Towards Leadership in Telecom Technologies

IIT Madras

Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT [email protected]

April 21, 2023 1COMSNET, Bangalore

2

Area – 3,287,263 Square kilometers Population (2007) – 1.13 Billion 22 National Recognized Languages Literacy Rate (2007) – 65% GDP: 1171 Billion USD Average Annual Growth Rate

◦ Population – 1.6% (slowing)◦ GDP- >9%

Source : FICCI/ Exim bank

Trade

Exports (US$ billion) 159

Imports (US$ billion) 240

Top 3 export markets US (13%)UAE (10%)China (7%)

Top 3 import partners China (11%)Saudi Arabia (8%)UAE (6%)

April 21, 2023COMSNET, Bangalore

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One of the fastest growing economies in Asia. Annual GDP growth rate of >9% over next 5-10 years Set to emerge as 3rd largest economy in the world by 2020 Major global hub for IT & IT enabled services By 2010 –

◦ Literacy Rate: 80%

◦ Middle Class: 32% (exploding)

◦ Poverty: 16% (declining)


Growing at 10 million lines per month◦ Largest telecom market in the world

But India was struggling at under 10 million lines in 1994◦ Growing at 1 million per year

What happened?◦ Liberalization of Telecom◦ Wireless technology

Reduce CAPEX Fast build-up Low maintenance cost / OPEX

Affordable tariff 4 7 13 33

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April 21, 2023 4TCOE Workshop

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India has done well as a Design House today

April 21, 2023TCOE Workshop 6

◦ Systems Telecom MNCs design in India Indian companies excel in providing design services

Sasken, Wipro Infosys, TCS, Tata LXI, Hughes Telecom Start-ups (Beeceem and Telsima) sets their

deign teams Indian Product companies emerge (Tejas, Midas)

◦ Semiconductors More of semiconductor development in India by MNC

TI, ADI Indian start-ups emerging (Cosmic, Redpine) Multiple companies continue to provide design

services

April 21, 2023 7TCOE Workshop

April 21, 2023COMSNET, Bangalore 8

Short-term goal of making royalty outflow negligible


Except to a small extent from◦ Tejas Networks, Midas Communications, Telsima

Who own IPR for their products

IPR price for GSM (infrastructure / handset) even at this late stage of technology◦ Would be estimated at USD 15 per line

Embedded in price of components, systems, software◦ More for other systems

Seriously impacts CAPEX investment requirements and bottom line for operators

Typically four essential IPR in a standard can neutralize the royalty outflows from a country

Would still require business aspects to be sorted out


India takes an initiative three years ago◦ to create a public-private organization

Center of Excellence in Wireless Technology Initially funded Government: industry = 2:1

To be Lead by Academia Attract top R&D talent from around the world Drive Research towards IPR creation Create a cluster of Industrial R&D around it

and CEWiT initiates set up of Broadband Wireless Consortium of India (BWCI)

Telecom operators, Academia, Government / Regulators, Product Industry, Semiconductor Industry

◦ To define and drive R&D and standardization to make India leader in wireless technology

Broadband Wireless Consortium of India


Bring together wireless industry stake-holders align their pre-competitive R&D efforts

◦ Involve all IITs/IISc in the IPR-driven research effort

Focus on Next Generation Standards

◦ Feed Indian requirements and specifications in International wireless Standards bodies

◦ Conduct mission-oriented research towards IPR for 4G Focus on Indian requirements (high system capacity)

◦ Early technology trials of Indian-made prototypes along with industry

◦ Work with regulators to anticipate issues related to spectrum / licensing


IEEE802.16m WiMAX

Sep 2007

3GPP LTE (rel. 8) 3GPP LTE-A

3GPP2 UMB

IMT-AdvOct 2009 deadline

4G

3Q082Q08

1Q08 3Q08

Circularletter

Initialproposals

13April 21, 2023COMSNET, Bangalore

CeWiT+Broadband Wireless Consortium of India (BWCI)◦ Developed by Operators’ subgroup of BWCI◦ BWCI released document in Sept 2007

Highlights important points of departure from international requirements

◦ Primary broadband connection for the masses Not just an additional mobility tool

◦ Need sustained > 512 kbps per user◦ At mobile phone cost point

Indian cellular ecosystem is different◦ Urban cells ~ 200 – 800 m radius ; rural ~ 15 km◦ Spectrum per operator tight need 1:1 re-use◦ Severely interference-limited◦ 85% users nomadic and in-building coverage an issue


Dense Urban (Case: Mumbai)◦ 70% of 16M people: 600 sq Km◦ ~3733 households per sq km◦ ~50% wireless internet

subscribers ~ 1866 wireless internet/sq km

◦ cell radius = 0.75 km ~ 3300 subscribers/cell

◦ Assuming 5 competitive operators 660 subscribers/operator/cell

Urban (Case: Pune)◦ 70% of 4.2M people: 400 sq Km◦ ~1470 households per sq km◦ ~ 60% wireless internet

subscribers ~ 882 wireless internet/sq km

◦ cell radius = 1 km ~ 2800 subscribers/cell

◦ Assuming 5 competitive operators i ~560 subscribers/operator/cell

Typical scenarios evaluated by Indian operators Technology must have sufficient coverage (up to 3 km)

within regulatory constraints without capacity loss

BWCI

Wireless technology needs to support 500 to 800 Broadband subscribers /operator / cell

Service Features Mobility Class

Internet browsingDSL or cable modem quality Individual peak rate ~1Mbps Average (incl read time) 64kbps DL/16 kbps UL

Portable / MobilePeak rate when mobile could be somewhat lower

Video multicast25/30 frames per second, normal sized screen (640 x 480) 2-3 hrs of continuous feed @ 750 kbps – 1.5 Mbps (MPEG 4)

Portable

Real-time Interactive Classroom/Video Conferencing

Bursty, lower frame-rate acceptable, 1hr/1.5hr sessions 64 - 256 kbps

Portable

Computing / Thin clients Always on 512 kbps DL / 256 kbps UL sustained Portable / Nomadic

File transfer / conferencing uploadsLow frame rate acceptable, delay acceptable Short sessions of few minutes 64 -256 kbps

Portable / NomadicMobility optional

Background trickle (Audio, ticker broadcast etc)

20-30kbps Portable / Mobile

Broadband Wireless Consortium of India

time

512 kbps 1 MbpsApril 21, 2023 17COMSNET, Bangalore

India Requirements presented to ◦ 802.16m in Sept 2007◦ LTE-A in April 2008

Both bodies have included India-specific requirements◦ 85% users nomadic, in-building: Cell-edge users camp at cell-edge◦ Cell-edge user also needs >512 kbps

Without consuming all the spectrum resource◦ Cells as small as 200m radius: Increases cell-edge area◦ In-building users distributed vertically

Stronger interference at higher floors (not captured in typical path loss models)

◦ Large rural cells


Frequency re-use 1:1

CEWiT’s focus : significant improvement in cell-edge performance◦ With modest complexity in terminal

CEWiT responsible for focus on nomadic, cell-edge user in LTE-A and 802.16m

Several proposals in both standards

Vision: Make 4G (starting with 3G) do for broadband in India what 2G did for telephony

New 2-D Phase Offset Diversity (2D POD) Scheme for 2-antenna and 4-antenna BTSs

◦ Better than existing Alamouti code for cell-edge in terms of receiver implementation Can suppress interference from neighboring BTSs

with no additional complexity

◦ Included in 802.16m SDD Text detailed algorithm being incorporated in standard


Conjugate Data Repetition (CDR) + 2D POD for cell edge downlink data◦ Equivalent to 1:2 re-use for select users◦ Better than 1:3 available now

Can suppress 1 - 4 interferers at 0 – 9 dB

Gives cell-edge performance much better than current target◦ Target kept low by vendors (resisted by operators)◦ Low target is a problem for Indian requirements

In principle acceptance for 802.16m SDD text


Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation (ICIC)◦ Low bit-rate, low latency links between neighboring BTSs

used to implement BTS co-operation

Baseline for 802.16m and LTE-A is 2-antenna subscriber terminal◦ Combination of BTS co-operation and receiver processing to

suppress up to 2 significant interferers (neighboring BTSs)

Ensures 1:1 re-use for nomadic cell-edge users◦ Needs channel information feedback from user terminals◦ Mobile users can use 1:2 re-use CDR+POD

◦ Framework for ICIC implementation already in 802.16m as well as LTE


Better preamble for synchronization Orthogonal pilots with PN cover Pilot density reduction targeting low-mobility

situation◦ Will result into higher payload

Relays for Coverage extension as well as data rate enhancement

CeWiT supported by Indian Operators◦ Also supported by Indian design house like TCS◦ As well as Indian operation of multinational

companies like Samsung India


Significant IPR created by CEWiT towards 4G

Overall goals of International standards bodies aligned with Indian requirements

Focus on cell edge, interference, nomadic users is due to India

◦ 802.16m At least two essential Indian contributions introduces in

standards Two more essential contributions under consideration

◦ LTE-A Four Indian contributions (essential category) in study

phase


BWCI Working Group IV formed in 1Q08◦ Mostly India-centric agenda◦ Some issues may need liason with 3GPP SA

WG / Wimax Forum / NGN Forum / IEEE Ethernet

Agenda for 2009◦ Evolved IP Services◦ Layer 3 Radio Protocols◦ Packet Transport Networks and Evolution◦ Indian language support on terminals

Efficient character-set for SMS Standard keypad layout



status Activity Key participants

Spell out our requirements clearly operators, govt.

Participate in standards process CEWiT + Operators

Feed research to standards CEWiT + other members (TCS, Samsung,…)

2008-09 Build technology demonstrators vendors, semicon. cos., IT industry

2008-09 Multi-standard co-existence and spectrum utilization govt., CEWiT, operators

2008-10 Core Network Study Groups Operators, vendors, IT industry

2009-10 Conduct field trials: likely participation of Israeli REMON in 802..16m trial, and of German EASY-C consortium in LTE-A trial

tech. demonstrator team, host operators, CEWiT

ProfitabilityCell phone in each villageBroadband to each home


As telecom subscribers grow rapidly Additions largely from tier 2 towns and rural areas

◦ Falling Average Revenue per month (ARPU)◦ USD 4 per month

Lower CAPEX and OPEX Lowest cost next generation broadband wireless network Significant ARPU to neutralize royalty outflow Design and Manufacturing in India Reduce cost of equipment

Neutralize royalty outflow Power Supply for Base Station dominate OPEX

More Services to drive ARPU New voice based services Mobile Payments


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Converged Networks- for Voice & DataIncreasing tele-density and driving 2G to 3G/4G

evolutionNew business services (Ethernet/virtual private lines)High capacity needs of Internet 2.0, Triple play etc.

Network Trends

Operator Needs

Future-proof, converged network Maximize the usage of current infrastructure

Invest incrementally on existing network

Common, intelligent NMS: quick service turnupLower Inventory cost (spares)

Low power consumption

Lower CapEx

Lower OpEx

Next-gen SONET/SDH & Carrier Ethernet Products Enable Operators to build cost-effective, scalable networks with the lowest Total Cost of Ownership

Tejas Focus


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Core

Aggregation

Access

IPTVCABLE

DSLAM

ONLINE GAMING

3G WIRELESS BACKHAUL

BTS

2G/2.5G WIRELESS BACKHAUL

MOBILE TV/ APPLICATIONS

TJ100MC-16S/ MC-16X/ MC-16SP(STM-16 MADM)

TJ100ME(STM-4/16)

TJ3000(CWDM/DWDM)

ENTERPRISE ETHERNET SERVICES

TJ1600(STM-16/64)

DXC

TJ2030/TJ2050(GIG-E)

TJ100/TJ1000 Series (Portfolio FY’08) NG-SDH MSPPs for Access/Aggregation For TDM/Data-mixed applications

TJ2000 Series (Portfolio FY’09) Carrier-Ethernet over Fiber for pure-data requirementsSame blades usable in MSPP products 1Gbps Backhaul for Access Networks

TJ16xx (Portfolio FY’09) STM-64 for Aggregation

TJ3000 (OEM Portfolio FY’09) CWDM/DWDM for high-bandwidth metro core networks Up to 80-channels per node

TJ17xx (Portfolio FY’10) 80G and 160G optical cross-connects in Metro/regional Core Networks


http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://laptop.hu/kepek/G-06-07-0442n.jpg&imgrefurl=http://laptop.hu/index.php?main=main&page=bolt&subpage=kirakat&itemid=8402&op=details&mode=laptop_uj&h=320&w=320&sz=16&hl=en&start=13&tbnid=WoxxSZwykzYnwM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q=laptop&gbv=2&svnum=10&hl=en&sa=G



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Lower cost Base Stations Low Power Base Stations

Next Generation Base Stations◦ Consisting of

Low Noise Amplifiers, Power Amplifiers, A/D and D/A And so low power

Software driven base stations So that new base stations become software change rather than

hardware as new standards evolve

Fibre (with DWDM) backhaul carrying a digitized signals to central Base Station Processing unit (BSPU) BSPU is Core Computing with parallel processing

Similar to that used today for billing, network management and customer care today


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LightGSM hot spots

Expand coverage using LightGSM

LightGSM hotspot on demand to cover a single village

Existing towers for back haul from remote hotspots

Use existing transport network for traffic aggregation


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20-3

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trs

Cell – SiteWith

AC Mains(4-8 hrs)

Cell – SiteOnly on

Solar Power


Come up with innovative services


Mobile Payment

MPFI - a forum to enable Mobile Banking in India To allow a normal mobile phone user to transfer money

(tentatively of up to USD 100) at minimum cost Brings together Service Providers, Financial Inclusion

Institutions, Academia and Regulators, Banks, Telecom Operators

Operative Guidelines for the banks has been made operational from 1st week of October

Started with 51 members, now over 109 members from over 50 organizations

Working on Operative Guidelines for Financial Inclusion

Planned: inter- working standards, KYC norms, Financial Inclusion, Cash Wallets etc.

http://www.mpf.org.inApril 21, 2023 35COMSNET, Bangalore

Driving voice based services◦ Rural India far more comfortable with voice

Not comfortable interacting with text

Back-end computer to interact with customers in natural language voice

Speech recognition Text to Speech

Multi-language (14 languages and multiple dialects) Voice based authentication

Voice Internet◦ Voice based Information System (web / private

networks) ◦ Voice based transaction system


Quality Faculty: 100◦ Research Scholars: 300

Industry: 10◦ R&D personnel: 300

State funding: USD 3-4/yr


India takes first steps

◦ To be amongst the technology leader

◦ To enable reduce CAPEX / OPEX and enhance revenue for operators Innovation needed


Bid for 3G as well as BWA (4G) spectrum


Europe over-bid for 3G◦ Most operators became near bankrupt

Lost of trimming and mergers for survival◦ Service charges high

Slow take off

Indian operators must not over-bid◦ But at least five major private operators

Many more smaller ones◦ Bidding slots 2 – 4 frequency slots

Shortage may result in panic bidding

Solution◦ Find more spectrum◦ Allow sharing of spectrum


BWA spectrum bid claims technology neutrality

But does not regulate so that multiple operators can function with multiple technologies◦ could result into disputes and litigation later


Towards Leadership in Telecom Technologies

Documents

tcoe workshopcomsnet

india leader

worldbut india

product industry

design servicessasken

design house

annual gdp growth rate

indiaindian companies