('a *(m-$a9"$"+a+.E=(m-$%#:SAE 620 -a)a &(m('*a&"/'[SAE 640 -a)a *(m-$( )(('"+%.w S"M'D('%m"'a&"/' SAE: W2XX>%#((' a-)%"ma+am('*( 140 cS" 100 cM'.S%' a&()%# m, a+(&,a+%# -a)a )(#%)*(# +a+% ;,( *"('(' (&($('*( )(#"#*('&"a a$a a*"a *(m-$a9"$"+a+. >a)a )(#%)*(# +( m('%# ("('&"a# #( #,($( ,*"$"%) %*)% $a+% $%# a&()%# a$(a+%# #( -,(+(' &$a#""&a) (' +%# )a'+(# ),-%##(' #,# a-$"&a&"%'(#:1. A&()%# a$(a+%# +( 9a=% c +( &a)9%'% -a)a &(m('*a):

A #, (


104/140

#%-%)*a) a#? m(=%) $a# +(%)ma&"%'(# +( $a# &a-a# (*()"%)(#. C,a'+% $% (#('&"a$(# $a *('a&"+a+ $% m# a+(&,a+% (# ma'*('() 9a=a $a +,)(


105/140


106/140

AISI 14XX11 1 c C)E#*%# #%' *(m-$a9$(#. S" #( -()#",( &%'#(,") +,)(%#((' 9a=% c +( C a$*% C) 10 2b c -%) $% ;,( -,(+(' ma'*('() $a(#*),&*,)a ())?*"&a a' a a$*a# *(m-()a*,)a#. ACEROS DE ALTA RESISTENCIA h BAJA ALEACIoN:La +('%m"'a&"/' SAE +( (#*%# a&()%# (# +($ *"-% WXX +%'+( XX 10 $9-,$2"'+"&a ($ $?m"*( ($#*"&% +($ a&()%.E=(m-$%: SAE W42.S%' +( 9a=% c +( C a$(a+%# &%' 7a N9 N T" (' a-)%"ma+am('*( 00c -a)a&a+a ,'% +( ma'()a ;,( -)(&"-"*a' &a)9%'"*),)%# +( 7a N9 T" ;,( ($(a' ($$?m"*( ($#*"&% ('*)( 0 0 c.>)(#('*a' a)a'*?a +( $a# -)%-"(+a+(# m(&'"&a# ',$% +( -$(a+%. S%' +(&"$ #%$+a9"$"+a+ *('a&(# a,';,( '% a+m"*(' *)a*am"('*% *5)m"&%. ACEROS >ARA eERRAMIENTAS:S( +('%m"'a' #(' $a# #","('*(# $(*)a#:z: T(m-$a9$(# a$ a,a. N% &%'*"('(' ($(m('*%# a$(a'*(# #%' +( a$*% c +(&a)9%'% 0b a 1.00c. S%' $%# m# (&%'/m"&%# (' ('()a$ *"('(' $"m"*a&"/' ('&,a'*% a$ +"m(*)% +(9"+% a #, (#-(&""&a&"/' +( *(m-$a9"$"+a+.>a)a *)a9a=%# (' )?% #( ,#a' $%# #","('*(#:0 -a)a "'+"&a) ;,( #/$% #%' a-*%# -a)a *)a9a=% (' )?% +a+% ;,( #" #( a,m('*a $a*(m-()a*,)a +"#m"',( $a +,)(a)a *)a9a=% (' &a$"('*(: e

A&()%# )-"+%#:T (' 9a#( a *,'#*('%M (' 9a#( a m%$"9+('%L%# *)(# *"-%# a'*()"%)(# ma'*"('(' #, +,)(


107/140

107


108/140

Uni(a( 2Tran!for3aci,n E!"ruc"ura#

Diagra3a! ( Fa!!.U'a (< )(a$"


109/140

L%# +a*%# '(&(#a)"%# -a)a $a &%'#*),&&"/' +( $%# +"a)ama# +( (;,"$"9)"% #(D(*()m"'a' (-()"m('*a$m('*( -%) m(+"% +( ,'a )a' a)"(+a+ +(-)%&(+"m"('*%#E'*)( $%# &,a$(# $%# m# &%m,'(# #%': ($ a'$"#"# *5)m"&% -)%&(+"m"('*%#M(*a$%)"&%# )a%# X.

E$ a'$"#"# *5)m"&% (# ($ m# ,*"$"('+"('*( a$ +"#m"',") ($ 'm()% +( a#(#.

D(#+( ($ -,'*% +( "#*a m(*a$)"&% (# "m-%)*a'*( ($ (#*,+"% +( #"#*(ma# +( +%#O m# &%m-%'('*(# ;,( #%' $%# ;,( &%'#*"*,(' $a# a$(a&"%'(#: -a)a ($ &a#% +(+%#C%m-%'('*(# $a )($a +( $a# a#(# &%'+('#a+a #(): F gL .

L%# )(#,$*a+%# %9*('"+%# a$ (#*,+"a) -%) m(+"% +( $a# &,)a# +( (')"am"('*%I'"'"*am('*( $('*% #%' $a# *(m-()a*,)a# &%))(#-%'+"('*( a $%# &am9"%# +( a#(#-a)a

109


110/140

D"#*"'*a# &%'&('*)a&"%'(# +( $%# ($(m('*%# ;,( &%'#*"*,(' ($ #"#*(ma. E#*%#-,'*%# +(T(m-()a (#*%# -,'*%# #( 3a' *%ma+% &%m% %)+('a+a# (' ($ +"a)ama)(-)(#('*a+% a $a +()(&3aD( $a# &,)a# +( (')"am"('*% *%ma'+% &%m% a9#&"#a# ($ -,'*% ma)&a+% &%'

20c ;,(I'+"&a $a &%'&('*)a&"/'.

La &,)a *)(# -)(#('*a ,'a -a)*( 3%)"


111/140

*(m-()a*,)a 3a#*a ,' ',(% &am9"% +( $a -('+"('*( +( $a &,)a ($ 'i +( a#(#+($#"#*(ma #() +%# a$ '% -%+() #() *)(# ;,( (# ($ m"m% &%))(#-%'+( a $a3%)"


112/140

112


113/140

113


114/140

114


115/140

2. DIAGRA)A HIERRO CARKONO

2.1 INTRODUCCIN DIAGRA)A F?C

U'% +( $%# ma*()"a$(# +( a9)"&a&"/' &%'#*),&&"/' m# ()#*"$ m# a+a-*a9$(

m# am-$"am('*( ,#a+% (# ($ ACERO. A ,' -)(&"% )($a*"am('*( 9a=% ($ a&()%&%m9"'a $a )(#"#*('&"a $a -%#"9"$"+a+ +( #() *)a9a=a+% $% ;,( #( -)(#*a -a)a

a9)"&a&"%'(# m(+"a'*( m,&3%# m5*%+%#. A+(m# #,# -)%-"(+a+(# -,(+(' #()

ma'(=a+a# +( a&,()+% a $a# '(&(#"+a+(# (#-(&?"&a# m(+"a'*( *)a*am"('*%# &%'

&a$%) *)a9a=% m(&'"&% % m(+"a'*( a$(a&"%'(#.L%# ma*()"a$(# N% F())%#%# '%

&%'*"('(' 3"())%. E#*%# "'&$,(' ($ a$,m"'"% ma'(#"%


116/140

S" $a a$(a&"/' -%#(( ,'a &%'&('*)a&"/' +( &a)9%'% ma%) a$ 20c #( -)%+,&('

,'+"&"%'(# ;,( (' %-%#"&"/' a$ a&()% #%' ;,(9)a+"


117/140

F,'+"&"%'(# cC~1.b6c 6.66bcC

E$ &a)9%'% -,(+( -)(#('*a)#( (' *)(# %)ma# +"#*"'*a# (' $a# a$(a&"%'(# F(C:

E' #%$,&"/' "'*()#*"&"a$.

C%m% &a)9,)% +( 3"())%.

C%m% &a)9%'% $"9)( % )a"*%.

Figura 2.17"#,a$"


118/140

(a&*"*,+ $a# *(m-()a*,)a# (a&*a# +( $%# -,'*%# a#? &%m% ($ -%)&('*a=( +( 3"())%

&a)9%'%.

2.& FASES DIAGRA)A HIERRO CARKONO

2.&.1 Fa! au!"nM"ca 80 a!"a &1C9.

La a,#*('"*a (# ($ &%'#*"*,('*( m# +('#% +( $%# a&()%# (#* %)ma+% -%) ,'a

#%$,&"/' #/$"+a -%) "'#()&"/' +( &a)9%'% (' 3"())% amma &%m% $% m,(#*)a $a

F",)a .0 La &a'*"+a+ +( &a)9%'% +"#,($*% a)?a +( 0 a 2.1 c C ;,( (# $a

m"ma #%$,9"$"+a+ a $a *(m-()a*,)a +( 110 dC.

La a,#*('"*a (#* %)ma+a -%) &)"#*a$(# &9"&%# &('*)a+%# (' $a# &a)a# (#*),&*,)a

FCC F",)a 2.0.

Figura 2.& 2.% M"&)%(#*),&*,)a "'*()'a +( $a a,#*('"*a

E#*),&*,)a *?-"&a +( $a a,#*('"*a FCC M"&)%)a?a "'*()'a +( $a a#(

a,#*('?*"&a

Pro'i(a(!:

Ba=a *(m-()a*,)a +( ,#"/'.

Ba=a *('a&"+a+.

E&($('*( #%$+a9"$"+a+.

N% (# ma'5*"&a.

2.&.& Fa! frrM"ica.

2.&.&.1 Frri"a a#fa V 80 a!"a 00&&C9.

118


119/140

E# ($ '%m9)( +a+% a $a #%$,&"/' #/$"+a x. S, (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a (# BCC &%' ,'a

+"#*a'&"a "'*()a*/m"&a +( 2.6 . >)&*"&am('*( '% +"#,($( (' &a)9%'% &%m% #(

-,(+( %9#()a) (' $a F",)a 4.0 +%'+( #( *"('( ,' a&()% &%' 9a=% -%)&('*a=( +(

&a)9%'%.

La m"ma #%$,9"$"+a+ (# 0022c +( C a b2bdC +"#,($( #/$% 000c +( C a

*(m-()a*,)a am9"('*(.

Figura 2.+ M"&)%(#*),&*,)a "'*()'a +( $a ())"*a

E#*),&*,)a +( ,'a ma*)"< +( a&()% &%m-$(*am('*( ())"*"&a.

La ())"*a (-()"m('*a a W12dC ,'a *)a'#%)ma&"/' -%$"m/)"&a a a,#*('"*a FCC %

3"())% .

La ())"*a (# &%m% $a ())"*a x #/$% #( +"()('&"a' (' ($ *)am% +( *(m-()a*,)a#

(' ($ &,a$ ("#*('.

2.&.&.& Frri"a (#"a 6 80 a!"a 00C9.

S( "'"&"a a $%# 1400iC -)(#('*a ,'a )(+,&&"/' (' $a +"#*a'&"a "'*()a*/m"&a ;,( $a

3a&( )(*%)'a) a ,'a (#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a BCC. S, m"ma #%$,9"$"+a+ +( &a)9%'%

(# 0.00bc a 14biC.

119


120/140

La ())"*a (-()"m('*a a W12dC ,'a *)a'#%)ma&"/' -%$"m/)"&a a a,#*('"*a FCC %

3"())% . N% -%#(( ,'a "m-%)*a'&"a "'+,#*)"a$ )($(a'*(. A -a)*") +( 1biC #( "'"&"a

$a ,#"/' +($ F( -,)%.

Pro'i(a(!: M, 9$a'+a.

E#*),&*,)a &)"#*a$"'a BCC

E# ma'5*"&a.

M, -%&a -%#"9"$"+a+ +( +"#%$,&"/' +($ &a)9%'%.

2.&.% Fa! c3n"i"a 800&& a 44/C9.

S( %)ma &(m('*"*a F(C &,a'+% #( (&(+( ($ $?m"*( +( #%$,9"$"+a+ +($ &a)9%'%

(' ())"*a x -%) +(9a=% +( b2bdC $a &%m-%#"&"/' (#* &%m-)('+"+a (' $a )("/' +(

a#(# xgF(C. La &(m('*"*a +(#+( ($ -,'*% +( "#*a m(&'"&% (# +,)a )"$ #, -)(#('&"a a,m('*a &%'#"+()a9$(m('*( $a )(#"#*('&"a +( a$,'%# a&()%#.

Figura 2.2 M"&)%(#*),&*,)a "'*()'a +( $a &(m('*"*a

La#


121/140

a#(# '% (#* ()+a+()am('*( (' (;,"$"9)"% -%);,( $a &(m('*"*a '% (# ,'

&%m-,(#*% (#*a9$(. S"' (m9a)% *('"('+% (' &,('*a ;,( $a ($%&"+a+ +(

+(#&%m-%#"&"/' +( $a &(m('*"*a (# (*)a%)+"'a)"am('*( $('*a (' $a -)&*"&a *%+%

($ &a)9%'% +($ a&()% a-a)(&( &%m% F(C (' $,a) +( )a"*% ($ +"a)ama +(

a#(# 3"())%&a)9,)% +( 3"())% (# (' $a -)&*"&a $"+%.

Pro'i(a(!:

A$*a +,)(


122/140

#( -,(+( &%'%&() $a#


123/140

La -()$"*a ),(#a (# m# +&*"$ ;,( $a -()$"*a "'a a &%'#(&,('&"a +( $a ma%)

)(#*)"&&"/' +( $a -()$"*a "'a a $a +(%)ma&"/' -$#*"&a. M(&'"&am('*( $a# -()$"*a#

*"('(' $a# -)%-"(+a+(# "'*()m(+"a# ('*)( $a 9$a'+a +&*"$ ())"*a $a +,)a

;,(9)a+"


124/140

E# grafi"o "i'o K: #( -)(#('*a (' ,'a ,'+"&"/' ;,( -)(#('*a ,'a

&%m-%#"&"/' &a#" (,*5&*"&a. E# grafi"o "i'o C: a-a)(&( (' 3"())%# 3"-()(,*5&*"&%# -)(()"9$(m('*( &%'

a$*%# &%'*('"+%# +( &a)9%'%.

Lo! grafi"o! "i'o D E: #( %)ma' &,a'+% $a# ($%&"+a+(# +( (')"am"('*%#%' a$*a# -()% '% *a' a$*a# &%m% -a)a %)ma) &a)9,)%#. S,# -)%-"(+a+(# #%'

a$*a +,)()(#('*a' ,'a a#( a,#*('?*"&a #/$"+a a ,' &%m-%#"&"/' +( 0.Wc C &%' )a'%#

%)"('*a+%# a$ a


125/140

La m"&)%(#*),&*,)a +($ a&()% (,*(&*%"+( (')"a+% $('*am('*( a *)a5# +( $a

*(m-()a*,)a (,*(&*%"+( (# a'$%a a $a +( ,'a a$(a&"/' +( &%m-%#"&"/' (,*5&*"&a[

(# +(&") #( %)ma' &a-a# % $m"'a# a$*()'a# +( $a# +%# a#(# x F(C +,)a'*(

$a *)a'#%)ma&"/'.

2.%.& Acro i'ou"c"oi(.

>)(#('*a' ,'a a#( a,#*('?*"&a #/$"+a a ,'a &%m-%#"&"/' "'()"%) a 0.Wc C &%'

)a'%# %)"('*a+%# a$ a


126/140

Ba=% &a)9%'% 3a#*a 0.2 c C m(+"% &a)9%'% 0.2c0.c C a$*%

&a)9%'% 0. cCn

U!o!: E$(m('*%# +( m;,"'a# E$(m('*%# +( #,=(&"/' *)a'#m"#"/' +( -%*('&"a.

2.%.&.1 A'#icacion! acro! i'ou"c"oi(!.2.%.&.1.1 Acro! E!"ruc"ura#!

E# ,'+am('*a$m('*( ,'a a$(a&"/' +( 3"())% m?'"m% W c &%' &%'*('"+%# +(

&a)9%'% m('%)(# +($ 1 c %*)a# -(;,(8a# &a'*"+a+(# +( m"'()a$(# &%m%

ma'a'(#% -a)a m(=%)a) #, )(#"#*('&"a. h ($ /#%)% a


127/140

T"-%# +( *)a*am"('*%# *5)m"&%#

L%# a&()%# a$ &a)9%'% a$(a+%# #( #%m(*(' a *)a*am"('*% *5)m"&% -a)a &am9"a)#,# -)%-"(+a+(# m(&'"&a# +( a&,()+% a $a '(&(#"+a+ $a ma%) -a)*( +( $a#(&(# (#*%# *)a*am"('*%# #( 3a&(' -a)a %9*('() &,a$"+a+(# +(#(a+a# +( +,)(


128/140

a-)(&"a9$(m('*( $a +,)(


129/140

UNIDAD 4

)ETALES 5 ALEACIONES NOFERROSAS

129


130/140

130


131/140

131


132/140

132


133/140

133


134/140

134


135/140

135


136/140

136


137/140

137


138/140

138


139/140

139


140/140

Trabajo Ing de Materiales Metalicos

Documents