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rban Transportation Planning
Process
Background
Movement of goods & people
Traffic and Transportation ProblemsDemographic and Socio-Economic
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Basis of Transportation Planning
Process
Travel Patterns are tangible
Movement Demand can be determined
nter-relation bet!een modes
Transportation S"stem nfluencesdevelopment of an area
Transportation Planning is an integralpart of overall planning
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Development of TPP #ro!th $actor %and use Traffic $lo! Traffic $unctional '(ongestion) Dela")
Poor *ccessibilit" and *ccidents) +e!$acilities etc,
*lternative $uture %and Use Dra! back Transportation S"stem to
fit Predetermined %and use
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INVENTORIESTransportation facilities
Land Use
Travel
LAND- USE
FORECASTPoplation
Econo!ic activit"
Land Use
TRAVEL FORECASTTrip #eneration
Trip Distri$tion
Ftre Travel De!and
PLAN PREPARATIONLand Use
Transportation S"ste!
PLAN TESTIN#Trip #eneration
Trip Distri$tion
Traffic Flo%
O&'ECTIVES (
STANDARDS
EVALUATION
$igure. Transportation Planning Process
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$actors nfluencing Transport
Demand %ocation of *ctivities
*vailabilit" of Transport S"stems Demographic and Socio-economic
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Demograph" Population Si/e
Population Structure
0ousehold Si/e
ncome %evel
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Urban Transportation Planning
Process Method of determining urban travel
demand
1ith group of models kno!n as2Se3uential *ggregate Models4
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5 distinct phases.
* surve" anal"sis and model buildingphase
$orecasting phase
Evaluation Phase
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Steps. Data collection
Establishment of basic relationships $our stage UTP
Prediction of input parameters
Prediction of future travel demand Plan preparation )Evaluation and
mplementation
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Trip #eneration
Person Trip Ends
Model Split
Transit trip ends +on-transit trip ends
Transit trip distribution
+on-transit tripdistribution
Trip End Models
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Trip
assignment
6 78
9 ::
5 66;
Production
;
5 ??
6 9 5
:=;
79;
6>?;
6
5
9
*ttraction
#eneration Distribution Mode (hoice
Mode 6=
Mode 9=
@oute a =
route b 68
route c 5
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Trip #eneration
Person Trip Ends
Model Split
Transit Trips +on-transit Trips
Trip nterchange Models
Trip Movements
Trip Distribution
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Definition of *reaABoundar"
-(ountr"
-@egion
-(it"
Establishment of (ordon lines
-Screen lines
-
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Manpo!er re3uirement Time involved 'Bar- (hart
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*nal"sis of Data & Modelling
*nal"sis carried out through four stage
se3uential planning process) traditionall"
kno!n as UTP 'Urban Transport Planning,
Trip #eneration
Trip Distribution Modal Split
Trip *ssignment
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Definition of T@PC
ne !a" movement from one place toanother place,
0D E
1D@
S0D
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T!o main classes of Trips
6, 0ome based Trips
-1ork Trip
-School Trip
-Shopping Trip
-Social Trip
9,
+0B Trips
-Bet!een !ork & Shopping
-Bet!een t!o places of emplo"ment
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Trip #eneration
Trip Production. *ssociated !ith tripsgeneration !ith residential trips,
Trip *ttraction. Trips associated to
describe generated b" activities at non-residential areas 'shops etc,,
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$actors *ffecting Trip#eneration
T@P P@D (T+
%and se $actors
F ntensities of residential activities
F Total population
F +o, of d!elling unitsF Population densit"
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0ousehold $actors
ncome $amil" Si/e
Gehicle o!nership $amil" Structure
Socio-Economic $actors
*ge) SeH
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ccupation
Propert" Galue
rbani/ation $actors
Degree of urbani/ation Distance
$rom (BD
*ccessibilit" $actors
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T@P *TT@*(T+
%and se $actors
(ommercial land use
ndustrial land use
Emplo"ment centers
Manufacturing @etail & 1holesale trade
@ecreational centers
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*ctivit" $actors
*ccessibilit" & %ocation $actors
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Methods of Trip #enerationModels
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Trip Production I f 'population)JJ,
Trip *ttraction I f 'Emplo"ment)JJ,
K I b; L b6H6L b9H9L JJL bH
b; I interceptb6 )b9,,,,b
To be estimated from
regression method
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Main issues in thedevelopment of this model
dentification of those variable !hich havesignificant and separate effects of trips
generation The model must not onl" provide good
statistical fit to present da" data but must
also be of a logical and meaningful form, The variables must be capable of being
estimated for future "ear,
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0ousehold %east S3uare@egression anal"sis
Similar eHcept instead of /oneC) ChouseholdC
is considered a trip making unit,
*dvantageous because of disaggregation
0o!ever) not used so far because of(ategor" anal"sis
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(ategor" *nal"sis
Developed b" 1ootan & pick 'U,,
0ouseholds are categori/ed into
ncome ': ranges
(ar-o!nership '5 ranges 0ousehold structure ': ranges
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Thus in all :5:I6;? categories are
established,
To each of these categories a trip rate is
assigned on the basis of surve" data,
P
i
I h
i
'c , T 'c
P
i
I +o, of trips produced b" /one b" a
certain t"pe of people,
h
i
'c I +o, of house holds in /one in
categor" c,
T 'c I trip production rate of household
categor",
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Problems.
Deriving trip rate for each categor"
*llocating household to categories in
the base "ear and future "ears,
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Trip Distribution
#ro!th $actor Models
- Uniform factor
TiNthI TiN
b , $
-*verage factorITiN
b, $iL $N
9
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- Detroit method
I $i , $N$
- $ratar methodI$i , $N, %iL %N
9
- $urness method #ravit" Models
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EHample. Detroit Method
9=9=;
=;
8=
9;; 7;;5;;
6;;
9= 6=;
6
9
5
9=9=;
=;
8=
9;; 7;;5;;
6;;
9= 6=;
6
9
5
6596;;;
=;
8=
68= ?;;5;;
5;;
55 =9=
6
9
5
659
659
5;;
6
9
5
Total 5;; L 6;;; L ?;; L 5;; I 97;;
bserved total 6;; L 9=; L7;; L5;; I6;=;
Therefore) $I97;;A6;=; I 9,9?
TiN I 9= '57A9,9? I 659
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#ravit" Models
*dopted from %a! f #ravit"
$
69
I #, M
6
M
9
d
69
9
T
iN
I @
i
(
N
P
i
*
N
f ' (
iN
T
iN
I Trip bet!een /ones i & N
P
i
I Production at
*
i
I *ttraction at N
f ' (
iN
I function that separates i & N
@
i
(
N
I constant of proportionalit"
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Unconstrained #ravit" model
Production constrained
*ttraction constrained
$ull" constrained
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#ravit" (alibration Procedure
Simulated & observed trip %ength fre3uenc"
distribution should eHhibit the follo!ing t!o
characteristics.
Shape & position of both curves should beclose to each other !hen comparedvisuall"
The difference of *v, Trip length should be!ithin O5,
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)
*
+)
+*
,)
+) +* +- ,) ,+ ,* ,- ,. /) // /* /. 0) 0, 0* *) ** 1)
Travel ti!e 2!in3
4ofto
taltrips
O$served
Si!lated
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If t5e fre6enc" crves do not !eet t5ese
criteria7 t5an a ne% set of travel ti!e
factors are esti!ated fro! t5e follo%in89f 2 Ci:
;3 < f 2 Ci:3 OD4=#>4
T5en plot?
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$or calibration !e need to have /onal
production of trips ) /onal attraction of
trips and time matriH,
)
+)
,)
/)
0)
*)
1)
+) ,) /) 0) *)
Travel ti!e
Travelti!efac
tor
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Methods
0ome ntervie!
Postal 'Questioner
@oad side intervie!
#oods vehicle surve") ntermediate Public
Transport 'PT surve") Public Transportused also for Transport modeling purpose,
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$our stage UTP modeling
Trip #eneration
Trip Distribution
Modal Split *ssignment
The stud" area is grouped onto /ones and basic
information Adata are obtained from each /one,nformation of -D are prepared through -D
table 8Aor Desire-line diagram,
6 9 5 7
7
5
9
6
D
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+et!ork *ssignment
Essentiall" deals !ith the route choice of
traveller, steps involved.
(oding the net!ork 'node) centroids &links
(hoosing the shortest path
*ssigning the trips onto the net!orkthrough shortest paths,
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$rom +ode To +ode Distance 'm Speed
69; 696 6,7 7;
69; 69= 6,9 =;
696 69; 6,7 7;
696 699 6,; 7;
699 698 6,9 5;
698 699 6,7 7;
69= 69: 6,7 7;
69: 69= 6,9 =;
69;
69=
696 699
69:
698
5=
centroid
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Deficiencies *nal"sis
Proposed '%ong term
EHisting
Proposed 'short term
$easibilit" of %inks
EngineeringEconomic