Towards Optimising Pulp and Paper Production … the pulp and paper industry in the country. Table I shows that the supply gap for long fibre pulp, short fibre pulp, kraft paper, newsprint,

AFRREV STECH, Vol. 2 (1) January, 2013

27 Copyright © IAARR 2012: www.afrrevjo.net/stech

Indexed African Researches Reviews online: www.arronet.info

AFRREV STECH An International Journal of Science and Technology

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Vol. 2 (1) January, 2013:27-44

ISSN 2225-8612 (Print) ISSN 2227-5444 (Online)

Towards Optimising Pulp and Paper Production Capacities

in Nigeria

Ogunwusi, A. A. Raw Materials Research and Development Council

Abuja, Nigeria

Abstract

In Nigeria, pulp and paper production capacities are low due to dependence

on foreign inputs. Two of the three primary pulp and paper mills established

in the 1960’s to 1970’s performed optimally till the 1980’s. In 1985 and

1986, capacity utilization in Nigeria paper mill reached 62.3% and 66.17%

respectively. Also by 1988, the importation of newsprint had stopped.

However, in 1996, the mills stopped production leading to complete

dependence on importation of paper and paper products. This resulted in the

expenditure of an estimated amount of 500 billion naira annually on

importation of paper products. To ensure optimal pulp and paper capacities,

government need to deliberately promote investment in small scale pulp and

paper mills, agro residues pulping and production of specialized types of

handmade paper. Likewise, long fibre pulp production from Sterculia

setigera, Sterculia oblonga and Hibiscuss cannabinus has become imperative

to save foreign exchange.




Key Words: agricultural residues, integrated, handmade paper, long fibre,

pitch deposit, kenaf, and bamboo

Introduction

For many years, the need for the development of pulp and paper capacities in

developing countries were of limited interest as a result of the stability

experienced in the global pulp and paper market (Picornell, 1984). However,

as the global economy began to expand in the late 1950’s through the 1970’s,

and, the market for pulp and paperboard began to increase, developing

countries began to establish pulp and paper manufacturing concerns. This

development was encouraged by four main factors. These include the need

to make use of available raw materials and reduce foreign exchange

expenditure; to protect local consumers from the high import prices; to

develop local industry and provide employment; and, to promote national

industrial development aspirations (Picornell, 1984).

However, the disadvantages of establishing pulp and paper mills in

developing countries were observed to be many. Among these are relatively

small markets, low range of products output, high dependence on imported

inputs resulting in higher costs of operation compared to similar mills in

developed countries, dependence on foreign management and technical

personnel; high cost of energy and imported chemicals, coupled with low

exchange value of domestic currencies. Another major problem that limits

the performance of mills in developing countries was involvement of

government as there was shortage of capital in the private sector. In Nigeria,

the pulp and paper sector of the economy has experienced serious travails

brought about by some of the problems highlighted above. This paper

examines some of the major problems militating against optimal pulp and

paper production in Nigeria and highlights the pathway for promoting

optimal pulp and paper capacities locally.

Pulp and paper capacities in Nigeria

The pulp and paper industry in Nigeria was one of the major industries that

performed well in the 70-80’s before the oil glut era as self sufficiency in

paper production was one of the major cardinal objectives of the government.

This was evidenced by the establishment of three integrated pulp and paper

mills locally between 1969 and 1976. Two of the mills performed, i.e., the

Nigeria Paper Mill, Jebba and the Nigeria Newsprint Manufacturing

Company, Oku Iboku, performed optimally and paper importation faded out




in the 1980’s (CBN,1994). For instance in Nigeria Paper Mill, actual

production in 1985 was 40,480mt and in 1986, 42,960 tonnes, representing

62.3% and 66.17% capacity utilization respectively. This pattern of capacity

utlisation was also experienced at the Nigeria Newsprint Manufacturing

Company, (NNMC), Oku- Iboku about the same period. The volume of

production at NNMC rose from 28,927 tonnes in 1989 to 37,581 tonnes in

1990 (CBN; 1990, 1992). Due to establishment of the NNMC, import of

newsprint reduced drastically to 17.5% in 1986 and 12.5% in 1987

respectively and faded out in 1988 (CBN, 1994). However, the downturn in

the economy in the 1990’s revealed the structural weakness of government

led industrialization strategy. The mills which were mostly owned by the

Federal Government depended extensively on foreign inputs inform of long

fibre pulp, management and technical expertise and spare parts. Thus, the

integrated mills became convulsed in the 1990’s and capacity utilization nose

dived. Capacity utilization at the Nigeria Paper Mill became as low as 2.5%

in the early 1990’s until the mill stopped production in 1996 (RMRDC,

2009). The third pulp and paper mill, the Iwopin Pulp and Paper Company

was also established in 1976 to produce fine writing, printing and cultural

papers. By 1983, when mill was at about 85% completion (Osadare, 1997), it

was abandoned, and up till the time it was shut down in 1998, the mill never

produced up to 5% if it’s installed capacity (RMRDC, 2009). In line with the

privatization agenda of the Federal Government, the primary pulp and paper

mills were privatized in 2006. Although, the Nigeria Paper Mill, Jebba, has

commenced production of kraft paper on one of its paper machines, the two

other mills are yet to commence production. This situation has seriously

affected the pulp and paper industry in the country. Table I shows that the

supply gap for long fibre pulp, short fibre pulp, kraft paper, newsprint, bank

paper etc, were met through import in 2005 (RMRDC,2009).

Table 2 also shows pulp and paper capacities in Nigeria from 2003-2006.

Capacity utilization in the primary pulp and paper sub-sector (fibre source)

increased from 4.92% in 2003 to 6.33% in 2005 and to 6.84% in 2006,

resulting in average capacity utilization of 6.38% in the sub-sector. The very

low capacity utilization in this sub-sector is attributable to status of the three

primary pulp and paper mills as the activity in the subsector was only

sustained by waste paper recycling (RMRDC, 2009). Local capacity for the

production of chemical raw materials remained nil throughout the period.

Capacity utilization in the stationary, light/heavy weight packaging subsector

varied from 79.62%, 85.06%, 85.57% and 87.39% in 2003, 2004, 2005 and

Ogunwusi: Towards Optimising Pulp and paper production Capacities in Nigeria




2006 respectively (Table 2). The overall capacity utilization in the entire

sector was 54.18%. The high capacity utilization recorded by the printing,

stationary and other subsectors apart from primary paper manufacturers was

mainly due to high exchange rate expended on paper imports. This became

important in view of the need to satisfy the requirements of the Universal

Basic Education as promulgated by government coupled with increase in

publicity generated by political activities in the country (RMRDC, 2009).

Apart from waste paper which was sourced locally for production of tissue

papers, the demands for other raw materials (paper, chemicals, etc) were

largely met through import.

Table 1: Demand and Supply statistics on some of the major raw materials

required in the pulp and paper sector in 2005

S/N Raw Materials National National

Production Supply gap Demand gap gap (%)

1. Long Fibre Pulp(BDMT) 0 85,668.1 85,668.1 100

2. Short Fibre Pulp(BDMT) 0 280,000.0 2 80,000.0 100 3. Waste Paper 74,000.0 100,000.0 2 6,000.0 26

4. Kraft Paper 0 80,000.0 80,000.0 100

5. Fluiting paper 0 20,000.0 20,000.0 100 6. Newsprint 0 250,000.0 2 50,000.0 100

7. Sodium sulphate (tones) 0 2,600 2,600 100

8. Sodium sulphate(tones) 0 6,000 180,000 100 9. Soda ash (tones) 0 55 55 100

10. Sodium Hydroxide 0 144,260 144,260 100

Source: RMRDC (2009)

Challenges of optimal pulp and paper production in Nigeria

A number of problems are militating against optimal pulp and paper

production in Nigeria. Some of these are related to the installed capacity of

the mills and the type of ownership structure while others stem from the

type, quantity and quality of wood raw material resources in the nation’s

tropical forests. Some of the problems are subsequently discussed.




Table 2: Summary of Capacity Utilisation in the Pulp, Paper, Paper Products,

Printing and Publishing Sector (2003 – 2006)

S/N Sub-Sector Installed

Capacity

Capacity Utilisation (%)

Average

Capacity

Utilisation

(%)

2003

2004

2005

2006

1. Primary Paper

(Fibre sources)

1,169,145.00 4.92 5.98 6.33 6.84 6.38

2. Primary Paper

(Chemicals)

105,262,517.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3. Stationery,

Light/Heavy

Packaging (Paper)

3,467,400.00 68.44 75.87 84.81 88.07 82.92

4. Stationery,

Light/Heavy

Packaging (Boards)

463,410.00 79.62 85.06 85.57 87.61 84.53

5. Stationery,

Light/Heavy

Packaging

(Chemicals)

571,093.00 76.54 80.24 85.71 87.61 84.53

6. Stationery,

Light/Heavy

Packaging

(Miscellaneous)

10,203,418.00 63.64 59.67 60.61 62.64 60.97

7. Printing and

Publishing (Paper)

42,903.00 17.64 19.24 20.68 22.222 2.71

8. Printing and

Publishing (Boards)

499,271.10 58.81 61.18 63.16 65.88 63.41

9. Printing and

Publishing

(Chemicals)

20,808.00 46.18 46.74 47.49 47.96 47.40

10. Printing and

Publishing

(Miscellaneous)

25,573.00 88.98 89.18 89.40 89.83 89.47

Total Average Annual

Capacity

Utilisation (%)

54.18

Source: RMRDC (2009)

Scale of operation of the integrated pulp and paper mills

Among the three integrated pulp and paper mills, the one with the lowest

installed capacity is the Iwopin Pulp and Paper Company with an installed

capacity of 68,000 tonnes per annum. This translates to 186 tonnes per day.

As any mill with production capacity above 100 tonnes per day is a large

scale mill (UNIDO, 1978), all the integrated mills are large scale mills. In





Nigeria where there is inadequate infrastructure, raw materials (long fibre

and chemicals), energy and skilled manpower coupled with low capital base,

the establishment of only large scale mills can neither be considered optimal

nor appropriate. Thus, a mix of scale of operations is required if the industry

is to perform to expectation. In India, where per capital consumption is very

low compared to developed economies; papermaking holds a considerable

share in manufacturing production (Schumacher and Sathaye, 1999). Both

small and big mills coexist to produce a variety of paper and paperboard

products as well as newsprint. The average size of paper mill in India was

10,400 tonnes per annum compared with 85,000 tonnes per annum in Asia

and 300,000 tonnes per annum in Europe and North America (Schumacher

and Sathaye, 1999). About two thirds of Indian’s paper mills have a capacity

less than 18,000 tonnes per annum (Meadows, 1997). Medium sized mills

have a capacity between 10,000 tonnes per annum and 20,000 tonnes per

annum while small mills are defined as mills with a capacity less than 10,000

tonnes per annum.

Small sized mills became important when due to a severe paper shortage in

the early 70’s government promoted immediate establishment of small

readily available paper mills. Due to this policy, the small and medium

sector with about 300 mills accounted for almost 50% of installed capacity in

1992 (Meadows, 1997; Sharma et al, 1998). Also, in China, the capacity of

many of the mills was very small until recently when the country started

moving towards wood utilization (Hannold, 2009). Small scale mills are

likely to be efficient and appropriate in view of the country’s extenuating

circumstances, more so, as statistics has authenticated that there is a strong

link between per capita income of a country and the amount of paper

consumed. While in industrialized countries, consumption can be as high as

300kg per capital per year; in some developing countries, the figure can be as

low as 1kg and rarely exceeds 15kg per year (WRF, 1997). As per capita

income grows and society demand higher rates of literacy, the demand for

paper will grow. This can only be reasonably met with indigenous

manufacturing capacity and locally sourced raw materials at reasonable costs,

avoiding import taxes, higher purchase prices and loss of valuable foreign

exchange (WRF, 1997). Smaller mills provide high level of employment,

not only in the mill, but amongst associated industries (WRF, 1997). Small

mills are also more flexible in their acceptance of raw materials (Onilude and

Ogunwusi 2012). A deliberate government policy instituted to encourage

establishment of small scale pulp and paper mills in Nigeria will definitely




increase pulp and paper capacities. This type of policy should however be

regulated to ensure that old and obsolete equipment that will lead to high

production cost are not imported.

Dependence on importation of long fibre and pulping chemicals

The integrated pulp and paper mills in Nigeria depend overwhelmingly on

imported long fibre pulp. The forests in Nigeria consist predominantly

mixed tropical hardwood species whose fibre lengths vary from 0.8mm to

1.6mm. Dinwoodie (1965) reported fibre length to be an important factor

influencing strength development in paper. Casey (1980) also noted that the

differences observed in comparing the properties of paper from different

types of pulp are mainly due to the influence of fibre characteristics. During

beaten, the fibres are shortened to improve sheet formation in order to

promote uniformity and smoothness. This causes a substantial reduction in

fibre length. Watson and Dadswell (1964) studied the influence of fibre

morphology on paper properties and indicated that the prime importance of

fibre length is the existence of a critical level of bonding. In short fibre pulp,

this critical level is hardly attained necessitating the addition of long fire

pulp. As the integrated pulp and paper mills established locally are expected

to produce fine writing and printing papers, kraft paper and newsprint, the

mills require long fibre pulp to mix with the short fibre pulp to enable

development of strength required by each of the products. According to

Makinde (2004), among the major factors responsible for the poor outing of

the three pulp and paper mills is the high cost of importing approximately

85,000 tonnes of long fibre pulp required in the process. As at 1990,

approximately $85 million was required to import 85,000 tonnes of long fibre

pulp. In addition, Ogunwusi (1996) reported that approximately 10 billion

naira would be required to import different types of chemicals required by

the mills if they are to function at full capacity on annual basis while

Onwualu (2010) observed that about 500 billion Naira are expended annually

to import pulp and paper products locally.

Sub-optimal performance of Pinus species in plantations

One of the strategic plans of the Nigerian government for the development of

the paper industry was to promote plantation establishment of Pinus species

for long fibre pulp production. In view of this, seeds were imported and

established in plantations in various locations within the savanna and forest

ecologies in Nigeria (Ojo, 1971). While some successes were recorded at the





early stage of the project, the exercise later turned out to be a failure

(Momoh, 1970). One of the major causes of the failure was the inability of

the micorrhiza imported to become established in the field (Momoh, 1971).

The micorrhiza functions as an absorbing organ for the plant and failure of

pine plantations and nurseries were attributed to the lack of development of

the micorrhiza association (Jackson, 1971). The failure of the micorrhiza to

become established was associated high temperature (Momoh, 1970).

According to Jackson (1971), in the savanna region of Nigeria, pines have to

be initially inoculated with micorrhiza if satisfactory results were to be

obtained. Despite this and several other methods that were tried, the project

did not record adequate success. Thus, Madu (1971) summarized that the

failure of the project was due to lack of suitable micorrhiza in Nigerian soils.

As a result, despite the efforts of pioneer foresters in Nigeria, Pinus species

can only be found on experimental pilots in locations such as Afaka in

Kaduna State and Miango in Jos, Ijaye forest reserve in Oyo State and in a

number of other isolated areas (RMRDC, 1991).

Inadequate funding of R&D projects on pulp and paper

While the development of pulp and paper sector in the United States is

fuelled by adequate funding of Research and Development (R&D) projects as

it is mandatory that 1% of the sales of the paper and allied sectors are

annually directed towards R&D (AF&PA, 2004), in Nigeria, funding of

forestry projects, most especially those in the pulp and paper sector is

nonexistent. According to Famuyide and Adebayo (1993), about 0.02% of

the budget of the Ministry of Agriculture is expended on forestry activities

and most of the funds released are devoted to payment of salaries. Thus, the

mandated organizations such as the Federal Institute of Industrial Research,

Oshodi, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria and relevant departments in

tertiary institutions groan under inadequate funding (FAO, 2001).

Strategies for optimising pulp and paper production

While the need for production of optimal quantity and quality of pulp and

paper products has been recognized locally, little or no efforts have been pulp

in place to actualize this except the sale of the three integrated pulp and paper

mills. In view of the importance of paper to national development and

achievement of industrial, social and educational development aspirations of

Nigeria as encapsulated in its vision 20:2020, there is need for a deliberate

strategic plan by national planners to develop the sector locally. Some of the




approaches that may be instituted sequel to the privatization of the three

integrated pulp and paper mills are subsequently discussed.

Promotion of Kenaf utilization for long fibre pulp production

Kenaf is currently being explored in most developed and developing

countries as a viable raw material for pulp and paper production. In

Malaysia; due to the potential commercial value of kenaf, the government

allocated RM 12 million for research and development of kenaf based

industry under the 9th

Malaysian development plan (2006 – 2010) (Mohd

Edecrrozey et al, 2007). Under this plan, government also emphasized

diversification and commercialization of the downstream kenaf based

industries including the pulp and paper industry in cooperation with the

private sector. In Nigeria, efforts have also been made to promote kenaf

utilization in the pulp and paper industry. Udohitinah and Oluwadare (2011)

reported the mean fibre length of locally grown kenaf to be 2.90 mm while

the fibre diameter was reported as 28.16um; lumen width, 6.08 um; and cell

wall thickness; 11.04 um respectively. The average fibre length, diameter,

lumen width and cell wall thickness of the kenaf sample compared with the

fibre dimensions of kenaf varieties reported by Ververis et. al. (2009) and

Nkaa et al (2004). It was also observed to be comparable to the range of

2.7mm to 4.6mm for softwood tracheids (Ates et al, 2008). Consequently,

Uddohitinah and Osadare (2011) submitted that kenaf bast fibre could go a

long way in alleviating the problems posed by a shortage of long fibre pulp to

Nigeria pulp and paper mills. Likewise, the Raw Materials Research and

Development Council constituted a task force that determined the optimal

parameters for commercial scale pulping of bast kenaf fibres in 1991. The

report of the task force showed that bast fibre pulp of kenaf can replace

imported long fibre pulp and elucidated the optimal pulping parameters for

commercial scale pulping of bast kenaf fibres. However since the completion

of the study, little or no progress had been made in securing private sector

investment in kenaf long fibre pulp production as a result of the high cost of

erecting a new pulp mill to use kenaf as its major raw material, the

unwillingness of the paper mills in the country to change from the use of

wood to non-wood raw materials coupled with the collapse of the pulp and

paper mills in the country in the mid 1990’s.

Development of long fibre pulp from Sterculia Setigera





One of the major indigenous raw materials reported locally to have long fibre

characteristics is Sterculia setigera. Ogunwusi (2002) reported the fibre

length to be 2.41mm. As a result of its mean fibre length value, S. setigera

can be regarded as a long fibre wood species in accordance with the

classification of Bublitz (1980). Consequently, S. setigera may produce pulp

with properties reminiscent to those of imported long fibre pulp. The mean

wood density is 249kg/m3 (Ogunwusi, 2002)

. Although, this density value is

within the acceptable range for pulp and paper production, it is considered

low and may lead to low pulp yield. The low density may place the wood

species at a disadvantage as pulpwood raw material when the economy of

optimal digester packing is considered (Casey, 1980).

Utlisation of Sterculia oblonga for long fibre pulp production

Sterculia oblonga is also one of the indigenous wood species that has been

reported to have long fibre length. Osadare (1996) in a preliminary work

carried out on Sterculia oblonga from Nigeria showed the fibre

characteristics of the plant species to be as presented in Table 3. The

average fibre length of the wood species is 2.07mm which is higher than in

most hardwood species. The alcohol benzene solubility is 3.6% and the

wood density was 260kg/m3 (Table 3). The strength properties of unbleached

kraft paper at K-NO 10 were also reported by Osadare (1996) to be within

acceptable range when compared with commercial kraft paper at Nigeria

Paper Mill. In the light of the above, the development of the Nigeria Pulp

and Paper industry may be premised on long fibre raw material sourcing

from plantation grown Sterculia oblonga.

Table 3: Fibre Dimensions and Morphological Indices of Sterculia oblonga

Property Wood Bark

Fibre Length (mm) 2.07 3.27

Diameter (u) 32.98 28.53 Lumen width (u) 20.47 11.54

Cell wall thickness (u) 6.25 8.49

Wall fraction (%) 62 177 Slenderness 63.1 115.1

Suppleness (%) 62 49

Wall rigidity 0.19 0.30 Cross sectional Area (u2) 854 739

Basic Density (kg/m3) 260

Source: Osadare (1997)

Bamboo utilization for pulp and paper production




Despite bamboo’s ubiquity in the some parts of Nigeria, little or no attention

has been directed towards its development while bamboo is a popular raw

material for pulp and paper making in countries such China, India and

Malaysia. In a recent study, Ogunwusi and Onwualu (2011) indicated that

bamboo is widely distributed in the south and middle belt regions of the

country. Despite this, bamboo utilization for pulp and paper production

locally was inconsistent as it was dropped by the Nigeria Paper Mill, Jebba in

1980’s as a result of silica deposition problems experienced by the mill.

Ogunsile and Uwajeh (2009) reported a study carried out on the pulping

potentials of Bambusa vulgaris growing in Nigeria. The average specific

gravity was observed to be within a range of 0.58-0.69 and the fibre length to

vary from 2.37-2.92mm, indicating the possibility of producing strong paper

with good tearing resistance from the plant.

The major problem of bamboo pulping is silica deposition (Andtbacha,

2005). However according to Andtbacha (2005), when a bamboo mill is

designed, the high silica content must be taken into consideration as the silica

content gives scaling problems in the cooking plant and in black liquor

evaporator leading to difficulty in lime pre-burning.

Promotion of investment in small scale pulp and paper mills

While there are many options whereby paper demand can be met, the large

scale option based on government participation has failed in the country

(Ogunwusi, 1996a, 1996b; Makinde, 2004). Consequently, the recourse will

be for establishment of smaller mills. A major advantage of small scale

paper mills is the low initial capital requirement which makes it more

attractive to small scale investors (Kryklund, 1983). To encourage

development of small scale pulp and paper making industries in Nigeria,

government may have to earmark certain products exclusively in the domain

of the small scale paper industries to protect them from competition from the

large industries that have been privatized, improve their access to credit,

technology, skill and market information (business development services),

promote formation of associations, clusters or industrial ecology, and

cooperatives to help small enterprises benefit from scale of economies in

procurement inputs, transportation and promotion of products and research

and development (McQueen et al 2006) and to increase their bargaining

power and prevent their exploitation by intermediaries and value chains;

creation of enabling environment for business, in particular to remove many

of the obstacles that make high transaction costs in small enterprise ,





increase in tariff on products of small scale pulp and paper mills and to

eliminate double taxation for raw materials and products. However, small

scale pulp and paper mills have difficulty in coping with environmental

legislation as small scale black liquor recovery is not yet fully perfected

(Honnold, 2009). Nevertheless, biological treatment plants such as anaerobic

digester can be used to treat the effluent.

Production of Pulp and paper from agricultural residues

King (1977) and Patel et al, (2011), have recommended that developing

tropical countries re-strategize and promote paper production processes that

depend more on local raw materials to ensure the sustainability of the

industry. One of the major options available to countries with substantial

agricultural produce is the production of paper from agricultural wastes. In

India, three categories of pulp and paper mills are recognized. These are

forest based mills; agro residues based mills and recycle fibre based mills

(Schumacher and Sathaye, 1999). In 1992, forest based mills accounted for

49% of total raw materials input for paper, paperboard and newsprint

production while agricultural residues and wastes paper accounted for 29%

and 22% respectively (Sharma et al, 1988) . In India, the consumption share

of forest based materials has been declining overtime. The share of

agricultural residues shows a steadily increasing trend since 1980 and it is

expected to rise further in the future (Schumacher and Sathaye, 1999). The

small paper mills set up in the early 1970’s almost exclusively use agro raw

materials/residues such as rice straws, wheat straw, and baggase which are

relatively short cycle regenerative and abundant (Schumacher and Sathaye,

1998). Bublitz (1980) estimated that agricultural crops generally produce an

annual crop with straw tonnages varying from a low 2.2 MT/ha to 4.4 MT/ha

to a maximum of 18 to 22 MT/ha. Apart from improved yield, agricultural

residues are mostly products of annual plants compared 10 to 20 years

needed for trees to become large enough for commercial harvesting.

Promotion of investment in handmade paper production

Handmade paper is a paper produced manually. Handmade paper will gain

widespread acceptance if it can be produced and delivered with a high level

of consistency of quality and reproducibility between different lots. The

quality control procedures evolved by Banjara (2001) on specifications for

the purchase of raw materials, inspection procedures and control of pulping

parameters should provide adequate guide for operators. The Japanese




method of sheet formation and the European method of stock recirculation in

the vat are methods that can be adopted for production of finer varieties of

handmade paper (Winners et al, 2011). A major advantage of handmade

paper is that large-scale units consume an average of 2.5 tonnes of forest

based raw materials per tonne of paper while small-scale units consume an

average of 3.5 tonnes of raw materials per tonne of paper. In contrast a

handmade paper unit uses only 1.1 tonnes of raw material per tonne of paper

produced. One important reason for this is that the waste generated in the

manufacturing process is internally recycled without loss of quality (Banjara,

2001). Handmade paper production is not capital intensive capital intensive

(Ogunwusi;1996a, Ogunwusi, 1996b). Economically this is one of its

biggest advantages. Capital intensity increases dramatically as the scale of

production increases (Banjara, 2001). For large-scale integrated units, it can

cost up to US$ 1000 to add each extra tonne of capacity. Adding capacity in

handmade paper units costs only half as much. Handmade paper enjoys a

similar advantage in employment generation potential. Employment creation

in a handmade paper unit requires only one tenth the capital required in a

large-scale integrated unit (Banjara, 2001). In India handmade paper

contribute about 0.1% of total pulp and paper capacities.

Conclusion

For the privatization of the integrated pulp and paper mills to be meaningful,

it is imperative that efforts should be made to promote production of long

fibre pulp locally. Any of the indigenous long fibre wood species discussed

in this write up offers great potentials. As the total output from the integrated

mills cannot satisfy local demand even if they are to function at maximum

capacity, there is need to increase pulp and paper capacities locally by

encouraging small scale paper mills to come on board. Small scale pulp and

paper mills will offer provide opportunities for training managerial and

technical personnel on several areas of pulp and paper production. It also has

the capacity and capability of utilizing local raw materials including

agricultural wastes in the production processes. There is also need for

introduction of handmade paper culture locally. This will assist in

production of specialty papers. With these strategies, Nigeria may turn out to

be a major paper exporter to other ECOWAS countries.






References

Allen, L.H (1981): Pitch control: Otimisation of Alum usage in Newsprint

Mills. Pulp and Paper Can. 89(10) T342-346.

Andtbacka, S. (2005). A. fibreline design for bamboo pulping.

http://wwwtapsa.co.za/archive2/journal_papers/bamboo_pulping.ht

ml retrieved June, 2112.

Ates, S. N., Akgui, Y. H. M. & Tozloglu, A. (2008). “Characterization and

evaluation of Paulownia elongate as a raw material for paper

production” African J. Biotechnol 7,4153-4158.

Banjara, G.B. (2001). Handmade Papermaking in Dolakha and Ramechap

Districts. Swiss Contract/SIPP, Katmandu.

Bublitz, J.W. (1980). Pulpwood. In J.P Casey (Ed) Pulp and Chemistry and

Chemical Technology. Wiley Interscience Publication pp 113-159

Casey, J.P (1980). Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Chemical Technology.

Interscience Publishers.

Casey, James P. (1980). Pulp and Paper chemistry and chemical technology.

Third edition, Vol 1. Wiley Interscience publication.

CBN (1990). Annual Report of the Central Bank of Nigeria, 1990



Clark, J.A (1985). Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper(2nd

Edition: San

Francisco: Miller-Freeman

Dinwoodie, J.M. (1965). Relationship between fibre morphology and paper

properties; A review of Literature Tappi 48(8) 440 – 447.

Dinwoodie, J.M. (1965). The influence of anatomical and chemical

characteristics of softwood fibres on properties of sulphite pulp.

TAPPI JOURNAL, 49(2),57-66.

http://wwwtapsa.co.za/archive2/journal_papers/bamboo_pulping.html

http://wwwtapsa.co.za/archive2/journal_papers/bamboo_pulping.html




Dinwoodie, J.M.(1965): The Relationship between Fibre Morphology and

Paper Properties: a review of literature. Tappi, 48(8)440-447.

Famuyide, O.O and Adebayo, O. (1993). Forest Policy Implementation In

Nigeria, Problems and Solutions. In E.A. Oduwaiye (ed) Proceeding

of the 23rd

Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of

Nigeria, Ikeja, Lagos State 29Nov-3rd Dec., 1993.

FAO (2001). The Forestry Revenue System and Government expenditure on

the Forestry Sector in Nigeria. Working Paper FSFM/WP/O2. 60pp

Gielen, D. and Tam, C. (2006). Energy Use, Technologies and CO2

Emissions in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Energy Efficient

Technologies and CO2 Reduction Potentials in the Pulp and Paper

Industry in collaboration with WBCSD, IEA, Paris, 9th

October,

2006.

Hannold, V. (2009): Developments in the sourcing of raw materials for the

production of paper. Journal of International Commerce and

Economics. USA Trade Commission. 26pp.

Jackson, J.K. (1971). Nursery Techniques in the Savanna Region of Nigeria.

In S. Kolade Adeytoju and M.O. Odeyinde (ed) Proceeding of the

Second Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria,

Zaria. 17-20th

August, 1971. Pp 60-71

King, K.F.S. (1977): Political Economy of Pulp and Paper. Unasylva 29

(19):6 – 9.

Kryklund, B. (1983). Appropriate pulp and paper technology for developing

countries. FAO Forestry Paper 45. Establishing pulp and paper

mill.. pp 19-22

Madu, A.S. (1971). Nurseries and Plantations Diseases. FAO Report No.

1823.

Makinde, M.A. (2004): Keynote Address at the National Symposium of

Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry in Nigeria. In

Proceedings of the One Day National Symposium on Rehabilitation

of the Forestry, Pulp, Paper and Board Industries for the Revival of

National Economy. Conference Hall, Federal Institute of Industrial

Research, Osodi (FIIRO) .pp 7-15





Meadows, Donald G.(1997). The Pulp and Paper Industry in India. TAPPI,

Journal, V. 80N 8, 91-96.

Mohd Edeerozey, A.M., Akil., H.M., Azhar, A.B., AND Zainal Ariffinn,

M.I. (2007). Chemical Modification Of Kenaf Fibres. Materials

Letters, 61., 2023-2025.

Momoh, Z.O( 1971). Pathological considerations in the economics of

plantation establishments. In S. Kolade Adeytoju and M.O.

Odeyinde (ed) Proceeding of the Second Annual Conference of the

Forestry Association of Nigeria, Zaria. 17-20th

August, 1971. Pp 9-

14.

Momoh, Z.O. (1970). The problems of Mycorrhiza establishment in the

savanna zone in Nigeria. Paper Presented at the inaugural

Conference of the Forestry Assocaition of Nigeria, 1970.

Nkaa,F.A. Ogbonnaya, C.I. and Onyike, N.B. (2007) “Effect of differential

irrigation on physical and histochemical properties of kenaf

(Hibiscus cannabinus I.) Grown in the field in Eastern Nigeria,”

African J Agric.Resh 2(6), 252-260.

Ogunsile, B.O and C.F. Uwajeh (2009). Evaluation of pulp and paper

potentials of a Nigerian grown Bambusa vulgaris. World Applied

Science Journal 6(4) 536-541

Ogunwusi A.A (2002) Wood properties of Sterculia Setigera forming in the

savanna belt of Nigeria. Nig. J. for. 32(1) 50-55.

Ogunwusi, A. A. (1991). The Influence of Wood Quality and Pulping

Variables on Pitch Deposits and on Properties Produced from

Fifteen Hardwood Species. Ph.D Thesis. Department of

Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of

Ibadan.

Ogunwusi, A.A and A.P. Onwualu (2011). Indicative inventory of bamboo

availability and utilastion in Nigeria. JORIND 9(2) 1-9

Ogunwusi, A.A. (1996a): Sustaining the Nigeria Paper Industry (I). Daily

Times July 25, 1996.

Ogunwusi, A.A. (1996b): Sustaining the Nigeria Paper Industry (II). Daily

Times, July 29, 1996.




Ogunwusi, A.A. (2002): Wood Properties of Sterculia setigera Growing in

the Savanna Belt of Nigeria. Nigeria Journal for 33 (1) pp 50-55

Ojo, G.O.A. (1971). Thoughts on tree improvement programme for some

savanna plantation species. In S. Kolade Adeyoju and M. A.

Odeyinde (ed) Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the

Forestry Association of Nigeria. Zaria 17-20th August, 1971 pp146-

150.

Onwualu, A.P. (2010): Pulp and Paper Sector in Nigeria: Challenges and

Prospects. Paper Presented at the Annual General Meeting (AGM)

of the Pulp, Paper, Paper products, Printing and Publishing sector.

MAN House, Lagos. July, 2010.

Osadare O.A. (1997):. Strategies For Long Fibre Pulp Production In Nigeria.

Nig. Jour. For. 24 (1& 2). pp 16-20

Patil, J.V., Appaji Chari, Rao, S.V., Maththur, R.M., Vimelesh, B. and Lal,

P.S. (2011): High Biomass Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) – An

Alternative Raw Material for Pulp and Paper Making In India.

IPPTA J. 23(2): 161-165.

Picornelli, P.M. (1984). Protecting new pulp and paper industries: an opinion

from developing countries. Unasylva 144: 54-62

RMRDC (1991): Report of the Multi – Disciplinary Task Force on Pulp,

Paper, Paper

Products, Printing and Publishing Sector. RMRDC Publication, 1991.

RMRDC (2009). Raw Materials Sourcing for Manufacturing in Nigeria. 4th

Edition. RMRDC publication.

RMRDC (2010). Technical Report of Assessment Visit to Nigeria Paper

Mill, Jebba. Report Submitted by Technical Committee on Pulp and

Paper Production to the Raw Materials Research and Development

Council. Unpublished.

Scheffe, H. (1985). SSPS, PC and Statistical Package for IBM PC.

Schumacher K., and Sathaye, J. (1999). India’s pulp and paper industry:

Productivity and Efficiency. A Report of the Earnest Orlando

Lawrence Berkerly National Laboratory. LBNL-41843 pp37





Udohitinah and Oluwadare (2011) “Kenaf kraft pulp”. BioResources 6(1),

751-761.

UNIDO(1978). Paper Presented at UNIDO International Experts Group

Meeting on Pulp and Paper Technology, Manila, Philipines 1992

UNIDO/ID/WG/352/1-37

Ververis C., Georghiou, K, Cristodoulakis, N., Santas, P. and Santas, R.

(2004). Fibre dimensions, Lignin, and cellulose content of various

plan materials and their suitability for paper

production.”Ind.Cropsprod.19,245-254

Watson, .A.J., and Dadswell, H.E (1964). Influence of fibre morphology on

paper properties 3. Length diameter (l/d) ration APPITA Journal,

16(6),146-150.

Winner, S.R., Goyal, G.C, Pye, E.K, Lora, J.H (2011): Pulping of

Agricultural residues by Alcell process. Proceedings of TAPPI

Pulping Conference 2011. Orlando, FL, USA, p 435-439.

World Resource Foundation Information Sheet (1997): Paper making and

recycling. Intermediate Technology Development Group. Bourton

Publications, Rugby, Warwickshire.

WRF (1997). Paper Recycling Technical Brief .World Resources Foundation

Information Sheet.

Towards Optimising Pulp and Paper Production … the pulp and paper industry in the country. Table I shows that the supply gap for long fibre pulp, short fibre pulp, kraft paper, newsprint,

Documents